IELTS - Kursus persiapanKata-kata bahasa Inggris
by DuoCards
*Selamat datang di Kursus Penguasaan IELTS!*
Kami akan membahas *kosakata kunci, tata bahasa, kiat dan trik* untuk mendapatkan skor tinggi. Kursus ini dimulai dengan *berbicara dan menulis*, dengan fokus pada *kesalahan umum*, diikuti dengan *tinjauan tenses* dan *kosakata baru*. Tata bahasa dimulai dari yang mudah dan semakin lama semakin mahir.
*Mari kita mulai dengan bagian berbicara.ðŸ’*
Anggap saja ini seperti percakapan - cobalah untuk tetap santai dan alami.
Sebaiknya hindari jawaban yang sudah dihafalkan, karena penguji biasanya dapat mengetahuinya.
Cobalah untuk berbicara sedikit setiap hari, meskipun hanya dengan diri sendiri atau dengan AI - itu benar-benar membuat perbedaan!
Kami telah mengumpulkan beberapa frasa praktis yang dapat Anda gunakan agar terdengar lebih fasih. Berhati-hatilah untuk tidak menggunakannya secara berlebihan - keseimbangan adalah kuncinya.
*Semoga berhasil!*
Let's roll!
Ayo mulai!
When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!
to kick things off
untuk memulai
To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.
on the flip side
di sisi lain
I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.
it goes without saying
sudah semestinya
It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.
to sum up
singkatnya
To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.
to put it differently
dengan kata lain
To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.
in a nutshell
singkatnya
To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.
to draw a parallel
menarik kesejajaran
To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.
to play a crucial role in
memainkan peran penting dalam
Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.
to put it simply
singkatnya
To put it simply, the project was a failure.
to delve deeper into this
mendalami hal ini lebih jauh
To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.
Tugas 1 lebih *pengantar*. Dalam tugas 2 Anda perlu *mengungkapkan pemikiran Anda* dan mungkin *perasaan* Anda.
Mari kita lihat frasa apa yang bisa Anda gunakan:
in my opinion
menurut pendapat saya
In my opinion, this movie is really good.
on one hand, on the other hand
di satu sisi, di sisi lain
On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.
I firmly believe that
Saya sangat percaya bahwa
I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.
as far as I'm concerned
sejauh yang saya tahu
As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.
for instance
misalnya
I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.
an emerging trend is
tren yang sedang muncul adalah
An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.
it's worth noting that
perlu dicatat bahwa
It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.
striking a balance between
mencapai keseimbangan antara
Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.
Sekarang, di bagian 3 dari tes berbicara, Anda harus dapat *berbicara tentang ide-ide abstrak*. Untuk itu, Anda dapat menggunakan *bahasa kiasan dan idiom* untuk membuat penguji terkesan. Namun, gunakanlah hanya yang benar-benar Anda kuasai, karena jika Anda melakukan kesalahan, maka poin Anda akan berkurang.
down in the dumps
sedang terpuruk
I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.
over the moon
sangat bahagia
I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.
lose track of time
lupa waktu
I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.
look on the bright side
ambil sisi positifnya
I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.
not my cup of tea
bukan selera saya
I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.
*Kerja bagus!* Anda telah mempelajari sebagian besar frasa berbicara yang paling umum.
Untuk mengembangkannya, saya akan memberikan beberapa frasa lagi untuk meningkatkan *koherensi dan kemampuan komunikasi* Anda di semua tugas berbicara.
*Pastikan untuk mempraktikkannya dengan sengaja sampai menjadi kebiasaan Anda ^^*
I couldn't agree more
Saya sangat setuju
I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.
to wrap things up
sebagai penutup
I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.
building on that
berdasarkan hal tersebut
Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.
to be well-off
menjadi orang kaya
My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.
to be fed up
sudah muak
I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.
a hot potato
masalah yang sangat sulit dan kontroversial
The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.
in my personal experience
berdasarkan pengalaman pribadi saya
In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.
in light of these considerations
berdasarkan pertimbangan-pertimbangan ini
In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.
to twist someone's arm
memaksa seseorang
She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.
without a shadow of doubt
tanpa keraguan sedikit pun
Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.
