Korean Grammar A2/TOPIK 1

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Koreanmoderateby RayanneWilliams

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-(으)러 가다/오다

to go/come in order to do something

영화를 보러 가자. Let's go see a movie. (vs. 영화를 보자. Let's see a movie)

-ㄹ/을게요

-will (I will do something)

가방을 사 줄게요. I will buy the bag for you. Very definite, solid WILL. If I say I'll buy milk on the way home using this grammar and I don't, you'd be annoyed. Not a promise, but a definite I will, not I might.

-도

too/also

저도요! Me too!

V+-ㄹ/를 때 or N 때

when

Verb version: 어렸을 때 많이 먹었어요. When I was young, I ate a lot. Noun version: 5년 때 이사했어요. When I was 5, I moved.

-아/어 주다

do something for someone

오빠, 이 가방을 사 줄게요. Please buy this bag for me. 점심을 요리해 주세요. Please make me lunch.

아/어도 되다

may I / it is okay to... OR you may/it is ok to...

이 피자를 제가 먹어도 돼요? May I eat this pizza. 네, 먹어도 돼요. Yes, you can eat it.

아/어야 되다/하다

to have to / must

하다 and 되다 are completely interchangeable but only with this particular grammar 쉬어야 돼요/해요. I need to rest.

-(으)면 안 되다

must not / should not; something you aren't allowed to do in a certain situation

병원에서 핸드폰을 사용하면 안 돼요. You can't use your cellphone at the hospital.

-아/어 보다

try to do something

이 김밥을 먹어 보세요. Try this kimbap.

-ㄴ/은 noun

ㄴ/은 is the PAST modifier for the noun that follows it

읽은 책 = the book I read (in the past) 마신 주스 = the juice I drank

는 noun

는 is the PRESENT modifier for the noun that follows it

읽는 책 = the book I read (am reading) 마시는 주스 = the juice I drink

-ㄹ/을 noun

ㄹ/을 is the FUTURE modifier for the noun that follows it

읽을 책 = the book I will read 마실 주스 = the juice I will drink

N 때문에 or V+기 때문에

Because of

교통 때문에 늦었어요. I was late because of traffic. 컴퓨터 비싸기 때문에 못 살아요. Because the computer is expensive, I can't buy it.

N+을/를 위해(서) or V+기 위해(서)

for the sake of something/in order to do something

여자 친구를 위해(서) 꽃을 샀어요. I bought flowers for my girlfriend. 아침에 일찍 일어나기 위해서 알람을 맞췄어요 – I set the alarm in order to wake up early in the morning.

-에 대해(서) V or -에 대한 N

to be about something

우리 역사에 대해 이야기해요. We talk about history. 역사에 대한 책이에요. It is a book about history.

-ㄹ/을 수 있다/없다

can/cannot

네일 수영할 수 있어요/없어요. I can/can't go swimming tomorrow.

N 전에 or V-기 전에

after N or before V-ing

식사 전에 손을 씻어요. I wash my hands before a meal. 먹기 전에 손을 씻어요. I wash my hands before eating.

N 후에 or V-ㄴ/은 후에

After N or after V-ing

방학 후에 열심히 공부하겠어요. After school vacation, I will study hard. 읽은 후에 눈이 아파요. After reading my eyes hurt.

a(은/는) b보다 (더)

a compared to b is more... (the 은/는 and 더 are optional, but add emphasis; you can also change the order of the words with no change in meaning)

언니는 저보다 더 작아요 (저보다 언니는 더 작아요). My older sister is smaller than me.

-한테/한테서

to/(received) from

친구한테 선물을 줬어요. I gave my friend a gift. 친구한테서 선물을 받았어요. I received a gift from my friend.

V-네요.

expresses surprise and sometimes admiration

와, 한국어 잘 하네요! Wow, you speak Korean well! 여기 음악은 참 좋네요. The music here is really good. (ex. At a new cafe you notice the music is good. Not that you expected it to be bad, just didn't expect it to be this good, or just hadn't thought about it at all)

-자

Let's (반말, very informal, only with friends/kids)

우리 같이 가자! Let's go together! 먹자. Let's eat.

N-(이)라서

connector that expresses the reason for something (same as 아/어서 but used with nouns)

친구의 생일이라서 케이크를 만들었어요.

-ㄹ/을까요?

expresses "Shall we...?" or "Do you want me to (shall I)...?" (I often liken this grammar to "Do you wanna...?)

무슨 영화를 볼까요? Which movie shall we see?

-ㅂ/읍시다

Used when suggesting doing something, esp to a group of people (it's a higher form of -자)

노래 합시다. Let's sing a song.

-겠

Either 1. indicates the intention/will of the speaker, or 2. expresses a guess/supposition about a situation/state similar to "sounds/looks like"

1.올해에는 담배를 꼭 끊겠어요. I will definitely stop smoking this year. (intention) 2. 저 포스터를 보세요. 재미있겠어요! Look at that poster. It looks interesting! (guess/looks like)

-아/어서

1.b/c, so, or 2.then (closely related, 2nd action can't happen w/o 1st). CAN'T be use for commands or proposals; no tense markers before it

1. 기분이 좋아서 춤췄어요. I danced because I was in a good mood 2. 원숭이가 바나나를 까서 먹었어요. The monkey peeled the banana and (then) ate it.

