IELTS - VoorbereidingskursusEngelse woorde
by DuoCards
*Welkom by die IELTS-meesterskapkursus!*
Ons sal *sleutelwoordeskat, grammatika-tye, wenke en truuks* vir hoë tellings dek. Die kursus begin met *praat en skryf* , met die fokus op *algemene foute* , gevolg deur 'n *hersiening van tye* en *nuwe woordeskat.* Grammatika begin maklik en word meer gevorderd.
*Kom ons begin met die praatgedeelte. 💭*
Dink daaraan as 'n gesprek – probeer om ontspanne en natuurlik te bly.
Dit is die beste om gememoriseerde antwoorde te vermy, soos eksaminatore gewoonlik kan sien.
Probeer om elke dag 'n bietjie te praat, al is dit net met jouself of 'n KI - dit maak regtig 'n verskil!
Ons het 'n paar handige frases saamgestel wat jy kan gebruik om meer vlot te klink. Wees net versigtig om dit nie te veel te gebruik nie - balans is die sleutel.
*Baie sterkte!*
Let's roll!
Kom ons gaan!
When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!
to kick things off
om mee te begin
To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.
on the flip side
aan die ander kant
I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.
it goes without saying
dit spreek vanself
It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.
to sum up
om op te som
To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.
to put it differently
met ander woorde
To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.
in a nutshell
kort en kragtig
To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.
to draw a parallel
om 'n parallel te trek
To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.
to play a crucial role in
om 'n deurslaggewende rol te speel in
Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.
to put it simply
om dit eenvoudig te stel
To put it simply, the project was a failure.
to delve deeper into this
om dieper in hierdie aangeleentheid in te gaan
To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.
Taak 1 is meer *inleidend* . In taak 2 moet jy *jou gedagtes* en dalk *gevoelens* uitdruk.
Kom ons kyk watter frases jy kan gebruik:
in my opinion
na my mening
In my opinion, this movie is really good.
on one hand, on the other hand
aan die een kant, aan die ander kant
On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.
I firmly believe that
Ek glo vas dat
I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.
as far as I'm concerned
wat my betref
As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.
for instance
byvoorbeeld
I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.
an emerging trend is
’n opkomende neiging is
An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.
it's worth noting that
dit is noemenswaardig dat
It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.
striking a balance between
om 'n balans te vind tussen
Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.
Nou, in deel 3 van die praattoets, moet jy *oor abstrakte idees kan praat* . Hiervoor kan jy *figuurlike taal en idiome* gebruik om jou eksaminatore te beïndruk. Maar gebruik net die wat jy regtig ken, as jy 'n fout maak sal dit lei tot meer afgetrek punte.
down in the dumps
in die putte
I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.
over the moon
in die sewende hemel
I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.
lose track of time
tyd vergeet
I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.
look on the bright side
Kyk na die sonnige kant van die saak
I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.
not my cup of tea
dit is nie my koppie tee nie
I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.
*Puik werk!* Jy het die mees algemene praatfrases geleer.
Om daarop voort te bou, sal ek jou nog 'n paar gee net om jou *samehang en kommunikasievaardighede* oor alle praattake te verbeter.
*Maak seker dat jy dit doelbewus oefen totdat dit jou tweede natuur geword het ^^*
I couldn't agree more
Ek stem volkome saam
I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.
to wrap things up
om alles af te rond
I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.
building on that
voortbouend daarop
Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.
to be well-off
om ryk te wees
My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.
to be fed up
om genoeg van iets te hê
I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.
a hot potato
’n warm patat
The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.
in my personal experience
volgens my persoonlike ondervinding
In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.
in light of these considerations
in die lig van hierdie oorwegings
In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.
to twist someone's arm
om iemand te oorreed
She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.
without a shadow of doubt
sonder enige twyfel
Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.
Nog een ding, in praat is dit baie belangrik om *verskansingstaal* te gebruik.
Jy kan verskansingsuitdrukkings gebruik om *onsekerheid in jou toespraak uit te druk* .
"It could be..."
