Course for beginners (A1/A2)English words

*Welcome to the beginner course!* Let's start with the verb "can". Use "can" to talk about a *possibility* or *ability.* Always use can with another verb. You can use "can" to form short answers like in this example: "Can you speak English?" - "Yes, I can." "I can" = I can do something. / I know something is possible for me, for example: "I can dance very well."

*Can in negative* To make a negative, add "not" after can to make one word (can not = can't). Let's learn new verbs! "to repeat" "to sing" "to swim"

*Object pronouns* An object pronoun refers to the person or thing *affected by an action.* It normally comes after a verb or preposition. For example: "I spend a lot of time with my family. I love them so much." (*Them* replaces *my family*.) The object pronouns are: "me" "you" "him" "her" "us" "them"

*Present continuous tense* We use the present continuous tense when we talk about something that is happening right now. Use the auxiliary verb "to be" in its correct form and add the ending *-ing* to the verb. "He is sleeping." "You are eating."

*Endings sometimes change* Sometimes, the ending of the verb changes in the present continuous tense. When a verb ends in *e*, drop the *e* and add *-ing*: "make" - "making" When a *one-syllable verb ends in vowel + consonant*, double the final consonant and add *ing*: "swim" - "swimming" When a verb ends in *vowel + consonant with stress on the final syllable*, double the consonant and add *ing*: "begin" - "beginning" Do *not double the consonant* of words with *more than one syllable* if the stress is not on the final syllable: "remember" - "remembering"

*Present continuous - negation and question* To form negation, place "not" before the main verb. "He is not sleeping." "You are not eating." Make a question by putting *am, is,* or *are* *in front of the subject*. "Is he sleeping?" "Are you eating?"

*Present simple tense vs. Present continuous tense* You already know that we use the present simple tense when we talk about *something repetitive* or about our *habits* and *what we like*. "I go to the gym every week." "I like pizza." We use the *present continuous tense* when we talk about something that is happening *right now.* Signal words with present continuous: "right now", "now", "at the moment", "today" "He is singing right now." "We are at school at the moment."

*Cardinal Numbers* Cardinal numbers are normally used when you: count things: "I have two brothers." give your age: "I am ten years old." give your telephone number: "My phone number is two-six-three, three-eight-four-seven." give years: "It happened in nineteen seventy-five (1975)." 1 - "one" 2 - "two" 3 - "three" 4 - "four" 5 - "five" 6 - "six" 7 - "seven" 8 - "eight" 9 - "nine" 10 - "ten"

*Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives* To make comparisons, you need to use comparative and superlative forms of adjectives. For example: "tall" - "taller" - "the tallest" "small" - "smaller" - "the smallest" *Comparative* is used when we compare some qualities and want to say that something has better / worse quality, we use *superlative* when we want to express that it is the best of all. *Remember to add the definite article when forming a superlative form.* Use "than" with a *comparative adjective* when comparing two things or people.

*Comparison of short adjectives* (one-syllable adjectives and two-syllable adjectives ending in -y) Comparative: add the ending *-er*: "smaller" Superlative: add the ending *-est* and the article *the* before the adjective: "the smallest" *Double the last letter* if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, consonant: "big" - "bigger" - "the biggest" *Change Y to I* when the adjective is ending in consonant + Y "funny" - "funnier" - "the funniest"

*Comparison of long adjectives* (2 syllable adjectives - all except those ending in -y and adjectives of 3 or more syllables) To form a comparative, add MORE before the basic form "more beautiful" To form a superlative, add the definite article and the word MOST before the basic form "the most beautiful" "It's more useful than you think." "That's the most complicated exam!"

*Irregular adjectives* We must memorize the forms of irregular adjectives. "good" - "better" - "the best" "bad" - "worse" - "the worst" "far" - "farther/further" - "the farthest/furthest" "little" - "less" - "the least" "much" - "more" - "the most" "It will get better soon." "She is the best teacher in the world!"

*Phrases in past simple tense* The past simple tense is used to talk about completed actions in the past. To form the past simple tense, you usually add "-ed" to the base form of regular verbs. For example: "She walked to the store" "He watched TV last night." "to talk" - "talked" "to walk" - "walked" "to watch" - "watched" "to cook" - "cooked" "to visit" - "visited"

*Irregular past simple tense forms* There are a lot of irregular past tense forms in English that you need to remember. Let's take a look at two important verbs and their past simple tense forms! "to do" - "did" - "I did my homework." "to make" - "made" - "I made pizza."

*Past simple of TO BE* For singular subjects, the simple past tense of *be* is "was". For plural subjects (and singular you), the simple past tense is "were". "I was at school yesterday." "You were at home." In negative sentences, add the adverb *not* and put it *after the word was/were*. Remember that most of the time the shortened form is used in negative sentences: "wasn't" = "was not" / "weren't" = "were not". "I wasn't at school yesterday." "You weren't at home."

*Reflexive pronouns* We often use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object of a verb are the same. Also when we want to point out that we (or someone else) did something. Singular: "myself" (I) "yourself" (you) "himself" (he) "herself" (she) "itself" (it) Plural: "ourselves" (we) "yourselves" (you) "themselves" (they) "I did it myself." "We did it ourselves." "I cut myself."

*Talking about Time* We use these prepositions of time: "at", "in", and "on". We use "at" to give a specific time: "at 3 o'clock", "at noon", "at the moment" We use "in" for months, years, centuries, and long periods: "in winter", "in April", "in 1990" We use "on" for days and dates: "on Monday", "on the 6th of March"

*Future - GOING TO* Expresses a plan or intention that has already been decided or a logical prediction for the future. Signal words: "in one year" "next week" "next year" "next month" "tomorrow" "soon", etc. "I am going to meet my friend next week." "They are going to talk about his future tomorrow."

*Future - questions and negation* To form negation, simply add "not" before "going to": "We are not going to sleep tonight." To form a question, switch the subject with the verb "to be": "Are you going to be there?"

*Adverbs* An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even a whole sentence, for example: "very", "really", "too", etc. Examples: "He is very tall." "I really like him." "The dress is too expensive." "Fortunately, I brought an umbrella."