IELTS - ettevalmistuskursusIngliskeelsed sõnad
by DuoCards
Tere tulemast IELTS-i meistrikursusele!
Käsitleme kõrgete punktide saamiseks võtmesõnavara, grammatikavorme, näpunäiteid ja nippe. Kursus algab rääkimise ja kirjutamisega, keskendudes levinud vigadele, millele järgneb ajavormide ülevaade ja uus sõnavara. Grammatika algab lihtsast ja muutub keerukamaks.
Alustame rääkimisosaga.💭
Mõelge sellele kui vestlusele - proovige jääda lõdvestunuks ja loomulikuks. Parim on vältida päheõpitud vastuseid, kuna eksamineerijad suudavad neid tavaliselt ära tunda. Proovige iga päev natuke rääkida, isegi kui see on ainult iseendaga või tehisintellektiga - see tõesti muudab midagi!
Oleme kokku pannud mõned kasulikud fraasid, mida saate kasutada, et kõlada soravamalt. Olge lihtsalt ettevaatlik, et neid mitte liigselt kasutada - tasakaal on võtmetähtsusega.
Edu!
Let's roll!
Lähme lahti!
When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!
to kick things off
asjade käima lükkamiseks
To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.
on the flip side
teisest küljest
I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.
it goes without saying
on iseenesestmõistetav
It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.
to sum up
kokkuvõtteks
To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.
to put it differently
teisisõnu
To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.
in a nutshell
lühidalt öeldes
To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.
to draw a parallel
paralleeli tõmbama
To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.
to play a crucial role in
mängima otsustavat rolli
Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.
to put it simply
lihtsamalt öeldes
To put it simply, the project was a failure.
to delve deeper into this
sellesse teemasse süvenema süvitsi minema
To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.
Ülesanne 1 on rohkem *sissejuhatav*. Ülesandes 2 peate *väljendama oma mõtteid* ja võib-olla ka *tundeid*.
Vaatame, milliseid väljendeid võiksite kasutada:
in my opinion
minu arvates
In my opinion, this movie is really good.
on one hand, on the other hand
ühest küljest, teisest küljest
On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.
I firmly believe that
Ma usun kindlalt, et
I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.
as far as I'm concerned
minu poolest
As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.
for instance
näiteks
I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.
an emerging trend is
uueks trendiks on
An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.
it's worth noting that
tasub märkida, et
It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.
striking a balance between
tasakaalu leidmine
Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.
Nüüd, kõnetesti 3. osas, peate suutma *rääkida abstraktsetest ideedest*. Selleks võite kasutada *kujundlikku keelt ja idioome*, et avaldada eksamineerijatele muljet. Kuid kasutage ainult neid, mida te tõesti oskate, kui te teete vea, annab see rohkem punkte maha.
down in the dumps
omadega põhjas
I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.
over the moon
seitsmendas taevas
I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.
lose track of time
ajataju kaotama
I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.
look on the bright side
vaata asja heledamat poolt
I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.
not my cup of tea
see ei ole minu teetass
I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.
*Suurepärane töö!* Olete õppinud enamiku levinud kõneviisid.
Et sellele tugineda, annan teile veel mõned, et parandada teie *sidusust ja suhtlemisoskust* kõigis rääkimisülesannetes.
*Kindlasti harjutage neid sihilikult, kuni see on muutunud teie teiseks loomulikuks ^^.*
I couldn't agree more
Ma ei saaks rohkem nõustuda
I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.
to wrap things up
kokkuvõtteks
I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.
building on that
sellele tuginedes
Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.
to be well-off
jõukas olema
My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.
to be fed up
kõrini olema
I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.
a hot potato
tuline kartul
The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.
in my personal experience
minu isikliku kogemuse põhjal
In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.
in light of these considerations
neid kaalutlusi arvesse võttes
In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.
to twist someone's arm
kellelegi auku pähe rääkima
She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.
without a shadow of doubt
ilma varjugi kahtluseta
Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.
Veel üks asi, kõnelemisel on väga oluline kasutada *pehmendavat* keelt.
