IELTS - Pripremni kursEngleske riječi
by DuoCards
*Dobrodošli na IELTS Mastery kurs!*
Pokrićemo *ključni vokabular, gramatička vremena, savjete i trikove* za postizanje visokih rezultata. Kurs počinje *govorom i pisanjem* , s fokusom na *uobičajene greške* , nakon čega slijedi *pregled glagolskih vremena* i *novog vokabulara.* Gramatika počinje lagano i postaje naprednija.
*Počnimo s govornim dijelom.💭*
Zamislite to kao razgovor - pokušajte ostati opušteni i prirodni.
Najbolje je izbjegavati naučene odgovore, što ispitivači obično mogu primijetiti.
Pokušajte razgovarati malo svaki dan, čak i ako je to samo sa sobom ili s umjetnom inteligencijom - to zaista čini razliku!
Sastavili smo nekoliko korisnih fraza koje možete koristiti da biste zvučali tečnije. Samo pazite da ih ne koristite pretjerano - ravnoteža je ključna.
*Sretno! / Sretno!*
Let's roll!
Krenimo!
When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!
to kick things off
za početak
To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.
on the flip side
s druge strane
I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.
it goes without saying
podrazumijeva se
It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.
to sum up
ukratko
To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.
to put it differently
drugim riječima
To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.
in a nutshell
ukratko
To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.
to draw a parallel
povući paralelu
To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.
to play a crucial role in
igrati ključnu ulogu u
Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.
to put it simply
jednostavno rečeno
To put it simply, the project was a failure.
to delve deeper into this
dublje se udubiti u ovo
To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.
Zadatak 1 je više *uvodni* . U zadatku 2 morate *izraziti svoje misli* , a možda i *osjećaje* .
Pogledajmo koje izraze možete koristiti:
in my opinion
po mom mišljenju
In my opinion, this movie is really good.
on one hand, on the other hand
s jedne strane, s druge strane
On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.
I firmly believe that
Čvrsto vjerujem da
I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.
as far as I'm concerned
što se mene tiče
As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.
for instance
na primjer
I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.
an emerging trend is
novi trend je
An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.
it's worth noting that
vrijedi napomenuti da
It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.
striking a balance between
postizanje ravnoteže između
Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.
Sada, u trećem dijelu govornog testa, morate biti u stanju *razgovarati o apstraktnim idejama* . Za to možete koristiti *figurativni jezik i idiome* kako biste impresionirali svoje ispitivače. Ali koristite samo one koje stvarno poznajete, ako pogriješite to će rezultirati više oduzetih bodova.
down in the dumps
u bedaku
I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.
over the moon
na sedmom nebu
I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.
lose track of time
izgubiti pojam o vremenu
I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.
look on the bright side
gledaj to s vedrije strane
I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.
not my cup of tea
nije to po mom ukusu
I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.
*Odličan posao!* Naučili ste najčešće govorne fraze.
Da bih se nadovezao na to, dat ću vam još nekoliko samo da poboljšate svoju *koherentnost i komunikacijske vještine* u svim govornim zadacima.
*Pobrinite se da ih namjerno vježbate dok vam to ne postane druga priroda ^^*
I couldn't agree more
Ne bih se mogao više složiti
I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.
to wrap things up
za kraj
I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.
building on that
na osnovu toga
Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.
to be well-off
biti imućan
My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.
to be fed up
biti pun kufer
I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.
a hot potato
vruć krompir
The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.
in my personal experience
prema mom ličnom iskustvu
In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.
in light of these considerations
u svjetlu ovih razmatranja
In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.
to twist someone's arm
nagovoriti nekoga
She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.
without a shadow of doubt
bez trunke sumnje
Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.
Još jedna stvar, u govoru je veoma važno koristiti *hedžing* jezik.
Možete koristiti izraze zaštite da *izrazite nesigurnost* u svom govoru.
"It could be..."
"This might be..."
Čuvajte se jakih tvrdnji i izjava o osjetljivim temama. Koristite ograde da vaš govor bude glatkiji i osjetljiviji.
It might well be that...
Lako se može desiti da...
It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..
I am not sure but...
Nisam siguran, ali...
I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.
As it seems that...
Kako se čini da...
As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.
It might look...
Moglo bi izgledati...
It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.
Sada moramo da se pozabavimo *najčešćim greškama u pisanju* .