Satu hal lagi, dalam berbicara, sangat penting untuk menggunakan bahasa *lindung nilai*.
Anda dapat menggunakan ekspresi lindung nilai untuk *mengekspresikan ketidakpastian* dalam pidato Anda.
"It could be..."
"This might be..."
Berhati-hatilah dengan klaim dan pernyataan yang kuat tentang topik yang sensitif. Gunakan bahasa lindung nilai untuk membuat pidato Anda lebih halus dan sensitif.
It might well be that...
Bisa jadi bahwa...
It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..
I am not sure but...
Aku tidak yakin, tapi...
I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.
As it seems that...
Sepertinya...
As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.
It might look...
Bisa jadi terlihat...
It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.
Sekarang kita perlu membahas *kesalahan yang paling umum dalam menulis*.
Dalam penulisan, Anda mungkin akan menemukan *grafik batang* (grafik, diagram, dan bagan) yang harus Anda jelaskan. Banyak orang tidak tahu bagaimana caranya dan akhirnya kehilangan poin. *Jangan sampai itu terjadi pada Anda!*
Berikut adalah beberapa kosakata untuk membantu Anda melewati tugas menulis Anda.
pie chart
diagram lingkaran
A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.
line graph
grafik garis
The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.
bar graph
graf batang
The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.
bar chart
graf batang
A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.
to compare
membandingkan
The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.
to imply
menyiratkan
The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.
to indicate
mengisyaratkan
The data indicated a decrease in sales.
similar
mirip
The two graphs are very similar.
to illustrate
mengilustrasikan
The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.
to depict
menggambarkan
The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.
from the graph it is clear
dari grafik tersebut terlihat jelas bahwa
From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.
Sekedar saran: jika Anda ingin menulis ini: *%* dalam kata-kata.
Cara yang benar adalah *persen*
per cent
persen
10 per cent increase
Cobalah untuk sebisa mungkin *kohesif* dalam tulisan Anda. Mulailah paragraf baru untuk setiap ide baru.
Selalu periksa kembali ejaan dan tata bahasa Anda. *Jawablah pertanyaan dengan lengkap.* Jangan menulis tentang hal-hal yang ingin Anda tulis atau hanya menjawab sebagian dari pertanyaan.
Tulislah tentang apa yang diminta dari Anda.
Saya juga akan memberikan *beberapa tips tentang tanda baca* karena banyak orang yang tidak tahu cara menggunakannya dengan benar.
*Tanda baca* dalam bahasa Inggris itu berbeda dan terkadang *dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda!*
"Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children."
Dapatkah Anda melihat apa yang saya maksud di sini?
Kami juga menggunakan koma sebelum kalimat langsung.
"She said, 'hurry up'!"
Kita juga harus selalu menggunakan koma setelah frasa seperti namun, namun, sejujurnya, dsb.
however
namun
She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.
nevertheless
namun demikian
I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.
to be honest
sejujurnya
To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
firstly
pertama-tama
Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.
first of all
pertama-tama
First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.
moreover
selain itu
The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.
furthermore
selain itu
I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.
conversely
sebaliknya
Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.
*Kita bisa, tapi tidak harus menggunakan koma saat membicarakan lebih banyak hal.*
"I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol." vs "I love cats, dogs and horses."
Namun, terkadang *akan sedikit membingungkan* jika Anda tidak menambahkan koma:
"I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson."
Sayangnya, Bill Gates dan Pamela Anderson bukanlah orang tua saya. Oleh karena itu, lebih baik menggunakan koma di antara keduanya.
to adhere
melekat
The tape adheres well to the wall.
antiquity
zaman kuno
In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.
conscious
sadar
She was conscious throughout the surgery.
faulty
cacat
The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.
Pertanyaan terakhir: *Kapan menggunakan koma di antara kata sifat?*
Kita menggunakan koma di antara kata sifat jika kita dapat menggunakan *and* sebagai pengganti:
"He is a nice and friendly man" -> "He is nice, friendly man."
Namun, *jika kita tidak dapat menggunakan and di antara keduanya, maka tidak ada koma*:
"I adore delicious French croissants."
