IELTS - Curs de preparacióParaules en anglès
by DuoCards
*Benvinguts al curs de domini de l'IELTS!*
Tractarem *vocabulari clau, temps verbals, consells i trucs* per obtenir puntuacions altes. El curs comença amb *l'expressió oral i escrita* , centrant-se en *els errors comuns* , seguit d'una *revisió dels temps verbals* i *del vocabulari nou.* La gramàtica comença fàcil i es fa més avançada.
*Comencem amb la part oral.💭*
Pensa-ho com una conversa: intenta mantenir-te relaxat i natural.
És millor evitar les respostes memoritzades, ja que els examinadors normalment ho poden saber.
Intenta parlar una mica cada dia, encara que només sigui amb tu mateix o amb una IA: realment marca la diferència!
Hem recopilat algunes frases pràctiques que pots fer servir per sonar amb més fluïdesa. Només cal que tinguis cura de no fer-ne servir massa: l'equilibri és clau.
*Molta sort!*
Let's roll!
Som-hi!
When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!
to kick things off
per començar
To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.
on the flip side
d'altra banda
I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.
it goes without saying
ni cal dir-ho
It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.
to sum up
en resum
To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.
to put it differently
dit d'una altra manera
To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.
in a nutshell
en resum
To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.
to draw a parallel
establir un paral·lel
To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.
to play a crucial role in
jugar un paper crucial en
Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.
to put it simply
dit de manera senzilla
To put it simply, the project was a failure.
to delve deeper into this
aprofundir més en aquesta qüestió
To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.
La tasca 1 és més *introductòria* . A la tasca 2 heu d' *expressar els vostres pensaments* i potser *els vostres sentiments* .
Vegem quines frases podríeu utilitzar:
in my opinion
al meu parer
In my opinion, this movie is really good.
on one hand, on the other hand
d'una banda, de l'altra
On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.
I firmly believe that
Crec fermament que
I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.
as far as I'm concerned
pel que fa a mi
As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.
for instance
per exemple
I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.
an emerging trend is
una tendència emergent és
An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.
it's worth noting that
val la pena destacar que
It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.
striking a balance between
trobar un equilibri entre
Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.
Ara, a la part 3 de la prova d'expressió oral, heu de poder *parlar d'idees abstractes* . Per a això, podeu utilitzar *llenguatge figurat i modismes* per impressionar els vostres examinadors. Però utilitzeu només aquells que realment coneixeu, si us equivoqueu, us restaran més punts.
down in the dumps
de capa caiguda
I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.
over the moon
estar al setè cel
I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.
lose track of time
perdre la noció del temps
I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.
look on the bright side
Mira el costat positiu
I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.
not my cup of tea
no és el meu fort
I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.
*Bona feina!* Has après les frases orals més habituals.
Per aprofitar això, us en donaré un parell més només per millorar la vostra *coherència i habilitats comunicatives* en totes les tasques de parla.
*Assegureu-vos de practicar-los intencionadament fins que s'hagi convertit en la vostra segona naturalesa ^^*
I couldn't agree more
No podria estar més d'acord
I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.
to wrap things up
per acabar
I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.
building on that
basant-se en això
Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.
to be well-off
ser ric
My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.
to be fed up
estar fart
I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.
a hot potato
un tema espinós
The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.
in my personal experience
segons la meva experiència personal
In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.
in light of these considerations
a la llum d'aquestes consideracions
In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.
to twist someone's arm
convèncer algú
She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.
without a shadow of doubt
sense cap mena de dubte
Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.
Una cosa més, en parlar és molt important utilitzar el llenguatge *de cobertura* .
Podeu utilitzar expressions de cobertura per *expressar incertesa* en el vostre discurs.
"It could be..."
"This might be..."
Aneu amb compte amb les afirmacions i declaracions contundents sobre temes sensibles. Utilitzeu cobertures per fer que el vostre discurs sigui més suau i sensible.
It might well be that...
Pot ser que...
It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..
I am not sure but...
No n'estic segur, però...
I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.
As it seems that...
Com que sembla que...
As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.
It might look...
Podria semblar...
It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.
Ara hem d'abordar *els errors més comuns per escrit* .
