IELTS - Curso de preparaciónlas palabras inglesas

*¡Bienvenido al curso de dominio del IELTS!* Cubriremos *vocabulario clave, tiempos gramaticales, consejos y trucos* para obtener puntuaciones altas. El curso comienza con *la expresión oral y escrita*, centrándose en *los errores más comunes*, seguido de un *repaso de los tiempos gramaticales* y el *vocabulario nuevo.* La gramática comienza fácil y se vuelve más avanzada. *Empecemos con la parte oral.💭* Piensa en ello como si fuera una conversación: intenta mantenerte relajado y natural. Es mejor evitar las respuestas memorizadas, ya que los examinadores suelen darse cuenta. Intenta hablar un poco todos los días, aunque solo sea contigo mismo o con una IA: ¡realmente marca la diferencia! Hemos recopilado algunas frases útiles que puedes utilizar para hablar con más fluidez. Ten cuidado de no abusar de ellas: la clave está en el equilibrio. *Mucha suerte.*
Let's roll!
¡a rodar!
When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!
to kick things off
para empezar
To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.
on the flip side
por otro lado
I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.
it goes without saying
no hace falta decir que
It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.
to sum up
en resumen
To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.
to put it differently
dicho de otro modo
To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.
in a nutshell
en pocas palabras
To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.
to draw a parallel
trazar un paralelismo
To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.
to play a crucial role in
desempeñar un papel fundamental en
Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.
to put it simply
en pocas palabras
To put it simply, the project was a failure.
to delve deeper into this
profundizar en este asunto
To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.
La tarea 1 es más *introductoria*. En la tarea 2 tienes que *expresar tus pensamientos* y quizá *tus sentimientos*. Veamos qué frases puedes utilizar:
in my opinion
en mi opinión
In my opinion, this movie is really good.
on one hand, on the other hand
por un lado, por otro lado
On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.
I firmly believe that
Creo firmemente que
I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.
as far as I'm concerned
por lo que a mí respecta
As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.
for instance
por ejemplo
I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.
an emerging trend is
una nueva tendencia es
An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.
it's worth noting that
cabe destacar que
It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.
striking a balance between
lograr un equilibrio entre
Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.
Ahora, en la parte 3 de la prueba de expresión oral, tienes que ser capaz de *hablar de ideas abstractas*. Para ello puedes utilizar el *lenguaje figurado y las expresiones idiomáticas* para impresionar a tus examinadores. Pero utiliza sólo los que realmente conozcas, si cometes un error te restarán más puntos.
down in the dumps
con los ánimos por los suelos
I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.
over the moon
estar en el séptimo cielo
I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.
lose track of time
perder la noción del tiempo
I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.
look on the bright side
mira el lado positivo
I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.
not my cup of tea
no es lo mío
I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.
*Buen trabajo.* Has aprendido la mayoría de las frases más comunes. A partir de ahí, te daré un par más para mejorar tu *coherencia y tus habilidades comunicativas* en todas las tareas orales. *Asegúrate de practicarlas hasta que se conviertan en tu segunda naturaleza ^^.*
I couldn't agree more
No podría estar más de acuerdo
I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.
to wrap things up
para concluir
I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.
building on that
partiendo de eso
Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.
to be well-off
tener una buena posición económica
My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.
to be fed up
estar harto
I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.
a hot potato
una papa caliente
The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.
in my personal experience
según mi experiencia personal
In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.
in light of these considerations
a la luz de estas consideraciones
In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.
to twist someone's arm
torcerle el brazo a alguien
She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.
without a shadow of doubt
sin asomo de duda
Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.
Una cosa más, al hablar es muy importante utilizar el lenguaje de *cobertura*. Puedes utilizar expresiones de cobertura para *expresar incertidumbre* en tu discurso. "It could be..." "This might be..." Cuidado con las afirmaciones rotundas y las declaraciones sobre temas delicados. Utiliza las coberturas para que tu discurso sea más fluido y sensible.
It might well be that...
Bien podría ser que...
It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..
I am not sure but...
No estoy seguro, pero...
I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.
As it seems that...
Parece que...
As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.
It might look...
Podría parecer...