Saate kasutada pehmendavaid väljendeid, et *väljendada ebakindlust* oma kõnes.
"See võiks olla..."
"See võib olla..."
Olge ettevaatlik tugevate väidete ja tundlike teemade kohta tehtud avaldustega. Kasutage pehmendusi, et muuta oma kõne sujuvamaks ja tundlikumaks.
It might well be that...
Võib täiesti olla, et...
It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..
I am not sure but...
Ma pole kindel, aga...
I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.
As it seems that...
Kuna tundub, et...
As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.
It might look...
See võib välja näha...
It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.
Nüüd peame käsitlema *kõige tavalisemaid kirjavigu*.
Kirjutamisel võite kohata *tulpdiagramme* (graafikud, diagrammid ja diagrammid), mida peate kirjeldama. Paljud inimesed ei oska seda teha ja kaotavad asjatult punkte. *See ei ole teie!*
Siin on mõned sõnastikud, mis aitavad teil kirjalikke ülesandeid sooritada.
pie chart
pirukadiagramm
A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.
line graph
joondiagramm
The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.
bar graph
tulpdiagramm
The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.
bar chart
tulpdiagramm
A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.
to compare
võrdlema
The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.
to imply
vihjama
The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.
to indicate
vihjama
The data indicated a decrease in sales.
similar
sarnane
The two graphs are very similar.
to illustrate
illustreerima
The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.
to depict
kujutama
The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.
from the graph it is clear
graafikult on näha, et
From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.
Lihtsalt vihje: kui sa tahad seda kirjutada: *%* sõnadega.
Õige on *protsent*
per cent
protsent
10 per cent increase
Püüa oma kirjutises olla võimalikult *sidus*. Alusta iga uue idee jaoks uut lõiku.
Kontrolli alati oma õigekirja ja grammatikat. Palun *vasta küsimusele täielikult*. Ära kirjuta asjadest, millest sa tahad kirjutada, või vasta küsimusele ainult osaliselt.
Kirjuta sellest, mida sinult nõutakse.
Ma annan sulle ka *mõned näpunäited kirjavahemärkide kohta*, kuna paljud inimesed ei tea, kuidas neid õigesti kasutada.
Inglise *kirjavahemärgid* on erinevad ja mõnikord *võivad need päästa elusid!*
"Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children."
Kas sa näed, mida ma siin mõtlen?
Me kasutame ka komasid enne otsest kõnet.
"She said, 'hurry up'!"
Me peame alati kasutama komasid pärast fraase nagu however, nevertheless, to be honest jne.
however
siiski
She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.
nevertheless
sellegipoolest
I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.
to be honest
ausalt öeldes
To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
firstly
esiteks
Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.
first of all
kõigepealt
First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.
moreover
lisaks
The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.
furthermore
lisaks
I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.
conversely
vastupidi
Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.
*Me võime, aga ei pea kasutama koma, kui räägime mitmest asjast*.
Kuid mõnikord *võib see olla natuke segadust tekitav*, kui koma ei lisa:
Kahjuks ei ole Bill Gates ja Pamela Anderson minu vanemad. Seetõttu on parem kasutada koma ka nende vahel.
to adhere
kinnituma
The tape adheres well to the wall.
antiquity
antiikaeg
In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.
conscious
teadvusel
She was conscious throughout the surgery.
faulty
vigane
The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.
Viimane küsimus: *Millal kasutada koma adjektiivide vahel?*
Kasutame komasid adjektiivide vahel, kui saame selle asemel kasutada *ja*:
"He is a nice and friendly man" -> "He is nice, friendly man."
Aga *kui me ei saa kasutada ja nende vahel, siis koma puudub*:
"I adore delicious French croissants."
Siin ei oleks mõtet öelda, et maitsvad ja prantsuse croissants.
scrumptious
maitsev
She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.
to purchase something
midagi ostma
I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.
previous
eelmine
The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.
to attend
osalema
I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.
*Üldiselt ei kasutata koma enne sõnu "aga" ja "ja".*
"I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks."
