Basic coursePortuguese words

*Bem-vindos de volta!* In this course, you will dig deeper into present simple (irregular verbs) and the equivalent of going to future, discover some basic use of prepositions and adverbs and master the plurals. Come and learn more about Brazilian Portuguese with Duocards!

*Irregular verbs* Now let's have a look at *irregular verbs*. In Portuguese, there is quite a lot of words, that change suffixes differently from what we saw before in groups ending in *ar*, *er*, and *ir*. Unfortunately, there is often no logic to it, and you simply must memorize the correct forms. For example, let's see the verbs "fazer" - to do or to make and "querer" - to want. *Eu faço* *Você/ele/ela faz* *Nós fazemos* *Vocês/eles/elas fazem* *Eu quero* *Você/ele/ela quer* *Nós queremos* *Vocês/eles/elas querem*

*More irregular verbs* Now let's see more of the irregular verbs - "saber", "dizer", "ter" and "poder". *Eu sei* *Você/ele/ela sabe* *Nós sabemos* *Vocês/eles/elas sabem* *Eu digo* *Você/ele/ela diz* *Nós dizemos* *Vocês/eles/elas dizem* *Eu tenho* *Você/ele/ela tens* *Nós temos* *Vocês/eles/elas têm* *Eu posso* *Você/ele/ela pode* *Nós podemos* *Vocês/eles/elas podem*

*Have to* The verb *ter* can be used as well to express that we *have to* do something. To make the meaning clear, the preposition *de* is always connected to it. In spoken Portuguese, we can also encounter *ter que* instead of *ter de*.

*Basic prepositions* In Portuguese, we have many prepositions. Unfortunately, they can correspond to multiple prepositions in comparison to English (depending on the context). Let's check out the most basic ones with some situations where they will be used in Portuguese: *em* means IN, ON or BY - in a bag, on the table, by bus number 135 *de* means OF, FROM or BY - a cat of Jane, a present from Jane, by train *para* means TO or FOR - to Brazil, a gift for John *a* means TO, ON or AT - to the cinema, on foot, at 7AM *por* means THROUGH - through the tunnel You need to learn the situations in which you can use each of them. But don't worry, it is not as difficult as it might seem now!

*GO and prepositions that come with it* To make it clearer, let's have a look at the verb TO GO or *ir* in Portuguese. Have a look at how it changes depending on the personal pronoun: "Eu vou" "Você vai", "ela vai" and "ele vai" "Nós vamos" "Vocês vão", "elas vão" and "eles vão" Not only that this verb is irregular, but it is usually connected to different prepositions depending on the situation where we want to use it. For example, we will use the proposition *a* when we go somewhere for a short time (and we will come back soon). On the other hand, we will use it with *para* if we go there for a long time (and we will stay there). We use the preposition *de* if we go by some general type of transport, such as car, bus, train etc., but we will use *em* if we go by some specifies mean of transport, such as my brother's car, a yellow bus, a fast train or a bus at 10AM.

*Connecting prepositions and articles* Some prepositions connect with indefinite and definite article: *de+um, uma, uns, umas* = "dum, duma, duns, dumas" - of a/ from a/ by a *de+o, a, os, as* = "do, da, dos, das" - of the / from the / by the *em+um, uma, uns, umas* = "num, numa, nuns, numas" - in a/ on a/ by a *em+o, a, os, as* = "no, na, nos, nas" - in the / on the / by the

*Connection prepositions and definite articles* Some other prepositions in Portuguese usually connect only with definite articles and stay separate from indefinite articles. *a+um, uma, uns, umas* = "a um, a uma, a uns, a umas" *a+o, a, os, as* = "ao, à, aos, às" *por+um, uma, uns, umas* = "por um, por uma, por uns, por umas" *por+o, a, os, as* = "pelo, pela, pelos, pelas"

*(Going to) future* In Portuguese, there is a future corresponding to English 'going to' future. We form it by using the *irregular verb IR (go) in present simple in the correct form (in person and number) followed by an infinitive of a verb*: "Eu vou esperar." = I am going to wait. "Você vai esperar." = You are going to wait. "Nós vamos esperar." = We are going to wait. "Vocês vão esperar. " They are going to wait. Even though there is a WILL future and GOING TO future in Portuguese, native speakers tend to not differenciate between the two in spoken language and use GOING TO future in most contexts.