En l'escriptura et pots trobar amb *gràfics de barres* (gràfics, diagrames i gràfics) que hauràs de descriure. Molta gent no sap com i perd punts innecessàriament. *Això no seràs tu!*
Aquí teniu un vocabulari que us ajudarà a superar les vostres tasques d'escriptura.
pie chart
gràfic de sectors
A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.
line graph
gràfic de línies
The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.
bar graph
gràfic de barres
The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.
bar chart
gràfic de barres
A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.
to compare
comparar
The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.
to imply
insinuar
The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.
to indicate
indicar
The data indicated a decrease in sales.
similar
semblant
The two graphs are very similar.
to illustrate
il·lustrar
The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.
to depict
representar
The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.
from the graph it is clear
del gràfic queda clar
From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.
Només un consell: si voleu escriure això: *%* amb paraules.
La manera correcta és *el percentatge*
per cent
percentatge
10 per cent increase
Intenta ser el més *cohesionat* possible en el teu escrit. Comença un nou paràgraf per a cada idea nova.
Comproveu sempre l'ortografia i la gramàtica. Si us plau, *responeu a la pregunta completament* . No escriviu sobre coses sobre les quals voleu escriure o només responeu parcialment la pregunta.
Escriu el que et demana.
També us donaré *alguns consells sobre la puntuació* ja que molta gent no sap com utilitzar-lo correctament.
*La puntuació* en anglès és diferent i de vegades *pot salvar vides!*
"Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children."
Pots veure què vull dir aquí?
També fem servir comes abans del discurs directe.
"She said, 'hurry up'!"
També hem d'utilitzar sempre comes després de frases com, però, per ser sincers, etc.
however
no obstant això
She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.
nevertheless
tanmateix
I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.
to be honest
per ser sincer
To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
firstly
en primer lloc
Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.
first of all
abans de res
First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.
moreover
a més
The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.
furthermore
a més a més
I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.
conversely
al contrari
Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.
*Podem, però no hem de fer servir comes mentre parlem de més coses* .
"I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol."vs "I love cats, dogs and horses."
Tanmateix, de vegades *pot resultar una mica confús* si no afegiu la coma:
"I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson."
Malauradament, Bill Gates i Pamela Anderson no són els meus pares. Per tant, també és millor utilitzar comes entre ells.
to adhere
adherir-se
The tape adheres well to the wall.
antiquity
antiguitat
In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.
conscious
conscient
She was conscious throughout the surgery.
faulty
defectuós
The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.
La pregunta final: *Quan s'ha d'utilitzar una coma entre adjectius?*
Utilitzem comes entre adjectius si podem utilitzar *i* en lloc d'això:
"He is a nice and friendly man"-> "He is nice, friendly man."
Però, *si no podem utilitzar i entre ells, no hi ha coma* :
"I adore delicious French croissants."
Aquí no tindria sentit dir croissants deliciosos i francesos.
scrumptious
deliciós
She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.
to purchase something
comprar alguna cosa
I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.
previous
anterior
The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.
to attend
assistir
I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.
*En general, no utilitzeu comes davant de però/i.*
"I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks."
Però podem utilitzar una coma *per si voleu fer una pausa* . En aquest cas, heu d'esbrinar on posar una coma en funció de la vostra intuïció.
"My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them."
També fem servir la coma *quan canviem el subjecte d'una frase* :
"My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her."
A més, si *comenceu amb una oració subordinada* , també heu d'utilitzar la coma, però ja n'hem parlat en condicionals.
"If you have time, call me."
to elucidate
elucidar
Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.
to lament
plànyer
He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.
inexhorable
inexorable
The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.
ephemeral
efímer
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
*Felicitats! Ho heu fet a través de la part pràctica. Ara toca la gramàtica!*
Començarem *amb el present simple* , és la gramàtica més bàsica, però fins i tot els aprenents d'anglès avançats encara cometen *errors en 3a persona del singular o en preguntes* , si us plau, proveu de revisar almenys una mica.
Utilitzem present simple per a:
coses que són *certes en el present* : "I like ice cream"
alguna cosa que passa *habitualment* : "I play tennis every Sunday"
alguna cosa que *sempre és certa* : "Water boils at 100 degrees"
to suffer
patir
He suffers from anxiety and depression.