Kuid me võime kasutada koma *juhul, kui soovite teha pausi*. Sel juhul peate oma intuitsiooni põhjal välja selgitama, kuhu koma panna.
"My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them."
Me kasutame koma ka *kui muudame lause teemat*:
"My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her."
Samuti, kui *alustate alistuva lausega*, peate samuti kasutama koma, kuid sellest oleme juba tingimuslausetes rääkinud.
"If you have time, call me."
to elucidate
selgitama
Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.
to lament
halatsema
He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.
inexhorable
vääramatu
The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.
ephemeral
phööritav
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
*Palju õnne! Olete praktilise osa läbinud. Nüüd on aeg grammatikaks!*
Me alustame *olevikuga*, see on kõige põhilisem grammatika, kuid isegi edasijõudnud inglise keele õppijad teevad endiselt *vigu 3. isiku ainsuses või küsimustes*, palun proovige vähemalt natuke üle vaadata.
Me kasutame olevikku:
asjade jaoks, mis on *tõesed olevikus*: "Mulle meeldib jäätis"
midagi, mis juhtub *regulaarselt*: "Ma mängin igal pühapäeval tennist"
midagi, mis on *alati tõsi*: "Vesi keeb 100 kraadi juures"
to suffer
kannatama
He suffers from anxiety and depression.
The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.
Linnarahvastiku tiheduse pidev kasv suurendab märkimisväärselt nõudlust ühistranspordi infrastruktuuri järele.
to not mind doing something
pole midagi selle vastu, et midagi teha
I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.
to research
uurima
I need to do some research for my history paper.
to be keen on
huvitatud olema
She is keen on learning new languages.
unless
kui mitte
I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.
*Ettevaatust 3. isiku ainsuse suhtes!* Eksamineerijad arvestavad selle puudumisel punkte maha.
he, she, it - meeldib, tahab, teeb...
Kui me viitame loomadele, kasutame seda.
Loomade puhul võime kasutada sugupoolt ainult siis, kui meil on nendega hea suhe. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!"
Olge ettevaatlik mitme inimese puhul: "My mother and I are ..."
The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.
Täiustatud pinnakate kaitseb kosmoselaeva tõhusalt kahjuliku kosmilise kiirguse eest.
to rotate
pöörama
The Earth rotates on its axis.
John and I are orphans.
John ja mina oleme orvud.
to reflect
peegeldama
His behaviour reflects his true self.
to alleviate
leevendama
The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.
*Küsimused:*
Me kasutame küsimuste puhul *do/does*: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?"
Me kasutame seda ka *küsimussõnade puhul*: "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?"
*MUT! Küsimused, mille puhul ei kasuta do/does*: "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"
species
liik
Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?
What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?
Millist tüüpi insektitsiid on murelite vastu kõige tõhusam?
vast
tohutu
What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?
swarm
parv
What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?
proliferation
levik
How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?
to refute
ümber lükkama
How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?
*Negatiivid:*
Kuid *ametlikes e-kirjades või esseedes peame kasutama pikka vormi.*
do not (pikk vorm) = don't (lühike vorm): "Mulle ei meeldi kiirtoit."
does not = ei ole: "Ta ei taha tulla."
to rival
võistlema
The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.
to amplify
võimendama
The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.
male
meessoost
He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.
ostentatious
silmatorkav
He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.
Jätkame *oleviku pidevusega!*
Me vajame alati olevikus olevikuvormi verbi *olla ja -ing* verbi lõpus.
Me kasutame seda, et rääkida:
Tegevustest, mis toimuvad *kõnelemise hetkel.*
to generate
genereerima
The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.
to become
saama
The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.
to outlast
kauem kestma
He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.
ubiquitous
kõikjalviibiv
Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.
Aga me kasutame olevikku kestvat ka *tuleviku plaanide ja korralduste* jaoks.
Kui me teame, et midagi on *'100% planeeritud' tulevikus.*
Keegi ütleb 90%, keegi 99%... Ma julgen öelda 100%, kui midagi traagilist ei juhtu.
to hunt
jahtima
They are going hunting next weekend.
Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.
Järgmisel nädalal valmistame ette ellujäämiskomplekte telkimisretke jaoks.
to harm
kahjustama
She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.
among
seas
Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.
*Me ei kasuta statiivi verbide puhul pidevat.*
Mõtlemise ja tundmise statiiviverbid: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish"
Statiivi verbid meelte kohta: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste"
Ja muud statiiviverbid: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"
to prefer
eelistama
She prefers tea to coffee.
to suppose
oletama
I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.
to owe
võlgnema
I owe you an explanation for my behavior.
to belong
kuuluma
These books belong to the library.
Me kasutame ka olevikujärjepidevust, et rääkida millestki, mis *toimub enne ja pärast konkreetset aega:*
"At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast."
With something which *we think is temporary.*
"Michael is at university. He's studying history."
millestki, mis on *uus ja vastandub varasemale seisundile.*
"These days most people are using email instead of writing letters."
millegi puhul, mis *muutub, kasvab või areneb.*
"The children are growing up quickly."
Michael is at university. He's studying history.
Michael on ülikoolis. Ta õpib ajalugu.
to roar
möirgama
The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.
gullible
kergeusklik
Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.
to persuade
veenma
I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.
Present continuous kasutatakse ka millegi puhul, mis *juhtub ikka ja jälle (enamasti negatiivse tähendusega - tavaliselt kasutame 'alati'):*
"Londonis sajab alati vihma."
He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.
Ta norib pidevalt tema kallal ja nad tülitsevad alati.
to inundate
üle ujutama
She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.
conundrum
peamurdmisülesanne
He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.
to adapt
kohanema
We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..
Me võime kasutada present continuous't, et *rääkida minevikust*, kui me oleme:
*jutustades lugu või tehes kokkuvõtet raamatust, filmist või näidendist.*
The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.
Ükspäev ma lihtsalt kõndisin mööda tänavat, kui äkki tuli minu juurde üks mees ja palus, et ma talle raha laenaksin.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
Noh, ta kannab suurt keppi ja näeb veidi ohtlik välja, nii et ma mõtlen, mida teha...
Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …
Harry Potter on Sigatüüka kooli õpilane. Ühel päeval, kui ta mängib lendluudpalli, märkab ta taevas kummalist objekti. Ta mõtleb, mis küll toimub…
Nüüd on aeg *täiuslikuks kingituseks!*
Me tõlgendame seda koos *subjektiga + on/has + mineviku partitsiip.*
"I have intoruduced myself."
Me kasutame seda, et rääkida asjadest, mis *juhtusid minevikus, kuid mõjutavad olevikku* ja võivad ehk jätkuda ka tulevikus.
I have never caught a glimpse of that.
Ma pole sellest kunagi vilksamisi osa saanud.
They have been pronounced husband and wife.
Nad on kuulutatud meheks ja naiseks.
I have had my share of ups and downs.
Mul on olnud omajagu tõuse ja mõõnu.
I've just published this research I've carried out.
Avaldasin just selle uurimistöö, mille läbi viisin.
I haven't given up on him yet.
Ma ei ole tema suhtes veel lootust kaotanud.
Vaatame, mis *vahe on läinud ja olnud:*
läinud = isik on veel eemal
been to = isikul on sellest kohast kogemusi, kuid ta on juba tagasi tulnud"
She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.
Ta läks Belgiasse. Ta peaks detsembris tagasi tulema.
He has been to many exquisite places.
Ta on käinud paljudes oivalistes paikades.
voracious
täitmatu
She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.
to suggest
soovitama
I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.
Nüüd kõigi lemmik *oleviku perfektsed jätkuva.*
Me moodustame selle, kasutades *subjekti + have/has been + -ing.*
Tavaliselt kasutame seda, et rõhutada, et midagi *jätkub praeguses ajas.*
Selle grammatilise aja puhul kasutame ainult dünaamilisi verbe.
She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.
Ta on elanud omapärases Aafrikas alates 1995. aastast.