U pisanju ćete možda naići na *stupčaste grafikone* (grafikone, dijagrame i dijagrame) koje ćete morati opisati. Mnogi ljudi ne znaju kako i nepotrebno gube bodove. *To nećeš biti ti!*
Evo malo rječnika koji će vam pomoći da prođete svoje zadatke pisanja.
pie chart
kružni dijagram
A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.
line graph
linijski grafikon
The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.
bar graph
stubičasti grafikon
The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.
bar chart
stubičasti grafikon
A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.
to compare
uporediti
The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.
to imply
nagovijestiti
The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.
to indicate
nagovijestiti
The data indicated a decrease in sales.
similar
sličan
The two graphs are very similar.
to illustrate
ilustrovati
The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.
to depict
prikazati
The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.
from the graph it is clear
iz grafikona je jasno
From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.
Samo savjet: ako želite ovo napisati: *%* riječima.
Tačan način je *procenat*
per cent
procenat
10 per cent increase
Pokušajte da budete što *kohezivniji* u svom pisanju. Za svaku novu ideju započnite novi pasus.
Uvijek provjerite pravopis i gramatiku. Molimo vas da *u potpunosti odgovorite na pitanje* . Nemojte pisati o stvarima o kojima želite pisati ili samo djelimično odgovorite na pitanje.
Napišite šta se od vas traži.
Dat ću vam i *nekoliko savjeta o interpunkciji* jer mnogi ljudi ne znaju kako da ih pravilno koriste.
Engleska *interpunkcija* je drugačija i ponekad *može spasiti živote!*
"Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children."
Vidite li na šta mislim?
Također koristimo zareze prije direktnog govora.
"She said, 'hurry up'!"
Također uvijek trebamo koristiti zareze iza fraza kao što je međutim, ipak, da budemo iskreni, itd.
however
međutim
She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.
nevertheless
ipak
I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.
to be honest
da budem iskren
To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
firstly
kao prvo
Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.
first of all
prije svega
First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.
moreover
štaviše
The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.
furthermore
štaviše
I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.
conversely
nasuprot tome
Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.
*Možemo, ali ne moramo da koristimo zarez dok pričamo o više stvari* .
"I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol."vs "I love cats, dogs and horses."
Međutim, ponekad *može biti malo zbunjujuće* ako ne dodate zarez:
"I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson."
Nažalost, Bill Gates i Pamela Anderson nisu moji roditelji. Stoga je bolje koristiti i zarez između njih.
to adhere
prianjati
The tape adheres well to the wall.
antiquity
antika
In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.
conscious
svjestan
She was conscious throughout the surgery.
faulty
neispravan
The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.
Posljednje pitanje: *Kada koristiti zarez između pridjeva?*
Koristimo zareze između pridjeva ako možemo koristiti *i* umjesto toga:
"He is a nice and friendly man"-> "He is nice, friendly man."
Ali, *ako ne možemo koristiti i između njih, onda nema zareza* :
"I adore delicious French croissants."
Ovdje ne bi imalo smisla reći ukusni i francuski kroasani.
scrumptious
preukusan
She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.
to purchase something
kupiti nešto
I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.
previous
prethodni
The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.
to attend
prisustvovati
I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.
*Općenito, nemojte koristiti zareze ispred ali/i.*
"I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks."
Ali možemo koristiti zarez *u slučaju da želite da napravite pauzu* . U ovom slučaju, morate shvatiti gdje ćete staviti zarez na osnovu svoje intuicije.
"My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them."
Zarez koristimo i *kada promijenimo naslov rečenice* :
"My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her."
Također, ako *počnete s podređenom rečenicom* , također morate koristiti zarez, ali o tome smo već govorili u kondicionalima.
"If you have time, call me."
to elucidate
razjasniti
Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.
to lament
jadikovati
He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.
inexhorable
neumoljiv
The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.
ephemeral
prolazan
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
*Congrats! Prošli ste kroz praktični dio. Sada je vrijeme za gramatiku!*
Počećemo *sa sadašnjom jednostavnom gramatikom* , to je najosnovnija gramatika, ali čak i napredni učenici engleskog i dalje prave *greške u trećem licu jednine ili u pitanjima* , pokušajte da bar malo revidirate.
Present simple koristimo za:
stvari koje su *istinite u sadašnjosti* : "I like ice cream"
nešto što se *redovno* dešava: "I play tennis every Sunday"
nešto što je *uvek tačno* : "Water boils at 100 degrees"
to suffer
patiti
He suffers from anxiety and depression.