Di sini tidak masuk akal untuk mengatakan croissant yang lezat dan Prancis.
scrumptious
lezat
She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.
to purchase something
membeli sesuatu
I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.
previous
sebelumnya
The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.
to attend
untuk menghadiri
I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.
*Secara umum, jangan gunakan koma di depan tetapi/dan.*
"I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks."
Tetapi kita bisa menggunakan koma *jika Anda ingin membuat jeda*. Dalam hal ini, Anda perlu menentukan di mana menempatkan koma berdasarkan intuisi Anda.
"My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them."
Kita juga menggunakan koma *saat kita mengubah subjek kalimat*:
"My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her."
Juga, jika Anda *memulai dengan klausa subordinat*, Anda juga perlu menggunakan koma, tetapi kita sudah membahasnya dalam kondisi.
"If you have time, call me."
to elucidate
menjelaskan
Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.
to lament
meratapi
He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.
inexhorable
tak terelakkan
The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.
ephemeral
fana
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
*Selamat! Anda telah berhasil melewati bagian praktis. Sekarang saatnya untuk tata bahasa!*
Kita akan mulai *dengan present simple*, ini adalah tata bahasa yang paling dasar, tetapi bahkan pelajar bahasa Inggris tingkat lanjut masih membuat *kesalahan dalam bentuk orang ketiga tunggal atau pertanyaan*, cobalah untuk merevisi setidaknya sedikit.
Kita menggunakan present simple untuk:
hal-hal yang terjadi *di masa sekarang*: "I like ice cream"
sesuatu yang terjadi *secara teratur*: "I play tennis every Sunday"
sesuatu yang *selalu benar*: "Water boils at 100 degrees"
to suffer
menderita
He suffers from anxiety and depression.
The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.
Peningkatan kepadatan penduduk perkotaan yang konsisten secara signifikan meningkatkan permintaan akan infrastruktur transportasi umum.
to not mind doing something
tidak keberatan melakukan sesuatu
I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.
to research
meneliti
I need to do some research for my history paper.
to be keen on
tertarik pada
She is keen on learning new languages.
unless
kecuali jika
I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.
*Waspadai kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal!* Penguji akan mengurangi nilai jika Anda melewatkannya.
dia, dia, itu - suka, ingin, melakukan...
Ketika kita merujuk pada hewan, kita menggunakannya.
Kita dapat menggunakan gender dengan hewan hanya jika kita memiliki hubungan yang baik dengan mereka. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!"
Berhati-hatilah dengan banyak orang: "My mother and I are ..."
The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.
Lapisan canggih tersebut secara efektif melindungi pesawat luar angkasa dari radiasi kosmik yang berbahaya.
to rotate
memutar
The Earth rotates on its axis.
John and I are orphans.
John dan aku adalah anak yatim piatu.
to reflect
mencerminkan
His behaviour reflects his true self.
to alleviate
meringankan
The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.
*Pertanyaan:*
Kami menggunakan *do/does* dalam pertanyaan: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?"
Kami juga menggunakannya *dengan kata tanya*: "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?"
*TAPI! Pertanyaan dengan siapa tidak menggunakan do/does*: "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"
species
spesies
Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?
What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?
Jenis insektisida apa yang paling efektif untuk membasmi kutu daun?
vast
luas
What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?
swarm
kawanan
What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?
proliferation
proliferasi
How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?
to refute
menyanggah
How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?
*Negatives:*
Dalam percakapan kita bisa menggunakan kontraksi; namun, *di email formal atau esai, kita harus menggunakan bentuk panjang.*
do not (bentuk panjang) = don't (bentuk pendek): "I don't like fast food."
does not = doesn't: "She doesn't want to come."
to rival
bersaing
The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.
to amplify
memperkuat
The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.
male
laki-laki
He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.
ostentatious
mencolok
He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.
Mari kita lanjutkan dengan *present continuous!*
Kita selalu membutuhkan bentuk present tense dari kata kerja *be and the -ing* di akhir kata kerja.
