Curso para principiantes II (A1/A2)las palabras inglesas

*¡Bienvenido al Curso para principiantes II!* Empecemos con los verbos "to do" y "to make." A menudo se confunden, así que vamos a aprender a utilizarlos correctamente. "Do" suele referirse a la *acción*, mientras que "make" suele referirse al *resultado.* Se puede, por ejemplo, "do homework", "do the shopping", o "do yoga", pero no "make lunch", "make plans", o "make friends".
to make friends
hacer amigos
I want to make friends at my new school.
a promise
promesa
Keep the promise!
to make a promise
hacer una promesa
He made a promise to his parents.
once a week
una vez a la semana
She does yoga once a week.
I do my hair.
Me peino.
I have a shower, I do my hair, and I get dressed.
a suggestion
sugerencia
I have a suggestion for our project.
to make a suggestion
hacer una sugerencia
May I make a suggestion?
He made a joke.
Hizo un chiste.
He made a joke about his sister’s new hairstyle.
I make my bed.
Hago mi cama.
I make my bed every morning.
You did well.
Lo hiciste bien.
You did well in your exams.
to make plans
hacer planes
Let’s make plans for tomorrow.
Hagamos planes para mañana.
*El futuro - WILL* Ya has aprendido el tiempo futuro con GOING TO. Ahora vamos a ver el futuro *simple*, a menudo llamado *will*. *Will* se usa para cosas que decidimos hacer ahora. (Decisiones rápidas) *Going* to se utiliza para referirse a acontecimientos que se han *planificado previamente.* La estructura del futuro simple es *sujeto + WILL + verbo principal* p. ej: "You will open the door." En oraciones negativas, se contrae con won't: *will not = won't* Ej: "She won't do it." En las oraciones interrogativas, intercambiamos el sujeto y WILL. Ej: "¿Will you open the door?" Recuerda que el auxiliar modal will es invariable, lo que significa que *no cambia de forma según la persona.*
I will do it.
Lo haré.
We will see.
Ya veremos.
Are you going to the party tonight? - We will see.
She won't be there.
Ella no estará allí.
She won't be there for the meeting tomorrow.
to arrive
llegar
Will they arrive by noon?
He will arrive late.
Llegará tarde.
He will arrive late to the meeting.
on time
a tiempo
I'm always on time.
Will you arrive on time?
¿Llegarás a tiempo?
an umbrella
paraguas
I will bring an umbrella.
I will take an umbrella.
Me llevaré un paraguas.
It will rain today.
Hoy va a llover.
Will you open the window?
¿Abres la ventana?
*¡Estoy acostumbrado!* *Acostumbrarse* significa *estar familiarizado* o *acostumbrado*. La*estructura* de la frase es: *sujeto + verbo principal BE + used to + objeto* "I am used to hard work." "Are you used to fast food?" Si el objeto es un verbo, se utiliza * la forma -ing*. "I'm used to speaking in public." "He's used to getting up early." "Are you used to eating spicy food?"
I'm used to it.
Estoy acostumbrado/acostumbrada.
They're used to watching TV in the evening.
fast
rápido/rápida
This car is fast.
I'm used to eating fast.
Estoy acostumbrado/acostumbrada a comer rápido.
I'm used to waking up early.
the noise
ruido
What is that noise?
I am used to lots of noise.
Estoy acostumbrado/acostumbrada a mucho ruido.
to get up early
madrugar
I usually get up early.
He's used to getting up early.
Está acostumbrado a levantarse temprano.
I'm used to working late.
Estoy acostumbrado a trabajar hasta tarde.
to watch TV
ver la televisión
Do you want to watch TV?
in the evening
por la noche
They are used to working in the evening.
They're used to watching TV in the evening.
Suelen ver la televisión por la noche.
a brand
marca
Brand is the image of the product in the market.
She's used to buying this brand.
Ella está acostumbrada a comprar esta marca.
Are you used to cold?
¿Estás acostumbrado/acostumbrada al frío?