It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.
Ahora tenemos que abordar los *errores más comunes en la escritura*. En la redacción es posible que te encuentres con *gráficos de barras* (gráficos, diagramas y cuadros) que tendrás que describir. Mucha gente no sabe cómo hacerlo y pierde puntos innecesariamente. *No es tu caso.* Aquí tienes vocabulario que te ayudará a superar tus tareas de redacción.
pie chart
gráfico de pastel
A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.
line graph
gráfico de líneas
The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.
bar graph
gráfico de barras
The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.
bar chart
gráfico de barras
A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.
to compare
comparar
The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.
to imply
insinuar
The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.
to indicate
indicar
The data indicated a decrease in sales.
similar
similar
The two graphs are very similar.
to illustrate
ilustrar
The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.
to depict
representar
The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.
from the graph it is clear
del gráfico se desprende que
From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.
Sólo un consejo: si quieres escribir esto: *%* en palabras. La forma correcta es *por ciento*
per cent
por ciento
10 per cent increase
Intenta que tu redacción sea lo más *coherente* posible. Empieza un párrafo nuevo para cada idea nueva. Revisa siempre la ortografía y la gramática. *Responde a la pregunta en su totalidad*. No escribas sobre cosas que te apetezca escribir ni respondas sólo parcialmente a la pregunta. Escribe sobre lo que se te pide. También te daré algunos *consejos sobre la puntuación*, ya que mucha gente no sabe utilizarla correctamente. La *puntuación* inglesa es diferente y a veces *puede salvar vidas*. "Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children." ¿Entiendes lo que quiero decir? También usamos comas antes del discurso directo. "She said, 'hurry up'!" También necesitamos usar comas siempre después de frases como sin embargo, no obstante, para ser honesto, etc.
however
sin embargo
She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.
nevertheless
sin embargo
I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.
to be honest
para ser sincero
To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
firstly
en primer lugar
Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.
first of all
en primer lugar
First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.
moreover
además
The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.
furthermore
además
I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.
conversely
por el contrario
Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.
*Podemos pero no tenemos que usar coma cuando hablamos de más cosas*. "I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol." vs "I love cats, dogs and horses." Sin embargo, a veces *puede ser un poco confuso* si no se añade la coma: "I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson." Por desgracia, Bill Gates y Pamela Anderson no son mis padres. Por lo tanto, es mejor usar coma entre ellos también.
to adhere
adherirse
The tape adheres well to the wall.
antiquity
antigüedad
In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.
conscious
consciente
She was conscious throughout the surgery.
faulty
defectuoso
The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.
La última pregunta: *¿Cuándo usar una coma entre adjetivos?* Usamos comas entre adjetivos si podemos usar *y* en vez de ello: "He is a nice and friendly man" -> "He is nice, friendly man." Pero, *si no podemos usar y entre ellos, entonces no hay* coma: "I adore delicious French croissants." Aquí no tendría sentido decir deliciosos y croissants franceses.
scrumptious
delicioso
She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.
to purchase something
comprar algo
I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.
previous
anterior
The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.
to attend
asistir
I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.
*Generalmente, no uses comas delante de pero/y.* "I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks." Pero podemos usar una coma *en caso de que quieras hacer una pausa*. En este caso, necesitas determinar dónde poner una coma basándote en tu intuición. "My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them." También usamos coma *cuando cambiamos el sujeto de una oración*: "My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her." Además, si *comienzas con una cláusula subordinada*, también necesitas usar coma, pero ya hemos hablado de eso en condicionales. "If you have time, call me."
to elucidate
esclarecer
Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.
to lament
lamentar
He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.
inexhorable
inexorable
The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.
ephemeral
lo efímero
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
*Enhorabuena. Has superado la parte práctica. Ahora es el momento de la gramática.* Vamos a empezar *con* el presente simple, es la gramática más básica, pero incluso los estudiantes avanzados de inglés siguen cometiendo *errores en la 3ª persona del singular o en las preguntas*, por favor, intenta repasar al menos un poco. Usamos el presente simple para cosas que son *verdaderas en el presente*: "I like ice cream" algo que ocurre *regularmente*: "I play tennis every Sunday" algo que *siempre* es cierto: "Water boils at 100 degrees"
to suffer
sufrir
He suffers from anxiety and depression.