"This might be..."
Pasop vir sterk aansprake en stellings oor sensitiewe onderwerpe. Gebruik verskansings om jou spraak gladder en meer sensitief te maak.
It might well be that...
Dit kan heel moontlik wees dat...
It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..
I am not sure but...
Ek is nie seker nie, maar...
I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.
As it seems that...
Aangesien dit lyk asof...
As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.
It might look...
Dit lyk dalk...
It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.
Nou moet ons *die meeste algemene foute skriftelik* aanspreek.
In die skrif kan jy *staafgrafieke* (grafieke, diagramme en grafieke) teëkom wat jy sal moet beskryf. Baie mense weet nie hoe nie en verloor onnodig punte. *Dit sal nie jy wees nie!*
Hier is 'n paar woordeskat om jou te help om jou skryftake te slaag.
pie chart
sirkelgrafiek
A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.
line graph
lyngrafiek
The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.
bar graph
staafgrafiek
The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.
bar chart
staafgrafiek
A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.
to compare
om te vergelyk
The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.
to imply
impliseer
The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.
to indicate
om aan te dui
The data indicated a decrease in sales.
similar
soortgelyk
The two graphs are very similar.
to illustrate
om te illustreer
The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.
to depict
uitbeeld
The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.
from the graph it is clear
uit die grafiek is dit duidelik
From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.
Net 'n wenk: as jy dit wil skryf: *%* in woorde.
Die korrekte manier is *persent*
per cent
persent
10 per cent increase
Probeer om so *samehangend* as moontlik in jou skryfwerk te wees. Begin 'n nuwe paragraaf vir elke nuwe idee.
Kontroleer altyd jou spelling en grammatika. *Beantwoord asseblief die vraag volledig* . Moenie skryf oor goed waaroor jy wil skryf of die vraag net gedeeltelik beantwoord nie.
Skryf oor wat van jou vereis word.
Ek sal ook vir jou *'n paar wenke gee oor leestekens* aangesien baie mense nie weet hoe om dit korrek te gebruik nie.
Engelse *leestekens* is anders en soms *kan dit lewens red!*
"Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children."
Kan jy sien wat ek hier bedoel?
Ons gebruik ook kommas voor direkte rede.
"She said, 'hurry up'!"
Ons moet ook altyd kommas na frases gebruik soos egter, nietemin, om eerlik te wees, ens.
however
egter
She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.
nevertheless
desniemin
I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.
to be honest
om eerlik te wees
To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
firstly
eerstens
Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.
first of all
eerste van alles
First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.
moreover
bowendien
The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.
furthermore
bowendien
I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.
conversely
inteendeel
Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.
*Ons kan maar hoef nie komma te gebruik terwyl ons oor meer dinge praat nie* .
"I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol."vs "I love cats, dogs and horses."
Soms *kan dit egter 'n bietjie verwarrend wees* as jy nie die komma byvoeg nie:
"I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson."
Ongelukkig is Bill Gates en Pamela Anderson nie my ouers nie. Daarom is dit beter om ook kommas tussen hulle te gebruik.
to adhere
om aan te kleef
The tape adheres well to the wall.
antiquity
oudheid
In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.
conscious
bewus
She was conscious throughout the surgery.
faulty
foutief
The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.
Die laaste vraag: *Wanneer om 'n komma tussen byvoeglike naamwoorde te gebruik?*
Ons gebruik kommas tussen byvoeglike naamwoorde as ons kan gebruik *en* in plaas daarvan:
"He is a nice and friendly man"-> "He is nice, friendly man."
Maar *as ons nie en tussen hulle kan gebruik nie, dan is daar geen komma nie* :
"I adore delicious French croissants."
Hier sal dit nie sin maak om heerlike en Franse croissants te sê nie.
scrumptious
heerlik
She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.
to purchase something
om iets te koop
I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.
previous
vorige
The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.
to attend
om by te woon
I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.
*Gebruik gewoonlik nie kommas voor maar/en nie.*
"I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks."