Hay una diferencia entre *be used to* y *used to*. Usamos *used to + infinitive* para hablar de una *acción o estado repetido en el pasado* que ya no es cierto.
We used to be friends.
Solíamos ser amigos.
I saw my old friend at the store today. We used to be friends, but we haven't talked in years.
I used to get up early.
Me levantaba temprano.
When I was a child, I used to get up early to play outside.
to work as
trabajar como
He works as a waiter.
I used to work as a teacher.
Trabajaba como profesor.
They used to watch TV in the evening.
Ellos veían la televisión por la noche.
to smoke
fumar
Do you smoke?
I used to smoke.
Yo fumaba.
She used to buy this brand.
Ella solía comprar esta marca.
long hair
pelo largo
I have long hair and he has short hair.
He used to have long hair.
Él solía tener el pelo largo.
*Adverbios de frecuencia* Los adverbios de frecuencia se utilizan para indicar la frecuencia con que *se hacen o suceden las cosas.* "always" "usually" "often" "sometimes" "occasionally" "hardly ever" "never" Suelen ir *antes del verbo* *principal* o *entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal*. Pero van *después del verbo ser*. Podemos utilizar algunos adverbios de frecuencia *al principio o al final* de una frase para dar énfasis. "He is always smiling." "Sometimes I stay up late." "I cook Indian occasionally."
always
siempre
The sun always rises in the east.
I always do my homework.
Siempre hago mis deberes.
Do you always come here?
¿Vienes siempre aquí?
usually
por lo general
He usually arrives home about one o'clock.
He's usually on time.
Normalmente llega a tiempo.
They usually watch TV in the evening.
Por lo general, ven la televisión por la noche.
often
a menudo
He often goes for long walks by himself.
You often ask me for help.
A menudo me pides ayuda.
sometimes
a veces
Sometimes I want to do things on my own.
Sometimes we go to school by bus.
A veces vamos a la escuela en autobús.
Do you sometimes smoke?
¿Fumas a veces?
never
nunca
He is never ill.
I never smoke.
Nunca fumo.
I never get up early.
Nunca me levanto temprano.
You always smile.
Siempre sonríes.
hardly ever
rara vez
I hardly ever eat breakfast in the morning.
They hardly ever play outside during winter.
Casi nunca juegan afuera durante el invierno.
*¿En, sobre o en?* *In*, *on* y *at* son ejemplos de preposiciones que sirven para varias cosas. Dependiendo de cómo se utilicen, pueden mostrar una relación tanto temporal como geográfica. Veamos primero estas tres preposiciones como *preposiciones de tiempo*. "In" se utiliza normalmente para representar una cantidad de tiempo inespecífica o un periodo de tiempo más general que no es específico. Por ejemplo: "I like to swim in the summer." "On" se refiere a una fecha concreta. p. ej.: "I’ll be home on Sunday." "At" indica una hora específica. p. ej: "The movie starts at 7."
on Monday
el lunes
I'll call you on Monday.
I will come on Monday.
El lunes vendré.
on the weekend
el fin de semana
I won't work on the weekend.
on the 15th
el día 15
I go to the dentist on the 15th.
on the 15th of April
el 15 de abril
What are you doing on the 15th of April?
She comes on the 15th of April.
Ella viene el 15 de abril.
She comes to visit me on the 15th of April.
in winter
en el invierno
In winter there's ice and snow.
to go skiing
ir a esquiar
We go skiing every year.
I go skiing in winter.
En invierno voy a esquiar.
in the morning
por la mañana
We'll talk in the morning.
I was born in 1996.
Nací en 1996.
in the future
en el futuro
In the future I want to be a millionaire.
The movie starts at 7.
La película empieza a las 7.
Meet me at 12.
