Destination C1 unit 6 words

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Englishhardby peleskamiloslav
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sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way

abrupt
The car came to an abrupt stop when the light turned red.

something that is no longer suitable for or relevant to modern times
anachronism

calculated or considered over a period of one year happening once a year
annual
You'll receive an annual salary of €100,000. We've got our annual conference next month.

old and valuable an old object such as a piece of furniture or jewellery that is valuable because it is rare, beautiful or well made
antique
We offer a wide range of antique furniture. The desk is an antique.

a period of 100 years, usually counted from a year ending in -00. For example, the 20th century is the period from 1900 to 1999
century
His family has ruled Morocco since the 17th century.

a country's government departments and the people who work in them
civil service
How long have you worked for the civil service?

someone who pays for or uses the services of a professional person such as a doctor or lawyer
client
She advises clients on their investments.

someone who works in the same organisation or department as you
colleague
Friends and colleagues will remember him with affection.

an expert or a professional person whose job is to give help and advice on a particular subject. a senior doctor in a hospital who is an expert in a particular medical subject
consultant
She's a design consultant. She's a consultant cardiologist.

alive or existing at the same time as a particular event or person. someone alive at the same time as a particular event or person
contemporary
Contemporary sources offer a very different interpretation. Most of his contemporaries regarded him as a mere eccentric.

a period of ten years, especially one beginning with a year that ends in a 0, for example 1990 to 1999
decade
Prices have risen sharply in the last decade.

the period of time during which something continues to happen or exist
duration
The duration of the film is 110 minutes.

someone or something that is effective works well and produces the result that was intended
effective
Humour is often far more effective than shouting.

someone or something that is efficient works well and produces good results by using the available time, money, supplies, etc in the most effective way
efficient
The new machine is far more efficient than the old one.

if time elapses, it passes
elapse
Another hour elapsed and still the wind continued to howl.

a period of time that has a particular quality or character
era
We are living in an era in which technology is developing very rapidly.

continuing for ever or for a very long time
eternal
She has earned our eternal gratitude.

a senior manager in a business or other organisation
executive
We've arranged a meeting with some of the company's top executives.

if an agreement, offer or official document expires, the period of time during which it exists or can be used comes to an end
expire
The loan offer is due to expire this week.

to make someone leave their job, sometimes as a punishment
fire
She was fired for refusing to comply with safety regulations.

the number of times that something happens during a period of time
frequency
Changes in sea temperature will increase the frequency of hurricanes.

to try to persuade someone to leave their job and go to work for another company
headhunt
He was headhunted by a large electronics company.

arranged or described in the order in which events happened
chronological
The paintings are presented in chronological order. contemporary

immediate
instantaneous
Recently developed medical tests can give instantaneous results.

the time between one thing happening and another, or while waiting for something permanent or final to become available; intended to last or perform an activity only until someone or something permanent or final is available
interim
In the interim between John Smith dying and Tony Blair becoming leader, Margaret Beckett acted as leader of the Labour Party. This is only an interim report.

a period of time between two events; a short break between the parts of something such as a play or concert
interval
The normal interval between our meetings is six weeks. How long is the interval?

a period of time between two events; a short or temporary period when you fail or forget to do things in the right way; to stop gradually or for a short time; if an official document, decision or right lapses, it is no longer effective
lapse
There was a lapse of ten years between his visits. The man admitted driving over the speed limit and apologised for the lapse. At this point the waiter came up with Maggie's drink and conversation lapsed.

a period of time away from your job or the armed forces
leave
Tony, who had been granted leave, was home for several weeks.

the period of time when someone is alive the length of time that something exists or works
lifetime
He achieved a lot in his short lifetime. There are plans to extend the lifetime of the power station.

having existed for a long time
long-standing
There's a long-standing tradition in our family of giving presents on Christmas Eve.

the ways in which a company encourages people to buy its products by deciding on price, type of customer and advertising policy
marketing
Jim, come and meet the firm's new director of marketing.

