IELTS - Pripremni tečajEngleske riječi
by DuoCards
*Dobrodošli na IELTS Mastery tečaj!*
Pokrit ćemo *ključni vokabular, gramatička vremena, savjete i trikove* za visoke rezultate. Tečaj počinje s *govorom i pisanjem* , s naglaskom na *uobičajene pogreške* , nakon čega slijedi *pregled vremena* i *novog vokabulara.* Gramatika počinje lagano i postaje naprednija.
*Krenimo s govornim dijelom.💭*
Zamislite to kao razgovor - pokušajte ostati opušteni i prirodni.
Najbolje je izbjegavati naučene odgovore, što ispitivači obično mogu primijetiti.
Pokušajte svaki dan malo razgovarati, čak i ako je to samo sa sobom ili s umjetnom inteligencijom - to stvarno čini razliku!
Sastavili smo nekoliko praktičnih fraza koje možete koristiti kako biste zvučali tečnije. Samo pazite da ih ne koristite pretjerano - ravnoteža je ključna.
*Sretno! / Sretno! / Sretno!*
Let's roll!
Krenimo!
When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!
to kick things off
za početak
To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.
on the flip side
s druge strane
I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.
it goes without saying
podrazumijeva se
It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.
to sum up
ukratko
To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.
to put it differently
drugim riječima
To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.
in a nutshell
ukratko
To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.
to draw a parallel
povući paralelu
To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.
to play a crucial role in
igrati ključnu ulogu u
Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.
to put it simply
jednostavno rečeno
To put it simply, the project was a failure.
to delve deeper into this
dublje istražiti ovo pitanje
To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.
Zadatak 1 je više *uvodni* . U zadatku 2 trebate *izraziti svoje misli* i možda *osjećaje* .
Da vidimo koje izraze možete koristiti:
in my opinion
po mom mišljenju
In my opinion, this movie is really good.
on one hand, on the other hand
s jedne strane, s druge strane
On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.
I firmly believe that
Čvrsto vjerujem da
I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.
as far as I'm concerned
što se mene tiče
As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.
for instance
na primjer
I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.
an emerging trend is
novi trend je
An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.
it's worth noting that
vrijedi napomenuti da
It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.
striking a balance between
postizanje ravnoteže između
Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.
Sada, u 3. dijelu testa govora, morate znati *govoriti o apstraktnim idejama* . Za ovo možete koristiti *figurativni jezik i idiome* kako biste impresionirali svoje ispitivače. Ali koristite samo one koje stvarno poznajete, ako pogriješite, to će rezultirati s više oduzetih bodova.
down in the dumps
potonule lađe
I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.
over the moon
na sedmom nebu
I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.
lose track of time
izgubiti pojam o vremenu
I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.
look on the bright side
gledaj to s vedrije strane
I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.
not my cup of tea
nije to moja šalica čaja
I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.
*odličan posao!* Naučili ste najčešće govorne fraze.
Da bih to nadogradio, dat ću vam još nekoliko samo da poboljšate svoju *koherentnost i komunikacijske vještine* u svim govornim zadacima.
*Pazite da ih namjerno prakticirate dok vam to ne postane druga priroda ^^*
I couldn't agree more
Ne mogu se više složiti
I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.
to wrap things up
za kraj
I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.
building on that
nadovezujući se na to
Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.
to be well-off
biti imućan
My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.
to be fed up
biti pun kape
I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.
a hot potato
vruć krumpir
The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.
in my personal experience
prema mom osobnom iskustvu
In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.
in light of these considerations
u svjetlu ovih razmatranja
In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.
to twist someone's arm
nagovoriti nekoga
She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.
without a shadow of doubt
bez trunke sumnje
Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.
Još jedna stvar, u govoru je vrlo važno koristiti *hedžing* jezik.
Možete koristiti izraze zaštite da *izrazite nesigurnost* u svom govoru.
"It could be..."
"This might be..."
Čuvajte se jakih tvrdnji i izjava o osjetljivim temama. Upotrijebite zaštitu kako bi vaš govor bio glatkiji i osjetljiviji.
It might well be that...
Lako je moguće da...
It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..
I am not sure but...
Nisam siguran, ali...
I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.
As it seems that...
Kako se čini da...
As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.
It might look...
Moglo bi izgledati...
It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.
Sada se moramo pozabaviti *najčešćim pogreškama u pisanju* .