The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.
L'augment constant de la densitat de població urbana incrementa significativament la demanda d'infraestructures de transport públic.
to not mind doing something
no em sap greu fer alguna cosa
I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.
to research
investigar
I need to do some research for my history paper.
to be keen on
estar interessat en
She is keen on learning new languages.
unless
tret que
I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.
*Compte amb la 3a persona del singular!* Els examinadors descomptaran punts si us ho perdeu.
ell, ella, ella - li agrada, vol, fa...
Quan ens referim a animals, en fem servir.
Podem utilitzar el gènere amb els animals només si tenim una bona relació amb ells. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!"
Aneu amb compte amb moltes persones: "My mother and I are ..."
The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.
El recobriment avançat protegeix eficaçment la nau espacial de la radiació còsmica nociva.
to rotate
girar
The Earth rotates on its axis.
John and I are orphans.
En John i jo som orfes.
to reflect
reflexionar
His behaviour reflects his true self.
to alleviate
alleugerir
The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.
*Preguntes:*
Utilitzem *do/does* a les preguntes: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?"
També l'utilitzem *amb paraules interrogatives* : "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?"
*PERÒ! Preguntes amb qui no utilitza do/does* : "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"
species
espècie
Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?
What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?
Quin tipus d'insecticida és més eficaç contra els pugons?
vast
enorme
What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?
swarm
eixam
What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?
proliferation
proliferació
How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?
to refute
refutar
How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?
*Negatius:*
En la parla podem utilitzar les contraccions; tanmateix, *en correus electrònics formals o assaigs, hem d'utilitzar la forma llarga.*
do not (forma llarga) = don't (forma curta): "I don't like fast food."
no = no fa: "She doesn't want to come."
to rival
rivalitzar
The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.
to amplify
amplificar
The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.
male
masculí
He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.
ostentatious
ostentós
He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.
Seguim amb *present continuous!*
Sempre necessitem el present del verb *be i el -ing* al final d'un verb.
Ho fem servir per parlar de:
Activitats que tenen lloc *en el moment de parlar.*
to generate
generar
The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.
to become
esdevenir
The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.
to outlast
sobreviure
He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.
ubiquitous
ubiquit
Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.
Però també fem servir el present continu per a *plans i compromisos futurs.*
Quan sabem que alguna cosa està *'100% planificada' en el futur.*
Algú diu 90%, algú 99%... M'atreveixo a dir 100% a menys que passi alguna cosa tràgica.
to hunt
caçar
They are going hunting next weekend.
Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.
La setmana que ve prepararem kits de supervivència per a l'excursió de càmping.
to harm
fer mal
She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.
among
entre
Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.
*No fem servir continu amb verbs estatius.*
Verbs estatius de pensar i sentir: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish"
Verbs estatius dels sentits: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste"
I altres verbs estatius: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"
to prefer
preferir
She prefers tea to coffee.
to suppose
suposar
I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.
to owe
deure
I owe you an explanation for my behavior.
to belong
pertànyer
These books belong to the library.
També fem servir el present continu per parlar d'alguna cosa que *passa abans i després d'un moment concret:*
"At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast."
Amb alguna cosa que *creiem que és temporal.*
"Michael is at university. He's studying history."
Amb quelcom que és *nou i contrasta amb un estat anterior.*
"These days most people are using email instead of writing letters."
Amb quelcom que està *canviant, creixent o desenvolupant-se.*
"The children are growing up quickly."
Michael is at university. He's studying history.
En Michael és a la universitat. Estudia història.
to roar
rugir
The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.
gullible
ingenu
Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.
to persuade
persuadir
I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.
El present continu també s'utilitza amb alguna cosa que *passa una i altra vegada (normalment amb connotació negativa - normalment fem servir 'sempre'):*
"It's always raining in London."
He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.
Ell no para de buscar-li les pessigolles i sempre estan discutint.
to inundate
inundar
She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.
conundrum
trencaclosques
He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.
to adapt
adaptar
We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..