-거나

used as "or" for verbs

아침에 빵을 먹거나 우유를 마셔요. In the morning I will (either) eat bread or drink milk.

-고 나서

Means "and then," "after doing something," "after finishing." Clearly states that 1st action is completed b4 2nd. Use -고 when using movement verbs

일을 하고 나서 쉬어요. After finishing work, I rest. or I work and then rest. 나는 학교에 가고 공부해요. I go to school and (then) study. (uses 고 because of motion verb)

-(으)니까

expresses 1. reason/cause for something (=because/so) or 2. discovery. CAN use w/commands and propositions, CAN use tense in 1st clause

1. 추우니까 창문 좀 닫아 주세요. It's cold so please close the window. 2. 집에 오니까 밤 12시였어요. When I came home (I realized, discovered) it was midnight.

-(으)ㄹ래요

1. intention/will of speaker to do something, or 2. asking listener's preference/intention or make a suggestion. Only used CASUALLY

1. 너무 배가 불러요. 그만 먹을래요. I'm so full. I'm going to stop eating. 2. 등산 같이 갈래요? Do you want to go hiking (together)?

-부터/-까지

from/to

Atlanta부터 Cumming까지 차로 얼마나 걸려요? How long does it take to go from Atlanta to Cumming by car?

-(으)면서

Expresses 2 simultaneous actions ("while"). Must be same subject, otherwise 는 동안 is used.

밥을 먹으면서 TV를 봐요. I watch TV while eating. 남동생이 청소하는 동안 언니는 빨래를 해요. Older sister does the laundry while younger brother cleans.

-ㄴ/는데

used to 1. provide background information, 2. contrast, or 3. as a lead-in to a question or suggestion

1. 제 여동생은 학생인데 공부를 아주 잘 해요? My sister is a student and she studies really hard. 2. 노래는 못하는데 춤 잘 춰요. I can't sing, but I'm good at dancing. 3. 백화점에 가는데 같이 갈래요? I'm going to the dept store; do you want to come?

-지만

Used when the 2nd clause is opposite/contrary to the 1st ("but"). CAN use tense markers before it

한국말은 어렵지만 재미있어요. Korean is difficult but fun.

-(이)나

Used as 1. or (for nouns), 2. "or something," 3. greater than expected ("a whole")

1. 아침에 빵이나 밥을 먹어요. I eat (either) bread or rice in the morning. 2. 우리는 이번 주말에 소풍이나 가볼까요? Shall we go on a picnic or something this weekend? 3. 아이가 여덟 명인 있어요?! You have eight (whole) children?!

밖에 + negative

less than expected. must be followed by a negative (안, 못, 없어, etc.)

아이가 1명 밖에 없어요. I only have one child. 선물을 3개 밖에 안 받았어요. I only received three gifts.

동안 / 는 동안

N 동안 = during/for; V는 동안

어제 4시간 동안 공부했어요. I studied for 4 hours yesterday. 남동생이 청소하는 동안 언니는 빨래를 해요. Older sister does the laundry while younger brother cleans.

-(으)십시오

honorific form of a command (imperative). for regular commands 모모 주세요 is used

다음 (지하철)역에서 내리십시오. Please get off at the next (subway) station.

-(으)로

Expresses 1. the means by which something is done, 2. the direction towards a place

1. 차로 갔어요. We went by car. 2. 오른쪽으로 가세요. Please go to the right.

-(ㅇ)려고

in order to do something; CAN'T be used with propositives and imperatives (let's and commands)

아내에게 주려고 선물을 샀어요. I bought a present to give to my wife.

N을/를 위해(서), V-기 위해(서)

in order to, for the sake of; CAN be used with propositives and imperatives

건강을 위해서 운동해요. I exercise for my health. 대학교에 입학하기 위해서 열심히 공부했어요. I studed hard (in order) to enter the university.

-아/어지다

becoming; added to the end of descriptive verbs to indicate a change in state

풍선이 커졌어요. The balloon got (became) bigger.

-게

turns a verb into an adverb, like adding -ly to a word

추우니까 따뜻하게 입으세요. It's cold so dress warmly.

-아/어 보이다

to look like, seem like; used with descriptive verbs and is based on the outward appearance of a person, thing, or event

얼굴이 피곤해 보여요. You look tired (literally, your face looks tired).

-(으)려고 하다

to plan, intend to do something

오늘 도서관에 가려고 해요. Today I am planning to go to the library.

-마다

every (day, week, Saturday, etc.)

토요일마다 일해요. I work every Saturday.

-처럼

like (someone/something else

영화배우처럼 잘생겼어요. He's handsome like a movie actor.

-기로 하다

to decide to; mainly used in past tense form b/c decision is already made when say it.

등산하기로 했어요. I decided to go hiking.

-군요, 는군요, -구나

to express surprise/wonder upon learning new information

눈이 나쁘군요. Wow, your vision really is bad. (said by doctor after doing eye test)

-지요 (죠)

Confirming information or get listener's approval. Is like saying ", right?"

회의에 참석할 거지요? You're going to attend the meeting, right?

아까

just a minute ago, a while ago

적당하다

to be suitable, appropriate

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