U tekstu ćete možda naići na *stupčaste grafikone* (grafove, dijagrame i dijagrame) koje ćete morati opisati. Mnogi ljudi ne znaju kako i nepotrebno gube bodove. *To nećeš biti ti!*
Evo malo vokabulara koji će vam pomoći da prođete pismene zadatke.
pie chart
kružni dijagram
A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.
line graph
linijski grafikon
The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.
bar graph
stupčasti dijagram
The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.
bar chart
stupčasti dijagram
A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.
to compare
usporediti
The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.
to imply
nagovijestiti
The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.
to indicate
naznačiti
The data indicated a decrease in sales.
similar
sličan
The two graphs are very similar.
to illustrate
ilustrirati
The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.
to depict
prikazati
The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.
from the graph it is clear
iz grafikona je jasno
From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.
Samo savjet: ako želite ovo napisati: *%* riječima.
Ispravan način je *postotak*
per cent
postotak
10 per cent increase
Pokušajte biti što *kohezivniji* u svom pisanju. Započnite novi odlomak za svaku novu ideju.
Uvijek dobro provjerite svoj pravopis i gramatiku. Molimo da *u potpunosti odgovorite na pitanje* . Nemojte pisati o stvarima o kojima želite pisati ili samo djelomično odgovorite na pitanje.
Pišite o tome što se od vas traži.
Također ću vam dati *nekoliko savjeta o interpunkciji* jer mnogi ljudi ne znaju kako je ispravno koristiti.
Engleska *interpunkcija* je drugačija i ponekad *može spasiti život!*
"Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children."
Možete li vidjeti što mislim ovdje?
Zareze koristimo i ispred izravnog govora.
"She said, 'hurry up'!"
Također uvijek trebamo koristiti zareze nakon fraza kao što su međutim, ipak, da budem iskren, itd.
however
međutim
She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.
nevertheless
ipak
I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.
to be honest
biti iskren
To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
firstly
kao prvo
Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.
first of all
prije svega
First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.
moreover
štoviše
The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.
furthermore
nadalje
I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.
conversely
naprotiv
Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.
*Možemo, ali ne moramo koristiti zarez dok govorimo o više stvari* .
"I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol."u odnosu na "I love cats, dogs and horses."
Međutim, ponekad *može biti malo zbunjujuće* ako ne dodate zarez:
"I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson."
Nažalost, Bill Gates i Pamela Anderson nisu moji roditelji. Stoga je i između njih bolje koristiti zarez.
to adhere
prianjati
The tape adheres well to the wall.
antiquity
antika
In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.
conscious
svjestan
She was conscious throughout the surgery.
faulty
neispravan
The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.
Posljednje pitanje: *Kada koristiti zarez između pridjeva?*
Između pridjeva koristimo zareze ako možemo koristiti *i* umjesto:
"He is a nice and friendly man"-> "He is nice, friendly man."
Ali, *ako ne možemo koristiti i između njih, onda nema zareza* :
"I adore delicious French croissants."
Ovdje ne bi imalo smisla reći ukusni i francuski kroasani.
scrumptious
slastan
She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.
to purchase something
kupiti nešto
I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.
previous
prethodni
The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.
to attend
prisustvovati
I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.
*Općenito, nemojte koristiti zareze ispred ali/i.*
"I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks."
Ali možemo koristiti zarez *u slučaju da želite napraviti pauzu* . U ovom slučaju morate na temelju svoje intuicije smisliti gdje staviti zarez.
"My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them."
Također koristimo zarez *kada mijenjamo predmet rečenice* :
"My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her."
Također, ako *počinjete s podređenom rečenicom* , također morate koristiti zarez, ali o tome smo već govorili u kondicionalima.
"If you have time, call me."
to elucidate
razjasniti
Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.
to lament
jadikovati
He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.
inexhorable
neumoljiv
The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.
ephemeral
prolazan
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
*svaka čast! Prošli ste praktični dio. Sada je vrijeme za gramatiku!*
Počet ćemo *s present simple* , to je najosnovnija gramatika, ali čak i napredni učenici engleskog još uvijek *griješe u 3. licu jednine ili u pitanjima* , pokušajte barem malo ponoviti.
Prezent jednostavan koristimo za:
stvari koje su *istinite u sadašnjosti* : "I like ice cream"
nešto što se *redovito* događa: "I play tennis every Sunday"
nešto što je *uvijek istina* : "Water boils at 100 degrees"
to suffer
patiti
He suffers from anxiety and depression.