The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.
El aumento constante de la densidad de población urbana incrementa significativamente la demanda de infraestructura de transporte público.
to not mind doing something
no importar hacer algo
I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.
to research
investigar
I need to do some research for my history paper.
to be keen on
estar interesado en
She is keen on learning new languages.
unless
a menos que
I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.
*¡Cuidado con la 3ª persona del singular!* Los examinadores te restarán puntos si la omites. él, ella, ello - le gusta, quiere, hace... Cuando nos referimos a los animales, lo utilizamos. Podemos utilizar el género con los animales sólo si tenemos una buena relación con ellos. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!" Ten cuidado con las personas múltiples: "My mother and I are ..."
The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.
El recubrimiento avanzado protege eficazmente a la nave espacial de la radiación cósmica dañina.
to rotate
girar
The Earth rotates on its axis.
John and I are orphans.
John y yo somos huérfanos.
to reflect
reflejar
His behaviour reflects his true self.
to alleviate
mitigar
The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.
*Preguntas:* Utilizamos *do/does* en las preguntas: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?" También lo usamos con *palabras interrogativas*: "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?" *PERO! Las preguntas con quién no usan do/does*: "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"
species
especie
Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?
What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?
¿Qué tipo de insecticida es más eficaz contra los pulgones?
vast
vasto
What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?
swarm
enjambre
What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?
proliferation
proliferación
How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?
to refute
refutar
How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?
*Negativas:* En el habla podemos usar contracciones; sin embargo, *en correos electrónicos formales o redacciones, tenemos que usar la forma larga.* do not (forma larga) = don't (forma corta): "No me gusta la comida rápida." does not = doesn't: "Ella no quiere venir."
to rival
competir
The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.
to amplify
amplificar
The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.
male
varón
He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.
ostentatious
ostentoso
He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.
Sigamos con el *presente continuo.* Siempre necesitamos el presente del verbo *be y el -ing* al final del verbo. Lo usamos para hablar de: Actividades que suceden en el momento *de hablar.*
to generate
generar
The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.
to become
convertirse
The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.
to outlast
sobrevivir a
He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.
ubiquitous
ubicuo
Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.
Pero también utilizamos el presente continuo para *planes y arreglos futuros.* Cuando sabemos que algo está *'planeado al 100%' en el futuro.* Alguien dice que el 90%, alguien que el 99%... Yo me atrevo a decir que el 100%, a menos que ocurra algo trágico.
to hunt
cazar
They are going hunting next weekend.
Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.
La próxima semana estaremos preparando kits de supervivencia para el viaje de campamento.
to harm
dañar
She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.
among
entre
Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.
*No se utiliza el continuo con los verbos estativos.* Verbos estáticos de pensar y sentir: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish" Verbos estáticos de los sentidos: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste" Y otros verbos estativos: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"
to prefer
preferir
She prefers tea to coffee.
to suppose
suponer
I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.
to owe
deber
I owe you an explanation for my behavior.
to belong
pertenecer
These books belong to the library.
También utilizamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que *ocurre antes y después de un momento determinado:* "At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast." With something which *we think is temporary.* "Michael is at university. He's studying history." Con algo que es *nuevo y contrasta con un estado anterior.* "These days most people are using email instead of writing letters." Con algo que está *cambiando, creciendo o desarrollándose.* "The children are growing up quickly."
Michael is at university. He's studying history.
Michael está en la universidad. Estudia historia.
to roar
rugir
The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.
gullible
ingenuo
Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.
to persuade
persuadir
I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.
El presente continuo también se utiliza con algo que *ocurre una y otra vez (sobre todo con connotación negativa - normalmente utilizamos 'always'):* "Siempre llueve en Londres."
He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.
Él siempre le está buscando las cosquillas y siempre se están peleando.
to inundate
inundar
She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.
conundrum
acertijo
He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.
to adapt
adaptar
We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..
Podemos utilizar el presente continuo para *hablar* del pasado cuando: *Contando una historia o resumiendo un libro, una película o una obra de teatro.*
The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.