The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.
Stalni porast gustine gradskog stanovništva značajno povećava potražnju za infrastrukturom javnog prevoza.
to not mind doing something
nemati ništa protiv da se nešto uradi
I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.
to research
istraživati
I need to do some research for my history paper.
to be keen on
biti zainteresovan za
She is keen on learning new languages.
unless
osim ako
I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.
*Čuvajte se trećeg lica jednine!* Ispitivači će vam oduzeti bodove ako ga propustite.
on, ona, ono - voli, želi, voli...
Kada govorimo o životinjama, mi to koristimo.
Možemo koristiti rod sa životinjama samo ako imamo dobar odnos sa njima. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!"
Budite oprezni sa više ljudi: "My mother and I are ..."
The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.
Napredni premaz efikasno štiti svemirsku letjelicu od štetnog kosmičkog zračenja.
to rotate
okretati
The Earth rotates on its axis.
John and I are orphans.
John i ja smo siročad.
to reflect
odražavati
His behaviour reflects his true self.
to alleviate
ublažiti
The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.
*pitanja:*
Koristimo *uradi/radi* u pitanjima: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?"
Koristimo ga i *sa upitnim riječima* : "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?"
*ALI! Pitanja s onima koji ne koriste do/does* : "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"
species
vrsta
Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?
What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?
Koja vrsta insekticida je najefikasnija protiv lisnih ušiju?
vast
ogroman
What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?
swarm
roj
What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?
proliferation
proliferacija
How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?
to refute
opovrgnuti
How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?
*Negativne strane:*
U govoru možemo koristiti kontrakcije; međutim, *u formalnim e-mailovima ili esejima, moramo koristiti dugu formu.*
nemojte (dugi oblik) = nemojte (kratki oblik): "I don't like fast food."
ne = ne: "She doesn't want to come."
to rival
parirati
The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.
to amplify
pojačati
The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.
male
muški
He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.
ostentatious
razmetljiv
He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.
Nastavimo sa *sadašnjim kontinuiranim!*
Uvijek nam je potrebno sadašnje vrijeme glagola *be i -ing* na kraju glagola.
Koristimo ga za razgovor o:
Aktivnosti koje se dešavaju *u trenutku govora.*
to generate
generisati
The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.
to become
postati
The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.
to outlast
nadživjeti
He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.
ubiquitous
sveprisutan
Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.
Ali koristimo i sadašnji kontinuirani za *buduće planove i aranžmane.*
Kada znamo da je nešto *'100% planirano' u budućnosti.*
Neko kaže 90%, neko 99%...Usuđujem se reći 100% osim ako se ne dogodi nešto tragično.
to hunt
loviti
They are going hunting next weekend.
Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.
Sljedeće sedmice pripremamo komplete za preživljavanje za kampovanje.
to harm
oštetiti
She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.
among
među
Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.
*Ne koristimo kontinuirano sa stativnim glagolima.*
Stativni glagoli razmišljanja i osjećanja: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish"
Stativni glagoli čula: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste"
I drugi stativni glagoli: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"
to prefer
preferirati
She prefers tea to coffee.
to suppose
pretpostaviti
I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.
to owe
dugovati
I owe you an explanation for my behavior.
to belong
pripadati
These books belong to the library.
Također koristimo prezent kontinuirano da govorimo o nečemu što se *događa prije i nakon određenog vremena:*
"At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast."
Sa nečim što *mislimo da je privremeno.*
"Michael is at university. He's studying history."
Sa nečim što je *novo i što je u suprotnosti sa prethodnim stanjem.*
"These days most people are using email instead of writing letters."
Sa nečim što se *mijenja, raste ili se razvija.*
"The children are growing up quickly."
Michael is at university. He's studying history.
Michael je na univerzitetu. Studira historiju.
to roar
urlati
The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.
gullible
naivan
Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.
to persuade
uvjeriti
I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.
Sadašnji kontinuirani se također koristi sa nečim što *se događa uvijek iznova (uglavnom s negativnom konotacijom - obično koristimo 'uvijek'):*
"It's always raining in London."
He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.
Stalno joj pronalazi mane i neprestano se svađaju.
to inundate
poplaviti
She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.
conundrum
zagonetka
He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.
to adapt
prilagoditi
We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..
Sadašnji kontinuirani možemo koristiti za *razgovor o prošlosti* kada smo:
*Pričanje priče ili sumiranje knjige, filma ili predstave.*
The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.