a period of 1,000 years or the beginning of a period of 1,000 years
millennium
People celebrating the millennium filled the streets.

a multinational company or business has offices, shops or factories in several countries; a large company that has offices, shops or factories in several countries
multinational
My uncle works for a large multinational corporation. My uncle works for a large multinational.
obsolete
Most computer hardware rapidly becomes obsolete.

if something is overdue, it should have arrived / been done/been paid / etc before now
overdue
This change in attitude is long overdue.

an amount of time during which something happens
period
The long dry period ended with torrential rain.

happening or existing for a long time or for all time in the future
permanent
She suffered permanent brain damage as a result of the accident.

a particular period of time during the development of something
phase
The war was about to enter its final phase.

to decide that something will not be done at the time wher it was planned for, but at a later time
postpone
Our exam has been postponed until next Monday.

happening, existing or done before a particular time
prior
Illegally parked cars may be removed at any time without prior notice.

all the businesses, industries and services that are not owned or managed by the government
private sector
There is less job security in the private sector.

the process of attracting people's attention to a product or event, for example by advertising a move to a higher level in a company, institution or sport the activity of encouraging or supporting something
promotion
The government's planning to introduce a ban on the promotion of tobacco products. We try to fill our executive positions by promotion from within. The campaign is concerned with the promotion of health.

immediate or quick happening or arriving at exactly a particular time
prompt
Prompt action is required. The meeting got off to a prompt start at ten o'clock.

the possibility that something will happen, especially something good
prospects
The prospects for employment in the technology sector are especially good right now.

intended to be temporary, and likely to be changed when other arrangements are made; if an arrangement is provisional, the people involved have not yet said that they definitely want to do it
provisional
The provisional government lasted three months. We've made a provisional reservation for next week.

the industries and services, for example schools and hospitals, that are supported by tax money and controlled by the government of a country
public sector
The typical member of Parliament has worked elsewhere in the public sector.

arriving or happening at the time agreed on
punctual
Mrs Marsh liked her guests to be punctual.

to get someone to work in a company or join an organisation; to get someone to help you do something; a new member of a military force or an organisation, especially someone who has recently joined
recruit
We won't be recruiting again until next year. The club has recruited volunteers to help. She's responsible for training new recruits.

if someone is redundant, they have been told they must leave their job because they are no longer needed
redundant
Five thousand miners were made redundant when the tin market collapsed.

to tell someone they can no longer work at their job
sack
He was sacked after repeatedly arriving late at work.

available only during a particular time of year suitable or typical of the time of year it is now
seasonal
The work was well paid but seasonal. We needed to find some seasonal music.

happening or done at the same time
simultaneous
In simultaneous announcements, the two men resigned from their jobs.

the amount of time that something lasts; to last for a particular period of time, especially a long period
span
Nearly 100 witnesses testified over a span of 20 days. His career spanned half a century.

a period of time, usually a short one
spell
I had a two-week spell in hospital.
stint
He came to California after a brief stint as a waiter in New York.

a period of time during which people refuse to work, as a protest about pay or conditions of work to refuse to work for a period of time as a protest about your pay or conditions of work
strike
A strike by transport workers was held on 12th August. Pilots were striking for a 6% salary increase.

happening or coming after something else
subsequent
In subsequent interviews, Steele has contradicted his original story.

existing, done or used for only a limited period of time
temporary
These measures are only temporary.

happening at the most suitable time
timely
His timely advice helped me make a better decision. Thanks to the UN's timely intervention, a crisis was avoided.

an organisation that represents the workers in a particular industry and tries to improve pay, conditions, etc
union
We encourage all employees to join a union.

a vintage object or vehicle is old, but kept in good condition because it is interesting or attractive; all of the wine produced in a particular year, or the year it was produced; the time when something was produced; vintage wine is excellent in quality and was made several years ago; showing the best or most typical qualities of someone
vintage
My father has a number of vintage motorcycles. This year's vintage will be the best in many years. He's got a collection of guns of all types and vintages. Let's get some vintage champagne! She turned in a vintage display of tennis to win the title.
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