El otro día iba caminando por la calle cuando de repente se me acercó un hombre y me pidió que le prestara algo de dinero.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
Bueno, lleva un palo grande y parece un poco peligroso, así que me pregunto qué hacer...
Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …
Harry Potter es un alumno de la escuela Hogwarts. Un día, mientras juega al Quidditch, ve un objeto extraño en el cielo. Se pregunta qué está pasando...
Ahora es el momento del *presente perfecto.* Lo interpretamos con *sujeto + have/has + participio pasado.* "I have intoruduced myself." Lo usamos para hablar de cosas que *ocurrieron en el pasado pero que influyen en el presente* y pueden, tal vez, continuar en el futuro.
I have never caught a glimpse of that.
Nunca he vislumbrado eso.
They have been pronounced husband and wife.
Los han declarado marido y mujer.
I have had my share of ups and downs.
He tenido mi buena dosis de altibajos.
I've just published this research I've carried out.
Acabo de publicar esta investigación que he llevado a cabo.
I haven't given up on him yet.
Todavía no me he dado por vencido con él.
Veamos la *diferencia entre gone to y been to:* gone to = la persona aún está lejos been to = la persona tiene experiencia de ese lugar pero ya había regresado".
She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.
Se ha ido a Bélgica. Debería volver en diciembre.
He has been to many exquisite places.
Ha estado en muchos lugares exquisitos.
voracious
insaciable
She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.
to suggest
sugerir
I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.
Ahora el favorito de todos *present perfect continuous.* Lo formamos usando *subject + have/has been + -ing* Normalmente usamos esto para enfatizar que algo *todavía continúa en el presente.* Solo usamos verbos dinámicos con este tiempo gramatical.
She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.
Ella vive en la caprichosa África desde 1995.
I have been painting on this canvas all morning.
He estado pintando en este lienzo toda la mañana.
She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.
Está toda sudada. Ha estado trepando a ese roble.
They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.
Han estado talando estos pinos dañados.
Por cierto, *también podemos utilizar el presente perfecto para el futuro.* Donde normalmente usaríamos el presente simple, puedes hacer gala de tus grandes dotes de inglés y usar en su lugar el presente perfecto: "We will begin when everyone arrives." vs "We will gegin when everyone has arrived."
I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.
Seguiré buscando hasta que encuentre mi libro.
I will not stop until I have become the best leader.
No me detendré hasta convertirme en el mejor líder.
ineffable
inefable
By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.
resilient
resiliente
By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.
anticipate
anticipar
By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.
Hemos revisado los tiempos del presente, ahora es el momento del *pasado simple.* Lo utilizamos para hablar de - algo que *ocurrió* en el pasado - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week." - algo que ocurrió *varias veces* en el pasado - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him." - algo que fue cierto *durante algún* tiempo en el pasado - "Me faltó motivación para mi examen, por eso tardé 3 intentos." - usamos la expresión *ago* en el pasado - "Conocí a mi mujer hace 30 años." En pasado simple solemos añadir *-ed a los verbos*. Pero hay *verbos irregulares* que necesitan una cantidad extra de tiempo para dominarlos. Empecemos con los que difieren en las tres formas:
to bear (bore, borne)
soportar
to blow (blew, blown)
soplar
The strong wind blew the papers off the table.
to be (was/were, been)
ser o estar
She was the top performer in last night's talent show.
to shake (shook, shaken)
sacudir
She shook the rug to remove the dust.
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
encogerse
The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.
to tear (tore, torn)
desgarrar
I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.
Ahora vamos a dar algunos ejemplos de esos *verbos irregulares con las mismas formas en pasado y participio pasado:*
to creep (crept, crept)
moverse sigilosamente
I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.
to cling (clung, clung)
aferrarse
The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.
to mean (meant, meant)
tener la intención de
I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.
to seek (sought, sought)
buscar
She sought help from her friends.
to spin (span/spun, spun)
girar
The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.
to sting (stung, stung)
picarse
The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.
to breed (bred, bred)
reproducirse
The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.
to light (lit, lit)
encender
She lit the candles before the guests arrived.
to sweep (swept, swept)
barrer
She swept the leaves from the driveway.
to shoot (shot, shot)
disparar
The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.