Preksinoć sam baš hodao ulicom kad mi je odjednom prišao neki čovjek i zamolio me da mu posudim nešto novca.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
Pa, nosi veliki štap i izgleda pomalo opasno, pa se pitam šta da radim...
Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …
Harry Potter je učenik u školi Hogwarts. Jednog dana, dok igra kvidič, ugleda neobičan predmet na nebu. Pita se šta se dešava...
Sada je vrijeme za *savršenu sadašnjost!*
Mi to tumačimo sa *subjektom + have/has + prošli particip.*
"I have intoruduced myself."
Koristimo ga da govorimo o stvarima koje *su se desile u prošlosti, ali utiču na sadašnjost* i možda se mogu nastaviti u budućnosti.
I have never caught a glimpse of that.
Nikada nisam uspio to ni nakratko vidjeti.
They have been pronounced husband and wife.
Proglašeni su mužem i ženom.
I have had my share of ups and downs.
Imao sam svoj dio uspona i padova.
I've just published this research I've carried out.
Upravo sam objavio ovo istraživanje koje sam proveo.
I haven't given up on him yet.
Još uvijek nisam odustao od njega.
Pogledajmo *razliku između išli i bili:*
otišao u = osoba je još uvijek odsutna
bio u = osoba ima iskustvo iz tog mjesta, ali se već vratila"
She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.
Otišla je u Belgiju. Trebala bi se vratiti u decembru.
He has been to many exquisite places.
Posjetio je mnoga izvanredna mjesta.
voracious
proždrljiv
She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.
to suggest
predložiti
I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.
Sada svima omiljeni *poklon savršeni kontinuirani.*
Formiramo ga koristeći *subjekat + have/has been + -ing*
Obično ovo koristimo da naglasimo da se nešto *još uvijek nastavlja u sadašnjosti.*
Koristimo samo dinamičke glagole sa ovim gramatičkim vremenom.
She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.
Ona živi u hirovitoj Africi od 1995. godine.
I have been painting on this canvas all morning.
Slikao sam na ovom platnu cijelo jutro.
She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.
Sva je oznojena. Penjala se na onaj hrast.
They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.
Sjekli su ove oštećene borove.
Inače, *sadašnjost savršenu možemo koristiti i za budućnost.*
Tamo gdje bismo inače koristili present simple, možete pokazati svoje sjajno znanje engleskog jezika i umjesto toga koristiti present perfect:
"We will begin when everyone arrives."
vs
"We will gegin when everyone has arrived."
I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.
Nastavit ću tražiti dok ne pronađem svoju knjigu.
I will not stop until I have become the best leader.
Neću stati dok ne postanem najbolji vođa.
ineffable
neizreciv
By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.
resilient
otporan
By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.
anticipate
predvidjeti
By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.
Provjerili smo sadašnja vremena, sada je vrijeme za *prošlo jednostavno.* Koristimo ga za razgovor o:
- nešto što *se desilo u prošlosti* - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week."
- nešto što *se desilo nekoliko puta u prošlosti* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him."
- nešto što *je bilo tačno neko vreme u prošlosti* - "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts."
- koristimo izraz *prije* u prošlosti - "I met my wife 30 years ago."
U prošlom jednostavnom *glagolu obično dodajemo -ed* . Ali postoje *nepravilni glagoli* kojima je potrebno dodatno vrijeme za savladavanje.
Počnimo s onima koji se razlikuju u sva tri oblika:
to bear (bore, borne)
podnositi
to blow (blew, blown)
puhati (puhao, puhnuo)
The strong wind blew the papers off the table.
to be (was/were, been)
biti
She was the top performer in last night's talent show.
to shake (shook, shaken)
tresti (tresao, tresen)
She shook the rug to remove the dust.
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
skupiti se
The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.
to tear (tore, torn)
poderati
I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.
Hajde sada da damo neke primere onih *nepravilnih glagola sa istim oblicima u prošlom vremenu i participu u prošlom vremenu:*
to creep (crept, crept)
šunjati se
I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.
to cling (clung, clung)
držati se
The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.
to mean (meant, meant)
namjeravati
I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.
to seek (sought, sought)
tražiti
She sought help from her friends.
to spin (span/spun, spun)
vrtjeti se
The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.
to sting (stung, stung)
ubosti
The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.
to breed (bred, bred)
razmnožavati se
The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.
to light (lit, lit)
upaliti
She lit the candles before the guests arrived.
to sweep (swept, swept)
mesti
She swept the leaves from the driveway.
to shoot (shot, shot)
pucati
The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.