Podem utilitzar el present continu per *parlar del passat* quan som:
*Explicar una història o resumir un llibre, una pel·lícula o una obra de teatre.*
The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.
L'altre dia caminava pel carrer quan, de sobte, un home se'm va acostar i em va demanar que li deixés diners.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
Bé, porta un bastó gros i té un aspecte una mica perillós, així que estic pensant què fer...
Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …
Harry Potter és un alumne de l'escola de Hogwarts. Un dia, mentre juga a quidditch, veu un objecte estrany al cel. Es pregunta què està passant...
Ara és el moment del *present perfecte!*
Ho construïm amb *subjecte + have/has + participi passat.*
"I have intoruduced myself."
La fem servir per parlar de coses que *van passar en el passat però que influeixen en el present* i poden, potser, continuar en el futur.
I have never caught a glimpse of that.
Mai no he pogut veure-ho.
They have been pronounced husband and wife.
Han estat declarats marit i muller.
I have had my share of ups and downs.
He tingut la meva bona dosi d'alts i baixos.
I've just published this research I've carried out.
Acabo de publicar aquesta recerca que he dut a terme.
I haven't given up on him yet.
Encara no l'he donat per perdut.
Fem una ullada a la *diferència entre anar a i anar a:*
anat a = la persona encara està fora
estat a = la persona té experiència d'aquell lloc però ja havia tornat"
She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.
Ha marxat a Bèlgica. Hauria de tornar al desembre.
He has been to many exquisite places.
Ha visitat molts llocs magnífics.
voracious
voraç
She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.
to suggest
suggerir
I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.
Ara *el present perfecte continu favorit de tothom.*
El formem utilitzant *subject + have/ha been + -ing*
Normalment ho fem servir per emfatitzar que alguna cosa *encara continua en el present.*
Només fem servir verbs dinàmics amb aquest temps gramatical.
She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.
Viu a l'Àfrica capritxosa des del 1995.
I have been painting on this canvas all morning.
He estat pintant en aquest llenç durant tot el matí.
She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.
Està tota suada. Ha estat enfilant-se a l'alzina.
They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.
Han estat tallant aquests pins malmesos.
Per cert, *també podem utilitzar present perfecte per al futur.*
Allà on normalment faríem servir present simple, podeu mostrar les vostres excel·lents habilitats en anglès i utilitzar present perfect:
"We will begin when everyone arrives."
vs
"We will gegin when everyone has arrived."
I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.
Continuaré buscant fins que hagi trobat el meu llibre.
I will not stop until I have become the best leader.
No m'aturaré fins a convertir-me en el millor líder.
ineffable
inefable
By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.
resilient
resilient
By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.
anticipate
anticipar
By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.
Hem comprovat els temps presents, ara és el moment del *passat simple.* Ho fem servir per parlar de:
-Alguna cosa que *va passar en el passat-* "I crashed my car into a bridge last week."
- quelcom que *va passar diverses vegades en el passat* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him."
-Alguna cosa que *va ser certa durant algun temps en el passat-* "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts."
- fem servir l'expressió *fa* en el passat - "I met my wife 30 years ago."
En passat simple normalment afegim *-ed als verbs* . Però hi ha *verbs irregulars* que necessiten més temps per dominar.
Comencem amb els que difereixen en les tres formes:
to bear (bore, borne)
suportar
to blow (blew, blown)
bufar
The strong wind blew the papers off the table.
to be (was/were, been)
ser/estar (era/eren, estat)
She was the top performer in last night's talent show.
to shake (shook, shaken)
tremolar
She shook the rug to remove the dust.
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
encongir
The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.
to tear (tore, torn)
esquinçar
I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.
Ara donem alguns exemples d'aquests *verbs irregulars amb les mateixes formes en temps passat i participi passat:*
to creep (crept, crept)
esmunyir-se
I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.
to cling (clung, clung)
aferrar-se
The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.
to mean (meant, meant)
tenir la intenció de
I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.
to seek (sought, sought)
cercar
She sought help from her friends.
to spin (span/spun, spun)
girar
The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.
to sting (stung, stung)
picat
The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.
to breed (bred, bred)
criar
The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.
to light (lit, lit)
il·luminar
She lit the candles before the guests arrived.
to sweep (swept, swept)
escombrar
She swept the leaves from the driveway.
to shoot (shot, shot)
disparar
The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.