Entonces también tenemos las *3 formas sin cambios:*
to upset (upset, upset)
alterar
The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.
to bid (bid, bid)
despedirse
She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.
Y mucha gente confunde el pretérito y el participio en los verbos *to lie (decir una mentira), to lie (tumbarse en una superficie) y to lay (tumbarse):*
to lie (lied, lied)
mentir
He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.
to lie on a surface (lay, lain)
estar tumbado sobre una superficie
The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.
to lay (laid, laid)
poner
She laid the baby down in the crib.
Mucha gente olvida que podemos usar el pasado simple cuando nos referimos al presente o al futuro en hipótesis (cuando te imaginas algo) "Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"
Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?
Imagina que te encuentras con un artefacto antiguo. ¿Qué tan desconcertado estarías por sus orígenes?
Ahora vamos a repasar un tiempo verbal que no se utiliza demasiado. Sin embargo, se utiliza a menudo en los exámenes y también en la vida real. Utilizamos el *pretérito perfecto simple (had + participio de pasado)* para hablar del *tiempo transcurrido hasta un determinado momento del pasado:* "She had published her first book by the time she was ten." También lo utilizamos *para mostrar el orden de dos hechos pasados.* El pretérito perfecto indica la acción anterior y el pretérito simple la posterior: "When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries." "Lamentablemente, el autor murió antes de terminar la serie." A menudo usamos *already, still, just, ever, o never* con este tiempo verbal. "Era la mujer más asombrosa que jamás había visto."
to scurry
corretear
By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.
to snuggle
acurrucarse
The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.
to neglect
descuidar
She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.
By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.
Para cuando comenzó el examen final, la enorme cantidad de material por repasar ya había abrumado a los estudiantes.
to testify
testificar
The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.
Usamos *el pretérito perfecto continuo* para algo que *empezó en el pasado y continuó hasta un momento dado:* "When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years." o para algo que *ocurrió varias veces antes de un punto en el pasado y continuó después de ese punto:* "He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager." o cuando *relatamos nuestra experiencia hasta un momento del pasado:* "My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had." y al igual que con el presente perfecto usamos *for y since* con el pretérito perfecto.
She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.
Había estado trabajando incansablemente durante meses, con la esperanza de que sus esfuerzos finalmente dieran resultados significativos.
to regard
considerar
He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.
to sneak
escurrirse
They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.
to meddle
entrometerse
She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.
Ahora vamos a adentrarnos en un tiempo verbal que se llama *futuro continuo (will/won't be + -ing).* Lo usamos para hablar de *acciones futuras que estarán en progreso en un momento específico en el futuro:* "When you come home, I'll be boarding a plane." O algo que vemos como *nuevo, diferente o temporal:* "Today we're taking the bus but next week we'll be taking the train."
to extort
extorsionar
The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.
to falter
vacilar
The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.
to gauge
medir
The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.
to grapple
lidiar
The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.
The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.
Las obras en la carretera principal dificultarán la circulación durante las próximas semanas.
Para el futuro también utilizamos *el futuro perfecto (will/won't have + participio pasado).* Este tiempo se utiliza cuando hablamos de algo que *se completará antes de un momento específico en el futuro.{ "Will you have gone to bed when I get back?" Podemos usar frases como *by* o *by the time* (en algún momento antes), *in* o *in a day's time/in two months' time/in five years' time* (al final del periodo) para dar el periodo de tiempo en el que se completará la acción. "By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses." "In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."
to inhibit
inhibir
By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.
to lack
carecer
By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.
to magnify
aumentar
The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.
to laugh
reír
By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.
By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.
A finales de año, la empresa habrá abandonado sus políticas anticuadas en favor de prácticas más innovadoras.
to outline
esbozar
By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.
Ya hemos *revisado todos los tiempos verbales en inglés.* Sin embargo, no hemos revisado cómo combinarlos en ciertas situaciones.*.. bajo ciertas condiciones.* Supongo que ya ves por dónde voy. Ahora vamos a revisar *los condicionales* porque mucha gente comete errores en ellos. Apuesto a que no quieres perder esos valiosos puntos en tu examen, así que ¡manos a la obra!