Maar ons kan 'n komma gebruik *indien jy 'n pouse wil maak* . In hierdie geval moet jy uitvind waar om 'n komma te plaas op grond van jou intuïsie.
"My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them."
Ons gebruik ook komma *wanneer ons die onderwerp van 'n sin verander* :
"My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her."
Ook, as jy *met 'n ondergeskikte klousule begin* , moet jy ook komma gebruik, maar ons het reeds daaroor gepraat in voorwaardes.
"If you have time, call me."
to elucidate
om op te helder
Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.
to lament
weeklaag
He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.
inexhorable
onverbiddelik
The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.
ephemeral
vlugtig
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
*Geluk! Jy het dit deur die praktiese deel gemaak. Nou is dit tyd vir grammatika!*
Ons gaan begin *met present simple* , dit is die mees basiese grammatika, maar selfs gevorderde Engelse leerders maak steeds *foute in 3de persoon enkelvoud of in vrae* , probeer asseblief om ten minste 'n bietjie te hersien.
Ons gebruik present eenvoudig vir:
dinge wat *in die hede waar* is: "I like ice cream"
iets wat *gereeld* gebeur: "I play tennis every Sunday"
iets wat *altyd waar* is : "Water boils at 100 degrees"
to suffer
om te ly
He suffers from anxiety and depression.
The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.
Die volgehoue toename in stedelike bevolkingsdigtheid verhoog die vraag na openbare vervoerinfrastruktuur aansienlik.
to not mind doing something
om nie om te gee om iets te doen nie
I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.
to research
navorsing doen
I need to do some research for my history paper.
to be keen on
belangstel in
She is keen on learning new languages.
unless
tensy
I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.
*Pasop vir 3de persoon enkelvoud!* Eksaminatore sal punte aftrek as jy dit mis.
hy, sy, dit - hou van, wil, doen ...
Wanneer ons na diere verwys, gebruik ons dit.
Ons kan geslag met diere gebruik slegs as ons 'n goeie verhouding met hulle het. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!"
Wees versigtig met veelvuldige mense: "My mother and I are ..."
The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.
Die gevorderde deklaag beskerm die ruimtetuig doeltreffend teen skadelike kosmiese straling.
to rotate
draai
The Earth rotates on its axis.
John and I are orphans.
John en ek is weeskinders.
to reflect
weerspieël
His behaviour reflects his true self.
to alleviate
verlig
The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.
*Vrae:*
Ons gebruik *doen/moet* in vrae: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?"
Ons gebruik dit ook *met vraagwoorde* : "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?"
*MAAR! Vrae met wie nie doen/doen nie* : "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"
species
spesie
Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?
What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?
Watter tipe insekdoder is die doeltreffendste teen plantluise?
vast
groot
What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?
swarm
swerm
What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?
proliferation
vermeerdering
How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?
to refute
om te weerlê
How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?
*Negatiewe:*
In spraak kan ons kontraksies gebruik; *in formele e-posse of opstelle moet ons egter die lang vorm gebruik.*
moenie (lang vorm) = moenie (kort vorm): "I don't like fast food."
nie = doen nie: "She doesn't want to come."
to rival
meeding
The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.
to amplify
versterk
The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.
male
manlik
He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.
ostentatious
opgesmukte
He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.
Kom ons gaan voort met *huidige deurlopend!*
Ons benodig altyd teenwoordige tyd van werkwoord *wees en die -ing* aan die einde van 'n werkwoord.
Ons gebruik dit om te praat oor:
Aktiwiteite wat plaasvind *op die oomblik van praat.*
to generate
om te genereer
The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.
to become
om te word
The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.
to outlast
om te oorleef
He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.
ubiquitous
alomteenwoordig
Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.
Maar ons gebruik ook die huidige deurlopend vir *toekomstige planne en reëlings.*
Wanneer ons weet dat iets *in die toekoms '100% beplan' is.*
Iemand sê 90%, iemand 99%...ek durf 100% sê tensy iets tragies gebeur.
to hunt
jag
They are going hunting next weekend.
Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.
Volgende week berei ons oorlewingspakkies voor vir die kampreis.
to harm
benadeel
She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.
among
tussen
Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.
*Ons gebruik nie kontinu met statiewe werkwoorde nie.*
Statiewe werkwoorde van dink en voel: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish"
Statiewe werkwoorde van sintuie: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste"
En ander statiewe werkwoorde: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"
to prefer
om te verkies
She prefers tea to coffee.
to suppose
veronderstel
I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.
to owe
skuld
I owe you an explanation for my behavior.
to belong
om te behoort
These books belong to the library.
Ons gebruik ook voortdurend teenwoordig om te praat oor iets wat *voor en na 'n spesifieke tyd gebeur:*
"At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast."
Met iets wat *ons dink tydelik is.*
"Michael is at university. He's studying history."
Met iets wat *nuut is en kontrasteer met 'n vorige toestand.*
"These days most people are using email instead of writing letters."
Met iets wat *verander, groei of ontwikkel.*
"The children are growing up quickly."
Michael is at university. He's studying history.
Michael is op universiteit. Hy studeer geskiedenis.
to roar
brul
The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.
gullible
naief
Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.
to persuade
om te oortuig
I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.
Present kontinu word ook gebruik met iets wat *weer en weer gebeur (meestal met negatiewe konnotasie - ons gebruik gewoonlik 'altyd'):*
"It's always raining in London."
He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.
Hy is altyd op haar aan die vlek en hulle baklei aanhoudend.
to inundate
oorstroom
She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.
conundrum
raaisel
He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.
to adapt
om aan te pas
We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..
Ons kan die hede deurlopend gebruik om *oor die verlede te praat* wanneer ons:
*Om 'n storie te vertel of 'n boek, film of toneelstuk op te som.*
The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.
Ek het die ander dag net in die straat gestap toe 'n man skielik na my toe kom en my vra om vir hom geld te leen.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
Wel, hy dra 'n groot stok en hy lyk 'n bietjie gevaarlik, so ek wonder wat om te doen...
Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …
Harry Potter is 'n leerling aan die Hogwarts-skool. Eendag terwyl hy Zwerkbal speel, sien hy 'n vreemde voorwerp in die lug. Hy wonder wat aangaan …
Nou is dit tyd vir *die perfekte present!*
Ons interpreteer dit met *onderwerp + het/het + verlede deelwoord.*
"I have intoruduced myself."
Ons gebruik dit om te praat oor dinge wat *in die verlede gebeur het, maar die hede beïnvloed* en kan dalk voortgaan na die toekoms.
I have never caught a glimpse of that.
Ek het nog nooit 'n blik daarop gekry nie.
They have been pronounced husband and wife.
Hulle is tot man en vrou verklaar.
I have had my share of ups and downs.
Ek het my deel van op-en-af-tye gehad.
I've just published this research I've carried out.
Ek het pas hierdie navorsing wat ek uitgevoer het, gepubliseer.
I haven't given up on him yet.
Ek het hom nog nie opgegee nie.
Kom ons kyk na die *verskil tussen gegaan en was:*
gegaan na = die persoon is nog weg
was by = die persoon het ondervinding van daardie plek, maar het reeds teruggekeer"
She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.
Sy is België toe. Sy behoort in Desember terug te kom.
He has been to many exquisite places.
Hy het al baie pragtige plekke besoek.
voracious
vraatsugtig
She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.
to suggest
om voor te stel
I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.
Nou is almal se gunsteling *geskenk perfek deurlopend.*
Ons vorm dit deur *onderwerp + het/was + -ing* te gebruik
Ons gebruik dit gewoonlik om te beklemtoon dat iets *in die hede steeds voortgaan.*
Ons gebruik slegs dinamiese werkwoorde met hierdie grammatikale tyd.
She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.
Sy woon sedert 1995 in wispelturige Afrika.
I have been painting on this canvas all morning.
Ek verf al die hele oggend op hierdie doek.
She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.