Nos vemos a las 12.
at the moment
en este momento
I'm not available at the moment.
not at the moment
por el momento no
*¿En casa o en el cine?* "In" "on" y "at" como preposiciones de lugar: *En* suele referirse a algo que está dentro de un espacio cerrado de algún tipo, o en un espacio mayor. "in the car" "in France" "in the center" *On* suele indicar que algo está situado encima de otra cosa, o en algún lugar más concreto de un área mayor. "on the table" "on Main Street" *At* puede utilizarse para indicar un punto determinado. Es la más específica de las tres preposiciones para indicar un lugar concreto. "at the library" "at the store"
at home
en casa
I wasn't at home.
Are you at home?
¿Estás en casa?
I stay at home on the weekend.
Me quedo en casa el fin de semana.
at the store
en la tienda
I have to buy something at the store.
We're at the store at the moment.
Estamos en la tienda en este momento.
in the car
en el coche
She's sitting in the car and waiting.
He is sitting in the car.
Él está sentado en el coche.
I live in Germany.
Vivo en Alemania.
Meet me at 12 in the center
Nos vemos a las 12 en el centro.
on the table
sobre la mesa
The book is on the table.
The keys are on the table.
Las llaves están sobre la mesa.
on the field
en el campo
The players are on the field.
They are on the football field.
Están en el campo de fútbol.
*Pasado simple - preguntas* Podemos utilizar el pretérito simple para preguntar sobre el pasado. Utiliza "did" y el *verbo*, pero *no cambies el verbo a la forma pasada.* Esto se debe a que "did" ya muestra el pasado, por lo que el verbo principal permanece en su forma infinitiva. "Did you have a nice weekend?" "Did they finish their homework?" Podemos hacer preguntas en pasado utilizando *la palabra interrogativa + did*. "What did you do?" "Where did he go?"
Did you do it?
¿Lo hiciste?
Did you do your homework? - Yes, I did.
What did you do?
¿Qué hiciste?
What did you do? - I didn't do anything.
Did he stay?
¿Se quedó?
Did he stay at home?
Did you smoke?
¿fumaste?
Did you smoke yesterday?
Where did you buy it?
¿Dónde lo compraste?
Where did you buy this dress?
Did they arrive on time?
¿Llegaron a tiempo?
When did they arrive?
¿Cuándo llegaron?
When did they arrive? - They arrived yesterday.
Did she watch TV?
¿Vio la televisión?
Did she watch TV yesterday? - No, she didn't.
Where did you live?
¿Dónde vivías?
Where did you live? - I lived in Germany for five years.
*Pronombres indefinidos* "Something" y "anything" tienen el mismo significado y se refieren a *alguna cosa/objeto inanimado*, pero uno se utiliza en frases positivas y el otro en negativas. "Something" significa una cosa desconocida. Se usa en *frases positivas.* "Anything" significa una cosa *cualquiera.* Se usa en *preguntas* y en *frases negativas.* También puede utilizarse para significar "No me importa."
something
algo
We always buy something to eat.
something to eat
algo de comer, algo para comer
I will bring something to eat.
something else
algo más
I will do something else tonight.
Anything else?
¿Algo más?
Do you need anything else?
more than anything
más que nada
I love you more than anything.
Is there anything I can do?
¿Hay algo que pueda hacer?
Is there anything I can do for you?
to miss
faltar, extrañar, echar de menos
I miss you.
Something is missing.
Falta algo.
Something is missing here.
I will do anything.
Haré lo que sea.
I will do anything to make things better.
Let's do something.
Hagamos algo.
Let's do something this weekend!
*¿Cómo se describiría a sí mismo?* ¿Cuáles son tus puntos fuertes y débiles? Aprendamos algunas palabras útiles para describir tu personalidad (o la de otra persona).
She's funny.
Es divertida.
easy-going
fácil de tratar
She is very easy-going.
friendly
amistoso/amistosa
They were friendly to me.
generous
generoso/generosa
She is generous with her money.
honest
honesto/honesta
I'm always totally honest with you.
moody
malhumorado/malhumorada
She is so moody!
lazy
perezoso/perezosa
He was too lazy to cook.
polite
educado/educada
The comment was polite and reasonable.
shy
tímido/tímida
I was pretty shy at school.
hard-working
trabajador/trabajadora
The students are hard-working.
wise
sabio/sabia
She seems kind and wise.