Tada imamo i sva *3 oblika nepromijenjena:*
to upset (upset, upset)
uznemiriti
The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.
to bid (bid, bid)
oprostiti se
She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.
I mnogi ljudi brkaju prošlo vrijeme i particip u glagolima *lagati (lagati), lagati (ležati na površini) i ležati (ležati):*
to lie (lied, lied)
lagati
He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.
to lie on a surface (lay, lain)
ležati na površini
The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.
to lay (laid, laid)
položiti
She laid the baby down in the crib.
Mnogi ljudi zaboravljaju da možemo koristiti prošlost kada govorimo o sadašnjosti ili budućnosti u hipotezama (kada nešto zamislite)
"Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"
Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?
Zamislite da ste naišli na drevni artefakt. Koliko biste bili zbunjeni njegovim porijeklom?
Sada ćemo se osvrnuti na vrijeme koje se ne koristi previše često. Ali često je na testovima i možete naići na njega iu stvarnom životu!
Koristimo *past perfect simple (had + past particip)* da govorimo o *vremenu do određene tačke u prošlosti:*
"She had published her first book by the time she was ten."
Također ga koristimo *da prikažemo redoslijed dva prošla događaja.* Past perfect pokazuje raniju radnju, a past simple kasniju radnju:
"When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries."
"Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series."
Često koristimo *već, još, samo, ikada ili nikad* s ovim vremenom.
"She was the most astonishing woman I had ever seen."
to scurry
užurbano trčati
By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.
to snuggle
maziti se
The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.
to neglect
zanemariti
She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.
By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.
Do trenutka kada je počeo završni ispit, sama količina gradiva za ponavljanje već je bila prevelika za studente.
to testify
svjedočiti
The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.
Koristimo *past perfect continuous* za nešto što *je počelo u prošlosti i nastavilo se do određenog trenutka:*
"When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years."
ili za nešto što *se dogodilo nekoliko puta prije nekog trenutka u prošlosti i nastavilo se nakon tog trenutka:*
"He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager."
ili kada *izvještavamo o našem iskustvu do određenog trenutka u prošlosti:*
"My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had."
i baš kao i sa sadašnjim savršenim koristimo *za i nakon* sa prošlim savršenim.
She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.
Mjesecima je neumorno radila, nadajući se da će njen trud na kraju donijeti značajne rezultate.
to regard
smatrati
He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.
to sneak
prikrasti se
They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.
to meddle
miješati se
She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.
Hajde sada da uđemo u vreme koje se zove *future continuous (će/neće biti + -ing).*
Koristimo ga za razgovor o *budućim akcijama koje će biti u toku u određeno vrijeme u budućnosti:*
"When you come home, I'll be boarding a plane."
Ili nešto što vidimo kao *novo, drugačije ili privremeno:*
"Today we're taking the bus but next week we'll be taking the train."
to extort
ucjenjivati
The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.
to falter
oklijevati
The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.
to gauge
izmjeriti
The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.
to grapple
nositi se
The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.
The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.
Radovi na glavnoj cesti će ometati protok saobraćaja u narednih nekoliko sedmica.
Za budućnost koristimo i *future perfect (hoće/neće imati + prošli particip).* Ovo vrijeme se koristi kada govorimo o nečemu što *će biti završeno prije određenog vremena u budućnosti.{101}
"Will you have gone to bed when I get back?"
Možemo koristiti fraze poput* do *ili* do vremena *(u nekom trenutku prije),* u *ili* za jedan dan/za dva mjeseca/za pet godina* (na kraju perioda) da damo vremenski period u čime će se akcija završiti.
"By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses."
"In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."
to inhibit
inhibirati
By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.
to lack
nedostajati
By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.
to magnify
povećati
The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.
to laugh
smijati se
By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.
By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.
Do kraja godine, kompanija će napustiti svoje zastarjele politike u korist inovativnijih praksi.
to outline
napraviti nacrt
By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.
Sada smo *revidirali sva engleska vremena.* Međutim, nismo revidirali kako ih kombinirati u određenim situacijama... *pod nekim uvjetima.*
Pretpostavljam da vidite kuda idem. Sada ćemo revidirati *kondicionale* jer mnogi ljudi u njima griješe.
Kladim se da ne želite da izgubite te dragocjene bodove na ispitu, pa hajdemo na posao!