Kita menggunakannya untuk berbicara tentang:
Aktivitas yang terjadi *at the moment of speaking.*
to generate
untuk menghasilkan
The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.
to become
menjadi
The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.
to outlast
bertahan lebih lama
He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.
ubiquitous
ada di mana-mana
Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.
Namun kami juga menggunakan present continuous untuk *rencana dan pengaturan di masa depan*.
Ketika kita tahu bahwa sesuatu telah *'100% direncanakan' di masa depan*.
Ada yang bilang 90%, ada yang 99%... Saya berani bilang 100% kecuali jika sesuatu yang tragis terjadi.
to hunt
berburu
They are going hunting next weekend.
Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.
Minggu depan kami akan menyiapkan perlengkapan bertahan hidup untuk acara berkemah.
to harm
merusak
She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.
among
di antara
Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.
*Kita tidak menggunakan kata kerja statif yang berkesinambungan.*
Kata kerja statif untuk berpikir dan merasakan: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish"
Kata kerja statif indra: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste"
Dan kata kerja statif lainnya: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"
to prefer
lebih menyukai
She prefers tea to coffee.
to suppose
menganggap
I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.
to owe
berhutang
I owe you an explanation for my behavior.
to belong
memiliki tempat
These books belong to the library.
Kita juga menggunakan present continuous untuk membicarakan sesuatu yang *terjadi sebelum dan sesudah waktu tertentu*:
"At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast."
With something which *we think is temporary.*
"Michael is at university. He's studying history."
Dengan sesuatu yang *baru dan kontras dengan keadaan sebelumnya.*
"These days most people are using email instead of writing letters."
Dengan sesuatu yang *berubah, tumbuh atau berkembang*.
"The children are growing up quickly."
Michael is at university. He's studying history.
Michael sedang di universitas. Dia belajar sejarah.
to roar
mengaum
The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.
gullible
mudah percaya
Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.
to persuade
membujuk
I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.
Present continuous juga digunakan untuk sesuatu yang *terjadi berulang-ulang (kebanyakan berkonotasi negatif - kita biasanya menggunakan 'selalu')*:
"Selalu hujan di London."
He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.
Dia selalu mencari-cari kesalahan perempuan itu dan mereka selalu bertengkar.
to inundate
membanjiri
She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.
conundrum
teka-teki
He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.
to adapt
beradaptasi
We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..
Kita dapat menggunakan present continuous untuk *membicarakan masa lalu* saat kita berada:
*Menceritakan sebuah cerita atau meringkas sebuah buku, film, atau drama.*
The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.
Waktu itu aku lagi jalan di jalanan, tiba-tiba ada seorang pria nyamperin aku dan minta pinjam uang.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
Yah, dia membawa tongkat besar dan kelihatannya agak berbahaya, jadi aku bingung harus berbuat apa...
Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …
Harry Potter adalah seorang murid di sekolah Hogwarts. Suatu hari ketika dia sedang bermain Quidditch, dia melihat sebuah benda aneh di langit. Dia bertanya-tanya apa yang sedang terjadi...
Sekarang saatnya untuk *present perfect!*
Kita menafsirkannya dengan *subjek + have/has + past participle*.
"I have intoruduced myself."
Kita menggunakannya untuk membicarakan hal-hal yang *terjadi di masa lalu, namun mempengaruhi masa kini* dan mungkin akan berlanjut ke masa depan.
I have never caught a glimpse of that.
Saya belum pernah melihat sekilas hal itu.
They have been pronounced husband and wife.
Mereka telah dinyatakan sebagai suami istri.
I have had my share of ups and downs.
Saya sudah melewati banyak suka dan duka.
I've just published this research I've carried out.
Saya baru saja mempublikasikan penelitian yang telah saya lakukan ini.
I haven't given up on him yet.
Aku belum menyerah padanya.
Mari kita lihat *perbedaan antara gone to dan been to*:
pergi ke = orang tersebut masih pergi
been to = orang tersebut memiliki pengalaman dari tempat tersebut tapi sudah kembali"
She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.
Dia sudah pergi ke Belgia. Dia seharusnya kembali pada bulan Desember.
He has been to many exquisite places.
Dia telah mengunjungi banyak tempat yang indah.
voracious
rakus
She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.
to suggest
menyarankan
I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.