Sy is heeltemal deurweek van die sweet. Sy was besig om in daardie akkerboom te klim.
They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.
Hulle is besig om hierdie beskadigde dennebome af te saag.
Terloops, *ons kan die huidige perfek vir die toekoms ook gebruik.*
Waar ons gewoonlik present eenvoudig sou gebruik, kan jy jou uitstekende Engelse vaardighede wys en eerder present perfek gebruik:
"We will begin when everyone arrives."
vs
"We will gegin when everyone has arrived."
I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.
Ek sal aanhou soek totdat ek my boek gevind het.
I will not stop until I have become the best leader.
Ek sal nie stop voordat ek die beste leier geword het nie.
ineffable
onuitspreeklik
By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.
resilient
veerkragtig
By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.
anticipate
verwag
By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.
Ons het die huidige tyd nagegaan, nou is dit tyd vir die *verlede eenvoudig.* Ons gebruik dit om te praat oor:
- iets wat *in die verlede gebeur het* - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week."
- iets wat *verskeie kere in die verlede gebeur het* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him."
- iets wat *'n geruime tyd in die verlede waar was* - "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts."
- ons gebruik uitdrukking *gelede* in die verlede - "I met my wife 30 years ago."
In verlede eenvoudig voeg ons gewoonlik *-ed by werkwoorde* . Maar daar is *onreëlmatige werkwoorde* wat ekstra tyd nodig het om te bemeester.
Kom ons begin met diegene wat in al drie vorme verskil:
to bear (bore, borne)
verduur
to blow (blew, blown)
waai
The strong wind blew the papers off the table.
to be (was/were, been)
om te wees (was, gewees)
She was the top performer in last night's talent show.
to shake (shook, shaken)
skud
She shook the rug to remove the dust.
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
krimp
The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.
to tear (tore, torn)
skeur
I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.
Kom ons gee nou 'n paar gevalle van daardie *onreëlmatige werkwoorde met dieselfde vorme in die verlede tyd en verlede deelwoord:*
to creep (crept, crept)
sluip
I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.
to cling (clung, clung)
vashou
The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.
to mean (meant, meant)
bedoel
I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.
to seek (sought, sought)
soek (gesoek, gesoek)
She sought help from her friends.
to spin (span/spun, spun)
tol
The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.
to sting (stung, stung)
steek (gesteek, gesteek)
The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.
to breed (bred, bred)
om voort te plant
The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.
to light (lit, lit)
om aan te steek
She lit the candles before the guests arrived.
to sweep (swept, swept)
vee
She swept the leaves from the driveway.
to shoot (shot, shot)
skiet (geskiet)
The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.
Dan het ons ook al *3 vorme onveranderd:*
to upset (upset, upset)
om ontstel te maak
The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.
to bid (bid, bid)
om afskeid te neem
She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.
En baie mense verwar die verlede tyd en deelwoord in werkwoorde *om te lieg (om 'n leuen te vertel), om te lieg (op 'n oppervlak te lê), en om te lê (om neer te lê):*
to lie (lied, lied)
jok
He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.
to lie on a surface (lay, lain)
op 'n oppervlak lê
The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.
to lay (laid, laid)
om neer te lê (het neergelê, neergelê)
She laid the baby down in the crib.
Baie mense vergeet dat ons verlede eenvoudig kan gebruik wanneer ons verwys na hede of toekoms in hipoteses (wanneer jy iets voorstel)
"Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"
Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?
Stel jou voor jy het op ’n antieke artefak afgekom. Hoe verward sou jy wees oor die oorsprong daarvan?
Nou gaan ons 'n tyd wat nie te algemeen gebruik word nie, opskerp. Maar dit is dikwels in toetse en jy kan dit ook in die werklike lewe raakloop!
Ons gebruik *verby volmaakte enkelvoud (het + voltooide deelwoord)* om oor *tyd te praat tot op 'n sekere punt in die verlede:*
"She had published her first book by the time she was ten."