I have been painting on this canvas all morning.
Olen terve hommiku sellel lõuendil maalinud.
She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.
Ta on üleni higine. Ta on roninud selle tamme otsas.
They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.
Neid kahjustatud mände on maha raiutud.
Muide, *me võime tuleviku jaoks kasutada ka oleviku perfekti.*
Seal, kus tavaliselt kasutame present simple'i, võite näidata oma suurepäraseid inglise keele oskusi ja kasutada selle asemel present perfect'i:
"We will begin when everyone arrives."
vs
"We will gegin when everyone has arrived."
I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.
Ma otsin seni edasi, kuni olen oma raamatu leidnud.
I will not stop until I have become the best leader.
Ma ei peatu enne, kui minust on saanud parim juht.
ineffable
sõnadega väljendamatu
By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.
resilient
vastupidav
By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.
anticipate
ette nägema
By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.
Oleme kontrollinud olevikuvorme, nüüd on aeg *lihtminevikuks.* Kasutame seda, et rääkida:
- millestki, mis *juhtus minevikus* - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week."
- millestki, mis *juhtus mitu korda minevikus* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him."
- millestki, mis *oli mõnda aega minevikus tõsi* - "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts."
- me kasutame väljendit *ago* minevikus - "I met my wife 30 years ago."
Lihtminevikus lisame tavaliselt *-ed tegusõnadele*. Kuid on *ebareeglipäraseid tegusõnu*, mille valdamiseks on vaja rohkem aega.
Alustame nendest, mis erinevad kõigis kolmes vormis:
to bear (bore, borne)
taluma
to blow (blew, blown)
puhuma
The strong wind blew the papers off the table.
to be (was/were, been)
olema
She was the top performer in last night's talent show.
to shake (shook, shaken)
raputama
She shook the rug to remove the dust.
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
kokku tõmbuma
The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.
to tear (tore, torn)
rebima
I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.
Nüüd anname mõned näited nendest *ebaregulaarsetest verbidest, millel on samad vormid minevikuvormis ja minevikuvormis:*
to creep (crept, crept)
hiilima
I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.
to cling (clung, clung)
kinni hoidma
The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.
to mean (meant, meant)
kavatsema
I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.
to seek (sought, sought)
otsima
She sought help from her friends.
to spin (span/spun, spun)
pöörlema
The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.
to sting (stung, stung)
nõelama
The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.
to breed (bred, bred)
paljunema
The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.
to light (lit, lit)
sütitama
She lit the candles before the guests arrived.
to sweep (swept, swept)
pühkima
She swept the leaves from the driveway.
to shoot (shot, shot)
tulistama
The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.
Siis on meil ka kõik *3 vormi muutmata:*
to upset (upset, upset)
ärritama
The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.
to bid (bid, bid)
hüvasti jätma
She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.
Ja paljud inimesed ajavad segi minevikuvormi ja osalauset verbides *valetada (valetada), valetada (lamada) ja lamada (lamada):*
to lie (lied, lied)
valetama
He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.
to lie on a surface (lay, lain)
pinnal lamama
The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.
to lay (laid, laid)
asetama
She laid the baby down in the crib.
Paljud inimesed unustavad, et me võime kasutada mineviku lihtsat, kui räägime hüpoteesides olevikust või tulevikust (kui te kujutate midagi ette).
"Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"
Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?
Kujuta ette, et kohtad iidset artefakti. Kui suurt hämmingut tekitaks sulle selle päritolu?
Nüüd hakkame harjutama ajavormi, mida ei kasutata liiga sageli. Kuid seda kasutatakse tihti testides ja sellega võib ka päriselus kokku puutuda!
Me kasutame *past perfect simple (had + past participle)*, et rääkida *ajast kuni teatud ajahetkeni minevikus:*
"She had published her first book by the time she was ten."
Me kasutame seda ka *kahe minevikus toimunud sündmuse järjekorra näitamiseks.* Past perfect näitab varasemat tegevust ja past simple hilisemat tegevust:
"When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries."