Practice makes perfect!
Vježba čini majstora!
U engleskom jeziku postoje *4 glavna kondicionala: nula, prvi, drugi i treći* ... a zatim postoje i *mješoviti kondicionali* , ali hajde da prvo revidiramo one 'lake'.
Uslovi opisuju *rezultat određenog stanja.* *if klauzula* vam govori *uslov* , a *glavna klauzula* vam govori *rezultat* .
"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Redoslijed klauzula ne mijenja značenje. Ali pazite na interpunkciju!
If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!
Ako završim ovaj kurs, bit ću spreman za IELTS ispit!
Nulti uslov je samo *zasnovan na činjenicama.* Na *obje strane* postoji *jednostavno vrijeme prezenta* :
"If you freeze water, it becomes solid."
*Čuvajte se interpunkcije!* Koristimo je *nakon* klauzule if, ali ne prije nje!
"Water becomes solid if you freeze it."
to bestow
dodijeliti
If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.
to betray
izdati
If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.
You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.
Izbjeći ćete mnoge uobičajene probleme ako se pridržavate odgovarajućih smjernica.
to confess
priznati
If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.
to confine
ograničiti
If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.
*Prvi uslov* se koristi za *buduće situacije za koje vjerujemo da su moguće:*
"If it rains, we will stay at home."
*if/when klauzula + prezent jednostavno, will + infinitiv*
Također možete naići na upotrebe poput *osim ako, dok, čim,* ili *u slučaju* umjesto *ako* .
"I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives."
"I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect."
"I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry."
"You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."
to deplore
osuđivati
If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.
to invoke
prizvati
If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.
If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.
Ako ne rukujete pažljivo mašinerijom, mogla bi vas osakatiti.
to grab
zgrabiti
If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.
*Drugi uslov* se koristi za nemoguće situacije za koje je *malo vjerovatno da će se dogoditi:*
"If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog."
Struktura: *if klauzula + prošlo jednostavno, bi + infinitiv*
Kada *iza if stoji glagol be* , gramatički je ispravno koristiti ga kao *što je bilo* : "if I were, if she were."
Ovako možemo izraziti da postoji *mogućnost pod određenim uslovom* i dolazi iz starog engleskog.
Međutim, obično možete koristiti i čuti *da li je bila* i to je također *ispravno* .
"I wouldn't do that if I were you."
"If she was president, she would invest in education more."
"If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."
If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.
Da sam okretan kao gimnastičar, pridružio bih se akrobatskom timu.
to salivate
sliniti
If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.
to staple
spajati klamericom
If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.
to summarize
da rezimiramo
If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.
Sada postaje stvarno ili možda...nadrealno? Uđimo u *treći kondicional* . Koristi se za *zamišljanje drugačije prošlosti* . Obično kada žalimo *za* nečim ili bismo željeli *promijeniti prošlost* ...ali to *nije moguće* .
"If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have to study as much."
Struktura: *if + past perfect, bi imalo + prošli particip*
If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.
Da se provukla kroz uski prolaz, stigla bi do izlaza na vrijeme.
to suppress
suzbiti
If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.
to tweak
dotjerati
If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.
to digest
provariti
If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.
to evaluate
procijeniti
If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.
A sada 'konačni šef'. Da, pogodili ste... *mješoviti uvjeti* .
Možemo ih koristiti kada zamislimo *prošlu promjenu s rezultatom u sadašnjosti ili sadašnju promjenu s rezultatom u prošlosti* .
Da li smatrate da to nema smisla? Pogledajmo neke primjere:
"If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner."
U ovom slučaju zamišljamo kako bi promjena u prošlosti rezultirala sadašnjošću.
Struktura: *if + past perfect, would + infinitiv*
"It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday."
Ovdje govornik objašnjava kako bi promjena sadašnje situacije uticala na promjenu u prošlosti.
Struktura: *if + past simple, bi imao + prošli particip*
hawk
jastreb
If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.
arduous
mukotrpan
If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.
If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.
Da je bio pedantniji u svom poslu, sada bi uživao u unapređenju.
If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.
Da je bila aktivnija, njen uspjeh bi zavisio od njenog truda i posvećenosti.
vibrant
energičan
If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.
Ovo je *kraj* ovog kursa! Nadam se da vam je ovo pomoglo!
*Sretno sa IELTS-om!!!*
Break a leg!
Sretno!
I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!