Ons gebruik dit ook *om die volgorde van twee vorige gebeurtenisse te wys.* Die verlede perfek toon die vroeëre aksie en eenvoudig die latere aksie:
"When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries."
"Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series."
Ons gebruik dikwels *reeds, steeds, net, ooit, of nooit* met hierdie tyd.
"She was the most astonishing woman I had ever seen."
to scurry
om rond te skarrel
By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.
to snuggle
om te snoes
The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.
to neglect
verwaarloos
She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.
By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.
Teen die tyd dat die eindeksamen begin het, was die blote hoeveelheid studiemateriaal om te hersien reeds te veel vir die studente.
to testify
getuig
The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.
Ons gebruik *verlede perfek kontinu* vir iets wat *in die verlede begin het en tot op 'n gegewe tydstip voortgeduur het:*
"When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years."
of vir iets wat *verskeie kere voor 'n punt in die verlede gebeur het en daarna voortgegaan het:*
"He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager."
of wanneer wanneer ons *ons ervaring tot op 'n punt in die verlede rapporteer:*
"My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had."
en net soos met hede perfek gebruik ons *vir en sedertdien* met past perfect.
She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.
Sy het maande lank onvermoeid gewerk, in die hoop dat haar pogings uiteindelik beduidende resultate sou lewer.
to regard
beskou
He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.
to sneak
om te glip
They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.
to meddle
om te bemoei
She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.
Kom ons kom nou in 'n tyd wat *toekomstige kontinu genoem word (sal/sal nie + -ing wees nie).*
Ons gebruik dit om te praat oor *toekomstige aksies wat op 'n spesifieke tyd in die toekoms aan die gang sal wees:*
"When you come home, I'll be boarding a plane."
Of iets wat ons as *nuut, anders of tydelik sien:*
"Today we're taking the bus but next week we'll be taking the train."
to extort
afpers
The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.
to falter
aarsel
The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.
to gauge
meet
The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.
to grapple
worstel
The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.
The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.
Die konstruksie op die hoofpad sal die verkeersvloei vir die volgende paar weke belemmer.
Vir die toekoms gebruik ons ook *toekoms volmaak (sal/sal nie hê + vorige deelwoord).* Hierdie tyd word gebruik wanneer ons praat oor iets wat *voor 'n spesifieke tyd in die toekoms voltooi sal word.{
"Will you have gone to bed when I get back?"
Ons kan frases soos* teen *of* teen die tyd *(op 'n sekere tyd voor),* in *of* in 'n dag se tyd/oor twee maande/oor vyf jaar* (aan die einde van die tydperk) gebruik om die tydperk in te gee wat die aksie voltooi sal word.
"By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses."
"In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."
to inhibit
om te inhibeer
By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.
to lack
ontbreek
By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.
to magnify
vergroot
The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.
to laugh
om te lag
By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.
By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.
Teen die einde van die jaar sal die maatskappy sy verouderde beleide laat vaar het ten gunste van meer innoverende praktyke.
to outline
om uiteen te sit
By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.
Ons het nou *alle Engelse tye hersien.* Ons het egter nie hersien hoe om hulle in sekere situasies te kombineer nie ... *onder sekere omstandighede.*
Ek dink jy kan sien waarheen ek gaan. Nou gaan ons *voorwaardes* hersien, want baie mense maak foute daarin.
Ek wed dat jy nie daardie kosbare punte in jou eksamen wil verloor nie, so kom ons gaan aan die werk!
Practice makes perfect!
Oefening maak kunstenaar!
In Engels is daar *4 hoof voorwaardes: nul, eerste, tweede en derde* ... en dan is daar ook *gemengde voorwaardes* , maar kom ons hersien eers daardie 'maklike'.
Voorwaardes beskryf die *resultaat van 'n sekere toestand.* Die *if-klousule* vertel jou die *toestand* en die *hoofklousule* vertel jou die *resultaat* .
"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Die volgorde van die klousules verander nie die betekenis nie. Maar pasop vir leestekens!
If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!
As ek hierdie kursus voltooi, sal ek gereed wees vir die IELTS-eksamen!