"Kahjuks suri autor enne, kui ta oli sarja lõpetanud."
Sageli kasutame selle ajavormiga *already, still, just, ever või never*.
"Ta oli kõige hämmastavam naine, keda ma kunagi näinud olin."
to scurry
vudima
By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.
to snuggle
kaissu pugema
The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.
to neglect
hooletusse jätma
She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.
By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.
Selleks ajaks, kui lõpueksam algas, oli kordamist vajava materjali tohutu hulk õpilased juba enda alla matnud.
to testify
tunnistama
The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.
Me kasutame *past perfect continuous'* t millegi kohta, mis *algas minevikus ja jätkus teatud ajahetkeni:*
"When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years."
või millegi puhul, mis *juhtus mitu korda enne teatud ajahetke minevikus ja jätkus pärast seda:*
"He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager."
või kui me *teatame oma kogemustest kuni mingi ajahetkeni minevikus:*
"My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had."
ja nagu oleviku perfekti puhul kasutame mineviku perfekti puhul *for ja since*.
She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.
Ta oli kuid väsimatult töötanud, lootes, et tema pingutused kannavad lõpuks märkimisväärset vilja.
to regard
vaatlema
He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.
to sneak
hiilima
They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.
to meddle
sekkuma
She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.
Nüüd jõuame ajavormi, mida nimetatakse *tuleviku pidevaks (will/won't be + -ing).*
Me kasutame seda selleks, et rääkida *tulevastest tegevustest, mis on käimas teatud ajal tulevikus:*
"Kui sa koju tuled, siis ma istun lennukisse."
Või midagi, mida me näeme *Uue, teistsuguse või ajutisena:*
"Täna sõidame bussiga, aga järgmisel nädalal läheme rongiga."
to extort
välja pressima
The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.
to falter
kõhklema
The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.
to gauge
mõõtma
The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.
to grapple
maadlema
The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.
The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.
Ehitustööd peateel takistavad järgmise paari nädala jooksul liiklusvoolu.
Tuleviku puhul kasutame ka *tuleviku perfekti (will/won't have + mineviku partitsiip).* Seda ajavormi kasutatakse, kui räägime millestki, mis *valmib enne kindlat aega tulevikus.
"Will you have gone to bed when I get back?"
Me võime kasutada väljendeid nagu *by* või *by the time* (mingil hetkel enne), *in* või *in a day's time/in two months' time/in five years' time* (perioodi lõpus), et nimetada ajavahemikku, mille jooksul tegevus lõpetatakse.
"By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses."
"In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."
to inhibit
inhibeerima
By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.
to lack
puuduma
By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.
to magnify
suurendama
The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.
to laugh
naerma
By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.
By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.
Aasta lõpuks on ettevõte loobunud oma iganenud poliitikatest uuenduslikumate praktikate kasuks.
to outline
visandama
By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.
Oleme nüüd *kõik inglise keele ajad üle vaadanud.* Me ei ole aga üle vaadanud, kuidas neid teatud olukordades kombineerida..*. teatud tingimustel.*
Ma arvan, et te näete, kuhu ma lähen. Nüüd me vaatame üle *tingimuslauseid*, sest paljud inimesed teevad neis vigu.
Vean kihla, et te ei taha neid väärtuslikke punkte eksamil kaotada, nii et asume tööle!
Practice makes perfect!
Harjutamine teeb meistriks!
Inglise keeles on *4 peamist tingimuslauset: null, esimene, teine ja kolmas*... ja siis on ka *segatingimuslaused*, kuid vaatame esmalt üle need 'lihtsad'.
Tingimuslaused kirjeldavad *teatud tingimuse tulemust.* *Kui-lause* ütleb sulle *tingimuse* ja *põhilause* ütleb sulle *tulemuse*.
"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Lausete järjekord ei muuda tähendust. Kuid ole ettevaatlik kirjavahemärkidega!
If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!
Kui ma selle kursuse lõpetan, olen ma IELTS-i eksamiks valmis!