The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.
Stalni porast gustoće gradskog stanovništva značajno povećava potražnju za infrastrukturom javnog prijevoza.
to not mind doing something
nemati ništa protiv raditi nešto
I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.
to research
istraživati
I need to do some research for my history paper.
to be keen on
biti zagrijan za
She is keen on learning new languages.
unless
osim ako
I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.
*Čuvajte se 3. lica jednine!* Ispitivači će oduzeti bodove ako ga propustite.
on, ona, ono - voli, želi, radi...
Kada govorimo o životinjama, koristimo to.
Sa životinjama možemo koristiti rod samo ako imamo dobar odnos s njima. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!"
Budite oprezni s više ljudi: "My mother and I are ..."
The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.
Napredni premaz učinkovito štiti svemirsku letjelicu od štetnog kozmičkog zračenja.
to rotate
okretati
The Earth rotates on its axis.
John and I are orphans.
John i ja smo siročad.
to reflect
odražavati
His behaviour reflects his true self.
to alleviate
ublažiti
The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.
*Pitanja:*
Koristimo *učiniti/radi* u pitanjima: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?"
Koristimo ga i *uz upitne riječi* : "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?"
*ALI! Pitanja s onima koji ne koriste do/does* : "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"
species
vrsta
Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?
What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?
Koja je vrsta insekticida najučinkovitija protiv lisnih uši?
vast
ogroman
What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?
swarm
roj
What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?
proliferation
proliferacija
How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?
to refute
opovrgnuti
How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?
*negativne strane:*
U govoru možemo koristiti kontrakcije; međutim, *u formalnim e-porukama ili esejima, moramo koristiti dugi obrazac.*
nemojte (dugi oblik) = nemojte (kratki oblik): "I don't like fast food."
ne = ne: "She doesn't want to come."
to rival
natjecati se
The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.
to amplify
pojačati
The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.
male
muškarac
He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.
ostentatious
razmetljiv
He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.
Nastavimo s *present continuous!*
Uvijek nam treba prezent glagola *be i -ing* na kraju glagola.
Koristimo ga da razgovaramo o:
Aktivnosti koje se događaju *u trenutku govora.*
to generate
generirati
The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.
to become
postati
The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.
to outlast
nadživjeti
He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.
ubiquitous
sveprisutan
Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.
Ali također koristimo prezent kontinuirano za *buduće planove i dogovore.*
Kada znamo da je nešto *'100% planirano' u budućnosti.*
Netko kaže 90%, netko 99%... usuđujem se reći 100% ako se ne dogodi nešto tragično.
to hunt
loviti
They are going hunting next weekend.
Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.
Sljedeći tjedan pripremamo komplete za preživljavanje za kampiranje.
to harm
naškoditi
She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.
among
među
Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.
*Ne koristimo kontinuirani sa stativnim glagolima.*
Stativni glagoli mišljenja i osjećanja: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish"
Stativni glagoli osjetila: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste"
I ostali stativni glagoli: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"
to prefer
preferirati
She prefers tea to coffee.
to suppose
pretpostaviti
I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.
to owe
dugovati
I owe you an explanation for my behavior.
to belong
pripadati
These books belong to the library.
Također koristimo prezent continuous da govorimo o nečemu što se *događa prije i poslije određenog vremena:*
"At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast."
S nečim što *mislimo da je privremeno.*
"Michael is at university. He's studying history."
S nečim što je *novo i u suprotnosti s prethodnim stanjem.*
"These days most people are using email instead of writing letters."
S nečim što se *mijenja, raste ili se razvija.*
"The children are growing up quickly."
Michael is at university. He's studying history.
Michael je na sveučilištu. Studira povijest.
to roar
urlati
The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.
gullible
naivan
Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.
to persuade
uvjeriti
I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.
Kontinuirani sadašnji također se koristi s nečim što *se događa uvijek iznova (uglavnom s negativnom konotacijom - obično koristimo 'uvijek'):*
"It's always raining in London."
He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.
Stalno joj prigovara i neprestano se svađaju.
to inundate
poplaviti
She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.
conundrum
zagonetka
He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.
to adapt
prilagoditi
We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..
Kontinuirani prezent možemo koristiti za *razgovor o prošlosti* kada smo:
*Pričanje priče ili sažetak knjige, filma ili predstave.*
The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.