*Verbos estáticos* Los verbos estáticos se utilizan para actividades que nosotros (o los objetos) no podemos realizar activamente (moviendo el cuerpo, etc.). *Los verbos estáticos no cambian de estado.* Algunos de los verbos estáticos son: "know", "like", "seem", "love", "have", "want", "see"
I know!
¡Lo sé!
I know you are right.
Do you know him?
¿Lo conoces?
Do you know him well?
to love
amar, querer
We love this movie.
She loves her cat.
Ella adora a su gato.
She loves her cat more than anything.
Do you love me?
¿Me quieres?/¿Me amas?
Do you love me more than anything?
to hate
odiar
Why do you hate me so much?
the spinach
espinaca
Spinach is very healthy.
They hate spinach.
Odian las espinacas.
My children hate spinach.
to want
querer
I want to go with you.
Do you want a coffee?
¿Quieres un café?
Do you want a coffee or a tea?
I want to go.
Quiero ir.
I want to go to the center.
He seems nice.
Parece simpático.
I just met Sarah’s brother yesterday. He seems nice.
It seems easy.
Parece fácil.
This exercise seems easy.
*Me gusta aprender inglés.* Con el verbo "like" hay dos maneras de poner un verbo después. "LIKE" + "to" + infinitivo "I like to sleep." "LIKE" + *verbo* + "ing" "I like sleeping." En general no hay diferencia de significado, aunque a veces usamos el infinitivo ("TO "+ VERBO) para hablar de hábitos o elecciones. Sin embargo, es más común usar un VERBO+"ING" que un infinitivo.
I like dancing.
Me gusta bailar.
to read
leer
I read a book about war.
I like reading.
Me gusta leer.
I like reading in bed at night.
I like to read in the evening.
Me gusta leer por la noche.
to go to the gym
ir al gimnasio
Does he like going to the gym?
I don’t like getting up early.
No me gusta madrugar.
Do you like watching TV?
¿Te gusta ver la televisión?
to wait
esperar
I'm waiting for you.
I don't like waiting.
No me gusta esperar.
I don't like waiting for the bus.
She likes cooking.
A ella le gusta cocinar.
I like to cook Asian food.
Me gusta cocinar comida asiática.
to take a selfie
tomarse un selfie
I love to take a selfie when I travel.
We like taking selfies.
Nos gusta hacernos selfies.
I like learning English.
Me gusta aprender el inglés.
"I speak English well." "Well" es un adverbio. Utiliza "well" para *describir un verbo, un adjetivo u otro adverbio.* Aprendamos algunos adverbios útiles.
very well
muy bien
You speak English very well.
She can dance well.
Ella baila bien.
a little
poco
You're going a little fast.
I speak a little Spanish.
Hablo un poco de español.
Do you speak Spanish? - I speak a little Spanish.
a little time
un poco de tiempo
I need a little more time.
unfortunately
desafortunadamente, lamentablemente, desgraciadamente
Unfortunately, she can’t come to the party.
to be closed
estar cerrado
Is the store closed?
Unfortunately, it is closed.
Lamentablemente, está cerrado.
Unfortunately, the shop is closed today.
We have a lot to do.
Tenemos mucho que hacer.
We have a lot to do this week.
the money
dinero
How much money did you get?
a lot of money
mucho dinero
He made a lot of money.