Null tingimuslik on lihtsalt *faktidel põhinev.* *Mõlemal poolel* on *oleviku lihtminevik*:
"If you freeze water, it becomes solid."
*Ettevaatust kirjavahemärkidega!* Kasutame seda *pärast* if-klauslit, kuid mitte enne seda!
"Water becomes solid if you freeze it."
to bestow
annetama
If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.
to betray
reetma
If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.
You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.
Te väldite paljusid levinud probleeme, kui järgite asjakohaseid juhiseid.
to confess
üles tunnistama
If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.
to confine
piirama
If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.
*Esimene tingimuslause* kasutatakse *tulevikusituatsioonide jaoks, mida me usume olevat võimalikud:*
"If it rains, we will stay at home."
*if/when lause + lihtolevik, will + infinitiiv*
Samuti võite kohata kasutusi nagu *unless, as long as, as soon as,* või *in case* asemel *if*.
"I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives."
"I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect."
"I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry."
"You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."
to deplore
hukka mõistma
If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.
to invoke
esile kutsuma
If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.
If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.
Kui sa ei käsitse masinaid ettevaatlikult, võivad need sind sandistada.
to grab
haarama
If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.
*Teine tingimuslause* kasutatakse võimatute olukordade jaoks, mis on *ebatõenäolised juhtuma:*
"If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog."
Struktuur: *if-lause + minevik lihtminevik, would + infinitiiv*
Kui *if-le järgneb verb be*, on grammatiliselt korrektne kasutada seda kui *were*: "if I were, if she were."
Nii saame väljendada, et on olemas *võimalus teatud tingimustel* ja see pärineb vanast inglise keelest.
Siiski, tavaliselt võid kasutada ja kuulda *if she/he was* ja see on samuti *õige*.
"I wouldn't do that if I were you."
"If she was president, she would invest in education more."
"If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."
If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.
Kui ma oleksin sama nõtke kui gümnast, liituksin ma akrobaatikameeskonnaga.
to salivate
ila eritama
If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.
to staple
klammerdama
If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.
to summarize
kokkuvõtteks
If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.
Nüüd läheb asi tõsiseks või võib-olla... sürreaalseks? Sukeldugem *kolmandasse tingimuslausesse*. Seda kasutatakse *teistsuguse mineviku kujutlemiseks*. Tavaliselt siis, kui me *kahetseme* midagi või tahaksime *minevikku muuta*... aga see on *võimatu*.
"Kui ma oleksin rohkem tähelepanu pööranud, ei peaks ma nii palju õppima."
Struktuur: *if + past perfect, would have + past participle*
If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.
Kui ta oleks end kitsast pilust läbi surunud, oleks ta õigeks ajaks väljapääsuni jõudnud.
to suppress
maha suruma
If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.
to tweak
peenhäälestama
If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.
to digest
seedima
If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.
to evaluate
hindama
If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.
Ja nüüd 'lõplik boss'. Jah, sa arvasid õigesti...*segalised tingimuslaused*.
Me saame neid kasutada, kui kujutame ette *mineviku muutust, millel on tulemus olevikus või oleviku muutust, millel on tulemus minevikus*.
Kas tundub, et see ei ole loogiline? Vaatame mõningaid näiteid:
"If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner."
Selles olukorras kujutame ette, kuidas mineviku muutus tooks kaasa tulemuse olevikus.
Struktuur: *if + past perfect, would + infinitive*
"It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday."
Siin selgitab kõneleja, kuidas oleviku olukorra muutus mõjutaks mineviku muutust.
Struktuur: *if + past simple, would have + past participle*
hawk
kull
If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.
arduous
vaevaline
If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.
If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.
Kui ta oleks oma töös põhjalikum olnud, saaks ta praegu edutamist nautida.
If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.
Kui ta oleks olnud aktiivsem, oleks tema edu sõltunud tema kõvast tööst ja pühendumusest.
vibrant
elujõuline
If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.
See on selle kursuse *lõpp*! Ma loodan, et see aitas teid!
*Palju õnne IELTS-iga!!!*
Break a leg!
Kivi kotti!
I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!