Onaj dan sam baš hodao ulicom kad mi je odjednom prišao neki muškarac i zamolio me da mu posudim nešto novca.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
Pa, nosi veliki štap i izgleda pomalo opasno, pa se pitam što da radim...
Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …
Harry Potter je učenik u školi Hogwarts. Jednog dana, dok igra metloboj, ugleda neobičan predmet na nebu. Pita se što se događa…
Sada je vrijeme za *present perfect!*
Konstruiramo ga pomoću *subjekt + imati/ima + particip prošli.*
"I have intoruduced myself."
Koristimo ga za razgovor o stvarima koje *su se dogodile u prošlosti, ali utječu na sadašnjost* i mogu se, možda, nastaviti u budućnosti.
I have never caught a glimpse of that.
Nikada nisam uhvatio ni djelić toga.
They have been pronounced husband and wife.
Proglašeni su mužem i ženom.
I have had my share of ups and downs.
Prošao sam kroz uspone i padove.
I've just published this research I've carried out.
Upravo sam objavio ovo istraživanje koje sam proveo.
I haven't given up on him yet.
Još uvijek nisam odustao od njega.
Pogledajmo *razliku između posjetiti i posjetiti:*
otišla = osoba je još uvijek odsutna
bio = osoba ima iskustva s tog mjesta, ali se već vratila"
She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.
Otišla je u Belgiju. Trebala bi se vratiti u prosincu.
He has been to many exquisite places.
Posjetio je mnoga prekrasna mjesta.
voracious
nenasitan
She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.
to suggest
predložiti
I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.
Sada svačiji omiljeni *present perfect continuous.*
Tvorimo ga korištenjem *subjekta + have/has been + -ing*
Obično ovo koristimo kako bismo naglasili da se nešto *još uvijek nastavlja u sadašnjosti.*
Koristimo samo dinamičke glagole s ovim gramatičkim vremenom.
She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.
Ona živi u hirovitoj Africi od 1995. godine.
I have been painting on this canvas all morning.
Slikam na ovom platnu cijelo jutro.
She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.
Sva je oznojena. Penjala se na taj hrast.
They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.
Sjekli su ove oštećene borove.
Usput, *sadašnjost savršenu možemo koristiti i za budućnost.*
Tamo gdje bismo inače koristili present simple, vi možete pokazati svoje odlično znanje engleskog i umjesto toga upotrijebiti present perfect:
"We will begin when everyone arrives."
u odnosu na
"We will gegin when everyone has arrived."
I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.
Tražit ću i dalje dok ne pronađem svoju knjigu.
I will not stop until I have become the best leader.
Neću stati dok ne postanem najbolji vođa.
ineffable
neizreciv
By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.
resilient
otporan
By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.
anticipate
predvidjeti
By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.
Provjerili smo sadašnja vremena, sada je vrijeme za *prošlo jednostavno.* Koristimo ga da razgovaramo o:
- nešto što *se dogodilo u prošlosti* - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week."
- nešto što *se dogodilo nekoliko puta u prošlosti* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him."
- nešto što *je bilo istina neko vrijeme u prošlosti* - "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts."
- koristimo izraz *prije* u prošlosti - "I met my wife 30 years ago."
U prošlom jednostavnom *glagolu obično dodajemo -ed* . Ali postoje *nepravilni glagoli* za čije svladavanje treba dodatno vrijeme.
Počnimo s onima koji se razlikuju u sva tri oblika:
to bear (bore, borne)
podnositi
to blow (blew, blown)
puhati
The strong wind blew the papers off the table.
to be (was/were, been)
biti (bio/bila/bilo, bio)
She was the top performer in last night's talent show.
to shake (shook, shaken)
tresti (tresao, tresen)
She shook the rug to remove the dust.
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
skupiti se
The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.
to tear (tore, torn)
poderati
I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.
Navedimo sada neke primjere tih *nepravilnih glagola s istim oblicima u prošlom vremenu i participu:*
to creep (crept, crept)
šuljati se
I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.
to cling (clung, clung)
držati se
The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.
to mean (meant, meant)
namjeravati
I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.
to seek (sought, sought)
tražiti
She sought help from her friends.
to spin (span/spun, spun)
vrtjeti se
The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.
to sting (stung, stung)
ubosti
The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.
to breed (bred, bred)
razmnožavati se
The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.
to light (lit, lit)
svijetliti
She lit the candles before the guests arrived.
to sweep (swept, swept)
mesti
She swept the leaves from the driveway.
to shoot (shot, shot)
pucati
The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.