*Demonstrative pronouns (dependent)* Now, let's have a look on demonstrative pronouns! In Portuguese, the demonstrative pronouns *change according to the number and gender* of the thing they point at: "este" = this (masculine, singular) "esta" = this (feminine, singular) "estes" = this (masculine, plural) "estas" = this (feminine, singular) the other demonstrative pronouns are: "Esse, essa, esses, essas" = that or those (again, changing depending on gender and number) "Aquele, aquela, aqueles, aquelas" = that one over there or those over there - the fartherest (again, changing depending on gender and number) These pronouns always have to be come right before the noun that they are connected to.

*Demonstrative pronouns (dependent)* These pronouns can also connect with a preposition, same as articles: *de+este* = "deste" - from this .... *de+esse* = "desse" - from that .... *de+aquele* = "daquele" - from that .... over there *em+este* = "neste" - in this .... *em+esse* = "nesse" - in that .... *em+aquele* = "naquele"- in that .... over there *a+aquele* = "àquele" - to that .... over there (The combinations not listed do not connect.)

*Demonstrative pronouns (independent)* In Portuguese, there are also independent demonstrative pronouns, which means that they don't have to be visibly connected to a noun (in the same sentence) or come directly before the noun to which they are connected. *They change according to distance*, but not according to gender or number, as they are not linked to either: "isto" = this one "isso" = that one "aquilo" = that one over there Example: "Este gato é meu." - *This* is dependent because it is before the noun to which *cat* is connected. "Isto é meu." - *This* is independent because it is not connected to any noun and we don't know what it refers to. Independent demonstrative pronouns can also be connected to prepositions: de+isto = "disto" - deste in+this = "nisto" - in this one of+this = "disso" - of that in+this = "nisso" - in that

*Basic adverbs and COSTUMAR + infinitive* In this chapter, we're going to have a closer look on some basic adverbs. Those ase very similar to the ones in English.For example: "Normalmente, não trabalho aos fins de semana." In addition to the typical adverbs, we can also use the verb *costumar* in the person we need *plus infinitive*. This would essencially have the same meaning as *normally*. For example: "Não costumo trabalhar aos fins de semana."

*Basic plurals* Now let's dive into the plurals and see some basics! In Portuguese, plural is created by adding *-s* to the end of the word, same as in English - easy peasy! For example: "gato" -> "gatos" "pai" -> "pais" "parque" -> "parques" Same as in English, there are some cases where you need to add *-es*. That will happen, if the noun or adjective end in N, R, S or Z: "professor" -> "professores" "nariz" -> "narizes" "ananás" -> "ananáses" *Plural has to be visible on all words that relate to the main word in plural - usually articles and adjectives:* "O gato é grande." -> "Os gatos são grandes."

*Plurals for words ending in M or L* In some cases, plurals can be a bit more complicated, such as for words ending in M or L. In words ending in M, we *replace the M with NS*: For example: "homem" -> "homens" "jardim" -> "jardins" "pinquim" -> "pinquins" In words ending in L, we usually *replace the L with IS*: "papel" -> "papéis" "espanhol" -> "espanhóis" "azul" -> "azuis"

*Plurals like a pro* The trickiest words for plural forms are words ending in *-ÃO*. We have 3 types and there really isn't much that could help us differentiate, what word will have which ending. In the most common type, *-ÃO is completely replaced by -ÕES*. We could say this type of words might make up to 70% of cases. "leão" -> "leões" "limão" -> "limões" "situação" -> "situações" Less common is type, where *-ÃO is completely replaced by -ÃES*. There are not many words in this category. "alemão" -> "alemães" "pão" -> "pães" The least common type is when *we only add -S*, in order to make plural. There are very little words of this type. "irmão" -> "irmãos."

*Well done!* You have finished another step to level up your Portuguese! See you in the next course!