Zero conditional is net *feite gebaseer.* Daar is *teenwoordige eenvoudige* tyd aan *beide kante* :
"If you freeze water, it becomes solid."
*Pasop vir leestekens!* Ons gebruik dit *na* if-klousule maar nie voor dit nie!
"Water becomes solid if you freeze it."
to bestow
om toe te ken
If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.
to betray
verraai
If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.
You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.
Jy omseil baie algemene probleme as jy die korrekte riglyne volg.
to confess
om te beken
If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.
to confine
beperk
If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.
*Eerste voorwaardelike* word gebruik vir *toekomstige situasies wat ons glo moontlik is:*
"If it rains, we will stay at home."
*indien/wanneer klousule + present eenvoudig, sal + infinitief*
Jy kan ook gebruike raakloop soos *tensy, solank, so gou as,* of *in die geval* in plaas van *as* .
"I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives."
"I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect."
"I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry."
"You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."
to deplore
afkeur
If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.
to invoke
om in te roep
If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.
If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.
As jy nie die masjinerie versigtig hanteer nie, kan dit jou vermink.
to grab
om vas te gryp
If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.
*Tweede voorwaardelike* word gebruik vir onmoontlike situasies wat *waarskynlik nie sal gebeur nie:*
"If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog."
Struktuur: *as klousule + verlede eenvoudig, sou + infinitief*
Wanneer *if gevolg word deur werkwoord wees* , is dit grammatikaal korrek om dit te gebruik soos *dit was* : "if I were, if she were."
So kan ons uitdruk dat daar 'n *moontlikheid is onder sekere voorwaarde* en dit kom uit Oud-Engels.
Jy kan egter algemeen gebruik en hoor *of sy/hy was* en dit is ook *korrek* .
"I wouldn't do that if I were you."
"If she was president, she would invest in education more."
"If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."
If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.
As ek so rats soos 'n gimnast was, sou ek by die akrobatiekspan aangesluit het.
to salivate
om te kwyl
If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.
to staple
om vas te kram
If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.
to summarize
om op te som
If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.
Nou word dit werklik of dalk...surrealisties? Kom ons gaan in *die derde voorwaardelike* . Dit word gebruik om *'n ander verlede voor te stel* . Gewoonlik wanneer ons *spyt is oor* iets of *die verlede wil verander* ... maar dit is *nie moontlik nie* .
"If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have to study as much."
Struktuur: *as + verby perfek, sou + verlede deelwoord hê*
If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.
As sy deur die nou gaping geglip het, sou sy die uitgang betyds bereik het.
to suppress
onderdruk
If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.
to tweak
verfyn
If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.
to digest
verteer
If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.
to evaluate
om te evalueer
If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.
En nou die 'finale baas'. Ja, jy het reg geraai ... *gemengde voorwaardes* .
Ons kan hulle gebruik wanneer ons 'n *vorige verandering voorstel met 'n gevolg in die hede of 'n huidige verandering met 'n gevolg in die verlede* .
Voel jy dat dit nie sin maak nie? Kom ons kyk na 'n paar voorbeelde:
"If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner."
In hierdie geval stel ons ons voor hoe 'n verandering in die verlede tot die hede sou lei.
Struktuur: *as + verby perfek, sou + infinitief*
"It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday."
Hier verduidelik die spreker hoe 'n verandering in die huidige situasie die verandering in die verlede sou beïnvloed.
Struktuur: *as + eenvoudig verlede, sou + verlede deelwoord hê*
hawk
valk
If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.
arduous
veeleisend
If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.
If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.
As hy noukeuriger met sy werk was, sou hy nou 'n bevordering geniet het.
If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.
As sy meer proaktief was, sou haar sukses van haar harde werk en toewyding afgehang het.
vibrant
lewendig
If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.
Dit is *die einde* van hierdie kursus! Ek hoop dit het jou gehelp!
*Sterkte met jou IELTS!!!*
Break a leg!
Sterkte!
I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!