Aleshores també tenim les *3 formes sense canvis:*
to upset (upset, upset)
contrariar
The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.
to bid (bid, bid)
acomiadar-se
She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.
I moltes persones confonen el temps passat i el participi en els verbs *mentir (dir una mentida), mentir (estirar sobre una superfície) i estirar (estirar):*
to lie (lied, lied)
mentir
He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.
to lie on a surface (lay, lain)
jeure sobre una superfície
The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.
to lay (laid, laid)
posar
She laid the baby down in the crib.
Molta gent oblida que podem utilitzar el passat simple quan ens referim al present o al futur en hipòtesis (quan imagines alguna cosa)
"Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"
Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?
Imagineu que us trobéssiu amb un artefacte antic. Fins a quin punt us desconcertaria el seu origen?
Ara repassem un temps que no s'utilitza massa habitualment. Però sovint es troba a les proves i també pots trobar-hi a la vida real!
Utilitzem *el passat perfecte simple (had + participi passat)* per parlar del *temps fins a un moment determinat del passat:*
"She had published her first book by the time she was ten."
També l'utilitzem *per mostrar l'ordre de dos esdeveniments passats.* El passat perfecte mostra l'acció anterior i el passat simple l'acció posterior:
"When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries."
"Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series."
Sovint fem servir *ja, encara, just, mai o mai* amb aquest temps.
"She was the most astonishing woman I had ever seen."
to scurry
afanyar-se
By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.
to snuggle
arraulir-se
The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.
to neglect
descurar
She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.
By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.
Quan va començar l'examen final, la gran quantitat de matèria a repassar ja havia desbordat els estudiants.
to testify
testificar
The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.
Utilitzem *el passat perfecte continu* per a alguna cosa que *va començar en el passat i va continuar fins a un moment determinat:*
"When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years."
o per a alguna cosa que *va passar diverses vegades abans d'un punt del passat i va continuar després d'aquest punt:*
"He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager."
o quan estem *informant de la nostra experiència fins a un punt del passat:*
"My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had."
i igual que amb el present perfecte que fem servir *per i des que* amb el passat perfecte.
She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.
Havia estat treballant incansablement durant mesos, esperant que els seus esforços finalment donessin resultats significatius.
to regard
considerar
He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.
to sneak
esmunyir-se
They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.
to meddle
ficarse on no el demanen
She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.
Ara entrem en un temps que s'anomena *futur continu (serà/no serà + -ing).*
L'utilitzem per parlar d' *accions futures que estaran en curs en un moment concret del futur:*
"When you come home, I'll be boarding a plane."
O alguna cosa que veiem com *a nova, diferent o temporal:*
"Today we're taking the bus but next week we'll be taking the train."
to extort
extorquir
The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.
to falter
dubtar
The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.
to gauge
mesurar
The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.
to grapple
bregar
The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.
The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.
Les obres a la carretera principal dificultaran el flux del trànsit durant les properes setmanes.
Per al futur també fem servir *el futur perfecte (will/ won't have + participi passat).* Aquest temps s'utilitza quan parlem d'una cosa que *s'acabarà abans d'un moment concret en el futur.{
"Will you have gone to bed when I get back?"
Podem utilitzar frases com* per *o* per l'hora *(en algun moment abans),* en *o* en un dia/d'aquí a dos mesos/d'aquí a cinc anys* (al final del període) per donar el període de temps en que es durà a terme l'acció.
"By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses."
"In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."
to inhibit
inhibir
By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.
to lack
mancar
By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.
to magnify
ampliar
The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.
to laugh
riure
By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.
By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.
A finals d'any, l'empresa haurà abandonat les seves polítiques obsoletes en favor de pràctiques més innovadores.
to outline
esbossar
By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.
Ara hem *revisat tots els temps anglesos.* Tanmateix, no hem revisat com combinar-los en determinades situacions... *sota algunes condicions.*
Suposo que pots veure on vaig. Ara revisarem *els condicionals* perquè molta gent s'equivoca.