Tada također imamo sva *3 oblika nepromijenjena:*
to upset (upset, upset)
uzrujati
The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.
to bid (bid, bid)
oprostiti se
She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.
I mnogi brkaju prošlo vrijeme i particip u glagolima *to lie (govoriti laž), to lie (ležati na podlozi) i to lay (ležati):*
to lie (lied, lied)
lagati
He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.
to lie on a surface (lay, lain)
ležati na površini
The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.
to lay (laid, laid)
položiti
She laid the baby down in the crib.
Mnogi ljudi zaboravljaju da možemo koristiti jednostavno prošlo vrijeme kada govorimo o sadašnjosti ili budućnosti u hipotezama (kada nešto zamišljate)
"Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"
Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?
Zamislite da ste naišli na drevni artefakt. Koliko biste bili zbunjeni njegovim podrijetlom?
Sada ćemo osvježiti vrijeme koje se ne koristi previše često. Ali često je u testovima, a možete naletjeti na njega iu stvarnom životu!
Koristimo *past perfect simple (had + past participle)* da govorimo o *vremenu do određene točke u prošlosti:*
"She had published her first book by the time she was ten."
Također ga koristimo *za prikaz redoslijeda dva prošla događaja.* Past perfect pokazuje raniju radnju, a past simple kasniju radnju:
"When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries."
"Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series."
Često koristimo *already, still, just, ever ili never* s ovim vremenom.
"She was the most astonishing woman I had ever seen."
to scurry
juriti
By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.
to snuggle
maziti se
The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.
to neglect
zanemariti
She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.
By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.
Do trenutka kada je započeo završni ispit, sama količina gradiva za ponavljanje već je preplavila studente.
to testify
svjedočiti
The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.
Koristimo *past perfect continuous* za nešto što je *započelo u prošlosti i nastavilo se do određene točke u vremenu:*
"When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years."
ili za nešto što *se dogodilo nekoliko puta prije točke u prošlosti i nastavilo se nakon te točke:*
"He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager."
ili kada *izvještavamo o našem iskustvu do neke točke u prošlosti:*
"My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had."
i baš kao i sa sadašnjim svršenim koristimo *za i budući* s prošlim svršenim.
She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.
Mjesecima je neumorno radila, nadajući se da će njezin trud na kraju donijeti značajne rezultate.
to regard
smatrati
He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.
to sneak
prošuljati se
They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.
to meddle
upletati se
She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.
Prijeđimo sada na vrijeme koje se naziva *budući kontinuirani (će/neće biti + -ing).*
Koristimo ga za razgovor o *budućim radnjama koje će se odvijati u određeno vrijeme u budućnosti:*
"When you come home, I'll be boarding a plane."
Ili nešto što vidimo kao *novo, drugačije ili privremeno:*
"Today we're taking the bus but next week we'll be taking the train."
to extort
ucjenjivati
The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.
to falter
oklijevati
The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.
to gauge
mjeriti
The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.
to grapple
hrvati se
The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.
The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.
Radovi na glavnoj cesti ometat će protok prometa sljedećih nekoliko tjedana.
Za budućnost također koristimo *futur perfekt (hoće/neće imati + prošli particip).* Ovo se vrijeme koristi kada govorimo o nečemu što *će biti dovršeno prije određenog vremena u budućnosti.{
"Will you have gone to bed when I get back?"
Možemo koristiti izraze kao što su* do *ili* do vremena *(u nekom trenutku prije),* u *ili* u jednom danu/u dva mjeseca/u pet godina* (na kraju razdoblja) da bismo dali vremensko razdoblje u kojim će akcija biti završena.
"By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses."
"In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."
to inhibit
inhibirati
By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.
to lack
nedostajati
By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.
to magnify
povećati
The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.
to laugh
smijati se
By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.
By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.
Do kraja godine tvrtka će napustiti svoje zastarjele politike u korist inovativnijih praksi.
to outline
ocrtati
By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.
Sada smo *revidirali sva engleska vremena.* Međutim, nismo revidirali kako ih kombinirati u određenim situacijama... *pod nekim uvjetima.*
Pretpostavljam da vidite kamo idem. Sada ćemo revidirati *kondicionale* jer mnogi ljudi griješe u njima.
Kladim se da ne želite izgubiti te dragocjene bodove na ispitu pa krenimo na posao!
Practice makes perfect!