*Una importante A* A veces, ¡una sola letra puede cambiar el significado por completo! "A little" significa *algunos*, pero cuando se dice simplemente "little" (sin la *a*), tiene un significado negativo. Mira este ejemplo: "Have you got any money?" A: "Yes, a little." (tengo algo de dinero, una pequeña cantidad). B: "No, very little." (no mucho/casi nada) La misma regla se aplica a la palabra "few". Usamos "a little" con *sustantivos incontables singulares.* Usamos "a few" con *sustantivos contables plurales.*
a few friends
unos pocos amigos
I have a few friends, so I'm not lonely.
few friends
pocos amigos
She has few friends, so she's quite lonely.
a jar
frasco
I put the cookies in a jar.
a few jars of jam
unos cuantos frascos de mermelada
I have a few jars of jam in the cellar.
a little cream and sugar
un poco de crema y azúcar
I always enjoy a little cream and sugar in my coffee.
a little extra time
un poco de tiempo extra
We have a little extra time this afternoon; do you want to watch a movie?
a choice
elección
You always have a choice.
few people
poca gente
Few people came to the party.
to remember
recordar
I remember her well.
a few things to remember
algunas cosas a tener en cuenta
Here are a few things to remember before you go on vacation.
*Cero condicional* Este condicional se utiliza cuando el resultado *ocurrirá siempre.* Se usa para verdades generales y hechos inmutables. En las frases de condicional cero, el tiempo verbal en *ambas partes de la frase es el presente simple.* He aquí algunos ejemplos: "If people eat too much, they get fat." "If babies are hungry, they cry." "If it rains, the grass gets wet."
If you eat too much, you get fat.
Si comes demasiado, engordas.
to get fat
engordar
If people eat too much, they get fat.
to be ill
estar enfermo
the peanuts
cacahuetes
Do you like peanuts?
If I eat peanuts, I am sick.
Si como cacahuetes, me pongo enfermo.
to boil
hervir
If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.
to get wet
mojarse
If you stand in the rain, you get wet.
If you heat ice, it melts.
Si calientas el hielo, se derrite.
If you put ice in the sun, it melts quickly.
to melt
fundir
The snow is starting to melt.
*Pasado simple de can y can't* El pasado simple de "can" es "could" así que puedes decir: "I could swim when I was five." El pasado simple de "can't" is "couldn't" como en este ejemplo: "I couldn’t sing as a child." Además, puedes usar "could" y "couldn't" para hacer peticiones educadas. Por ejemplo: "Could you help me carry these bags?"
Could you help me?
¿Podrías ayudarme?
Could you help me carry these bags?
to carry a bag
llevar una bolsa
He couldn't help me carry my bag.
I couldn't do it.
No pude hacerlo.
They could speak English.
Ellos sabían hablar inglés.
They could speak English before they went to school.
to try
intentar
I am trying to help you.
Could you try?
¿Podrías intentarlo?
Could you at least try?
to play chess
jugar al ajedrez
Could you play chess last year? - Yes, I could.
I couldn't eat peanuts.
No podía comer cacahuetes.
I couldn't eat peanuts when I was a child.
Could you bring me a coffee?
¿Podría traerme un café?
Yes, I could.
Sí, podría.
Could you bring me a coffee? - Yes, I could.
La palabra "by" es muy común en inglés. Se puede usar en muchas situaciones y contextos diferentes. Aquí hay algunos ejemplos: 1. "by" + lugar*: "The house stands by the river." 2. "by" + método de transporte*: "I go to work by car." 3. "by" + método de comunicación*: "Please confirm the order by email." 4. "by" + verbo en -ing*: "Turn on the radio by pressing the button."
by train
en tren
We went to Manchester by train.
Do you travel by plane?
¿Viajas en avión?
Do you travel by plane when you go on vacation?
by the sea
junto al mar
I want to live in a house by the sea.
He lives by the sea.
Él vive junto al mar.
He lives by the sea in a small house.
by phone
por teléfono
I will speak to him by phone.
to press
presionar
I need to press the button to start the machine.
by pressing the button
al pulsar el botón
Turn on the radio by pressing the button.
to confirm
confirmar
Please confirm the order by email.
Can I pay by credit card?
¿Puedo pagar con tarjeta de crédito?
by tomorrow
para mañana
Please send us the payment by tomorrow.
Could you do it by tomorrow?
¿Podrías tenerlo listo para mañana?
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