Aposto que no voleu perdre aquests valuosos punts a l'examen, així que anem a treballar!
Practice makes perfect!
La pràctica fa el mestre!
En anglès hi ha *4 condicionals principals: zero, primer, segon i tercer*...i després també hi ha *condicionals mixtos*, però revisem primer aquells 'fàcils'.
Els condicionals descriuen el *resultat d'una certa condició.* La *clàusula if* t'indica la *condició* i la *clàusula principal* t'indica el *resultat*.
"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
L'ordre de les clàusules no canvia el significat. Però compte amb la puntuació!
If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!
Si acabo aquest curs, estaré a punt per a l'examen IELTS!
El zero condicional només es *basa en fets.* Hi ha *present simple* a *ambdós costats* :
"If you freeze water, it becomes solid."
*Compte amb els signes de puntuació!* La fem servir *després* de la clàusula if però no abans!
"Water becomes solid if you freeze it."
to bestow
atorgar
If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.
to betray
trair
If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.
You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.
Eviteu molts problemes comuns si seguiu les directrius adequades.
to confess
confessar-se
If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.
to confine
limitar
If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.
*El primer condicional* s'utilitza per *a situacions futures que creiem possibles:*
"If it rains, we will stay at home."
*clàusula if/when + present simple, will + infinitiu*
També podeu trobar usos com *a menys, sempre que, tan aviat com* o per si *en comptes* de *si* .
"I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives."
"I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect."
"I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry."
"You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."
to deplore
deplorar
If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.
to invoke
invocar
If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.
If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.
Si no manejes la maquinària amb cura, et podria mutilar.
to grab
agafar
If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.
*El segon condicional* s'utilitza per a situacions impossibles que és *poc probable que succeeixin:*
"If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog."
Estructura: *clàusula if + passat simple, would + infinitiu*
Quan *si va seguit del verb be* , és gramaticalment correcte utilitzar-lo tal com *fos* : "if I were, if she were."
Així podem expressar que hi ha una *possibilitat sota determinades condicions* i prové de l'anglès antic.
Tanmateix, normalment podeu utilitzar i escoltar *si ho era* i també és *correcte* .
"I wouldn't do that if I were you."
"If she was president, she would invest in education more."
"If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."
If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.
Si fos tan àgil com un gimnasta, m'uniria a l'equip d'acrobàcies.
to salivate
bavejar
If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.
to staple
grapar
If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.
to summarize
per resumir
If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.
Ara s'està fent real o potser... surrealista? Entrem al *tercer condicional* . S'utilitza per *imaginar un passat diferent* . Normalment quan ens *penedim* d'alguna cosa o ens agradaria *canviar el passat* ...però *no és possible* .
"If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have to study as much."
Estructura: *if + passat perfet, hauria + participi passat*
If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.
Si s'hagués esmunyit per l'escletxa estreta, hauria arribat a la sortida a temps.
to suppress
suprimir
If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.
to tweak
ajustar
If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.
to digest
digerir
If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.
to evaluate
avaluar
If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.
I ara el 'jefe final'. Sí, ho heu endevinat... *condicionals mixtes* .
Podem utilitzar-los quan imaginem un *canvi passat amb un resultat en el present o un canvi present amb un resultat en el passat* .
Creus que no té sentit? Vegem alguns exemples:
"If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner."
En aquest cas ens imaginem com un canvi en el passat donaria lloc al present.
Estructura: *if + pretèrit perfecte, would + infinitiu*
"It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday."
Aquí el ponent explica com un canvi en la situació actual influiria en el canvi del passat.
Estructura: *if + passat simple, would have + participi passat*
hawk
falcó
If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.
arduous
ardu
If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.
If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.
Si hagués estat més meticulós amb la seva feina, ara mateix estaria gaudint d'un ascens.
If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.
Si fos més proactiva, el seu èxit hauria depès del seu treball dur i la seva dedicació.
vibrant
energètic
If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.
Aquest és *el final* d'aquest curs! Espero que això t'hagi ajudat!
*Molta sort amb el teu IELTS!!!*
Break a leg!
Molta sort!
I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!