Vježba čini majstora!
U engleskom jeziku postoje *4 glavna kondicionala: nula, prvi, drugi i treći* ...a tu su i *miješani kondicionali* , ali idemo prvo revidirati one 'lakše'.
Uvjeti opisuju *rezultat određenog uvjeta.* *If klauzula* vam govori *uvjet* , a *glavna klauzula* vam govori *rezultat* .
"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Redoslijed klauzula ne mijenja značenje. Ali pazite na interpunkciju!
If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!
Ako završim ovaj tečaj, bit ću spreman za IELTS ispit!
Nulti uvjet se *temelji samo na činjenicama.* Postoji *sadašnje jednostavno* vrijeme s *obje strane* :
"If you freeze water, it becomes solid."
*Pazite na interpunkciju!* Koristimo ga *nakon* if klauzule, ali ne prije!
"Water becomes solid if you freeze it."
to bestow
dodijeliti
If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.
to betray
izdati
If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.
You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.
Izbjeći ćete mnoge uobičajene probleme ako slijedite odgovarajuće smjernice.
to confess
priznati
If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.
to confine
ograničiti
If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.
*Prvi uvjet* se koristi za *buduće situacije za koje vjerujemo da su moguće:*
"If it rains, we will stay at home."
*if/when klauzula + prezent simple, will + infinitiv*
Također možete naletjeti na upotrebe poput *osim ako, sve dok, čim* ili *u slučaju* umjesto *ako* .
"I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives."
"I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect."
"I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry."
"You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."
to deplore
osuđivati
If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.
to invoke
prizvati
If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.
If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.
Ako ne rukujete strojevima pažljivo, mogli bi vas osakatiti.
to grab
zgrabiti
If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.
*Drugi uvjet* se koristi za nemoguće situacije za koje je *malo vjerojatno da će se dogoditi:*
"If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog."
Struktura: *if klauzula + past simple, would + infinitiv*
Kada *nakon if slijedi glagol biti* , gramatički je ispravno koristiti ga kao *što je bilo* : "if I were, if she were."
Ovako možemo izraziti da postoji *mogućnost pod određenim uvjetom* i dolazi iz staroengleskog.
Međutim, možete uobičajeno koristiti i čuti *je li ona/on bio* i to je također *točno* .
"I wouldn't do that if I were you."
"If she was president, she would invest in education more."
"If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."
If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.
Da sam okretan kao gimnastičar, pridružio bih se akrobatskom timu.
to salivate
sliniti
If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.
to staple
spajati klamericom
If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.
to summarize
ukratko
If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.
Sada postaje stvarno ili možda...nadrealno? Prijeđimo na *treći uvjet* . Koristi se za *zamišljanje drugačije prošlosti* . Obično kada žalimo *za* nečim ili bismo željeli *promijeniti prošlost* ... ali to *nije moguće* .
"If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have to study as much."
Struktura: *ako + prošli svršeni, imao bi + prošli particip*
If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.
Da se provukla kroz uski prolaz, stigla bi do izlaza na vrijeme.
to suppress
potisnuti
If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.
to tweak
dotjerati
If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.
to digest
probaviti
If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.
to evaluate
procijeniti
If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.
A sada 'konačni šef'. Da, pogodili ste... *mješoviti kondicionali* .
Možemo ih koristiti kada zamišljamo *prošlu promjenu s rezultatom u sadašnjosti ili sadašnju promjenu s rezultatom u prošlosti* .
Osjećate li da to nema smisla? Pogledajmo neke primjere:
"If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner."
U ovom slučaju zamišljamo kako bi promjena u prošlosti rezultirala u sadašnjosti.
Struktura: *ako + prošlo svršeno, bi + infinitiv*
"It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday."
Ovdje govornik objašnjava kako bi promjena sadašnje situacije utjecala na promjenu u prošlosti.
Struktura: *if + prošlo jednostavno, imalo bi + prošli particip*
hawk
jastreb
If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.
arduous
naporan
If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.
If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.
Da je bio pedantniji u svom poslu, sada bi uživao u promaknuću.
If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.
Da je bila proaktivnija, njezin bi uspjeh ovisio o njezinom naporno radu i predanosti.
vibrant
energičan
If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.
Ovo je *kraj* ovog tečaja! Nadam se da vam je ovo pomoglo!
*Sretno s vašim IELTS-om!!!*
Break a leg!
Sretno!
I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!