Practice makes perfect!
La práctica hace al maestro
En inglés hay *4 condicionales principales: zero, first, second y third*... y también hay *condicionales mixtos*, pero vamos a repasar primero esos 'fáciles'. Los condicionales describen el *resultado de una determinada condición.* La *cláusula if* te dice la *condición* y la *cláusula* principal te dice el *resultado*. "If you study hard, you will pass the exam." El orden de las cláusulas no cambia el significado. Pero ¡cuidado con la puntuación!
If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!
Si termino este curso, ¡estaré preparado para el examen IELTS!
El condicional cero sólo se *basa en hechos.* Hay *presente simple* en *ambos lados*: "If you freeze water, it becomes solid." *Cuidado con la puntuación.* Se usa *después de* la cláusula if, pero no antes. "Water becomes solid if you freeze it."
to bestow
otorgar
If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.
to betray
traicionar
If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.
You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.
Si sigue las directrices adecuadas, evitará muchos de los problemas más comunes.
to confess
confesar
If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.
to confine
limitar
If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.
El *primer condicional* se utiliza para *situaciones futuras que creemos posibles:* "If it rains, we will stay at home." *cláusula if/when + presente simple, will + infinitivo* También puedes encontrarte con usos como *unless, as long as, as soon* as o *in* case en lugar de *if*. "I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives." "I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect." "I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry." "You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."
to deplore
deplorar
If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.
to invoke
invocar
If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.
If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.
Si no manejas la maquinaria con cuidado, puede mutilarte.
to grab
agarrar
If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.
*El segundo condicional* se usa para situaciones imposibles que son *poco probables que sucedan:* "If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog." Estructura: *if clause + past simple, would + infinitive* Cuando *if es seguido por el verbo be*, es gramaticalmente correcto usarlo como *were*: "if I were, if she were." De esta manera podemos expresar que hay una *posibilidad bajo cierta condición* y proviene del inglés antiguo. Sin embargo, comúnmente puedes usar y escuchar *if she/he was* y también es *correcto*. "I wouldn't do that if I were you." "If she was president, she would invest in education more." "If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."
If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.
Si fuera tan ágil como una gimnasta, me uniría al equipo de acrobacia.
to salivate
salivar
If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.
to staple
grapar
If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.
to summarize
para resumir
If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.
Ahora se está volviendo real o tal vez... ¿surrealista? Vamos a entrar en *tercera condicional*. Se usa para *imaginar un pasado diferente*. Usualmente cuando *lamentamos* algo o nos gustaría *cambiar el pasado*... pero es *imposible*. "If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have to study as much." Estructura: *if + past perfect, would have + past participle*
If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.
Si se hubiera colado por el estrecho hueco, habría llegado a la salida a tiempo.
to suppress
suprimir
If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.
to tweak
ajustar
If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.
to digest
digerir
If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.
to evaluate
evaluar
If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.
Y ahora el 'jefe final'. Sí, lo has adivinado...*condicionales mixtos*. Podemos usarlos cuando imaginamos un *cambio en el pasado con un resultado en el presente o un cambio en el presente con un resultado en el pasado*. ¿Sientes que no tiene sentido? Veamos algunos ejemplos: "If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner." En este caso imaginamos cómo un cambio en el pasado resultaría en el presente. Estructura: *if + past perfect, would + infinitive* "It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday." Aquí el hablante explica cómo un cambio en la situación presente influiría en el cambio en el pasado. Estructura: *if + past simple, would have + past participle*
hawk
halcón
If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.
arduous
arduo
If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.
If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.
Si hubiera sido más meticuloso con su trabajo, ahora mismo estaría disfrutando de un ascenso.
If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.
Si ella fuera más proactiva, su éxito habría dependido de su arduo trabajo y dedicación.
vibrant
vibrante
If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.
¡Este es *el final* de este curso! ¡Espero que te haya ayudado! *¡¡¡Buena suerte con tu IELTS!!!*
Break a leg!
¡Mucha mierda!
I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!
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