Sekarang favorit semua orang *present perfect continuous.*
Kita membentuknya dengan menggunakan *subject + have/has been + -ing*
Kita biasanya menggunakan ini untuk menekankan bahwa sesuatu *masih berlanjut di masa sekarang.*
Kita hanya menggunakan kata kerja dinamis dengan bentuk tata bahasa ini.
She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.
Dia telah tinggal di Afrika yang penuh kejutan sejak tahun 1995.
I have been painting on this canvas all morning.
Saya telah melukis di atas kanvas ini sepanjang pagi.
She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.
Dia berkeringat semua. Dia baru saja memanjat pohon ek itu.
They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.
Pohon-pohon pinus yang rusak ini telah ditebang.
Ngomong-ngomong, *kita juga bisa menggunakan present perfect untuk masa depan*.
Di mana kita biasanya menggunakan present simple, Anda dapat memamerkan kemampuan bahasa Inggris Anda yang luar biasa dan menggunakan present perfect sebagai gantinya:
"We will begin when everyone arrives."
vs
"We will gegin when everyone has arrived."
I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.
Aku akan terus mencari sampai aku menemukan bukuku.
I will not stop until I have become the best leader.
Aku tidak akan berhenti sampai aku menjadi pemimpin yang terbaik.
ineffable
tak terlukiskan
By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.
resilient
tangguh
By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.
anticipate
mengantisipasi
By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.
Kami telah memeriksa tenses sekarang, sekarang saatnya untuk *past simple.* Kami menggunakannya untuk berbicara tentang:
- sesuatu yang *terjadi di masa lalu* - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week."
- sesuatu yang *terjadi beberapa kali di masa lalu* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him."
- sesuatu yang *benar untuk beberapa waktu di masa lalu* - "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts."
- kami menggunakan ekspresi *ago* di masa lalu - "I met my wife 30 years ago."
Dalam past simple kita biasanya menambahkan *-ed ke kata kerja*. Tetapi ada *kata kerja tidak beraturan* yang membutuhkan waktu ekstra untuk dikuasai.
Mari kita mulai dengan yang berbeda dalam ketiga bentuk:
to bear (bore, borne)
menanggung
to blow (blew, blown)
meniup
The strong wind blew the papers off the table.
to be (was/were, been)
menjadi
She was the top performer in last night's talent show.
to shake (shook, shaken)
mengocok
She shook the rug to remove the dust.
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
menyusut
The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.
to tear (tore, torn)
merobek
I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.
Sekarang mari kita berikan beberapa contoh *kata kerja tak beraturan dengan bentuk yang sama dalam bentuk lampau dan past participle*:
to creep (crept, crept)
mengendap-endap
I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.
to cling (clung, clung)
berpegangan erat
The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.
to mean (meant, meant)
bermaksud
I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.
to seek (sought, sought)
mencari
She sought help from her friends.
to spin (span/spun, spun)
berputar
The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.
to sting (stung, stung)
menyengat
The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.
to breed (bred, bred)
untuk berkembang biak
The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.
to light (lit, lit)
menyalakan
She lit the candles before the guests arrived.
to sweep (swept, swept)
menyapu
She swept the leaves from the driveway.
to shoot (shot, shot)
menembak
The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.
Kemudian, kami juga memiliki *ketiga bentuk yang tidak berubah:*
to upset (upset, upset)
membuat kesal
The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.
to bid (bid, bid)
berpamitan
She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.
Dan banyak orang yang bingung dengan bentuk lampau dan bentuk partisipatif dalam kata kerja *berbohong (mengatakan kebohongan), berbaring (berbaring di atas permukaan), dan berbaring (berbaring)*:
to lie (lied, lied)
berbohong
He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.
to lie on a surface (lay, lain)
berbaring di atas permukaan
The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.
to lay (laid, laid)
meletakkan
She laid the baby down in the crib.
Banyak orang lupa bahwa kita dapat menggunakan past simple ketika merujuk ke masa kini atau masa depan dalam hipotesis (ketika Anda membayangkan sesuatu)
"Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"
Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?
Bayangkan Anda menemukan artefak kuno. Seberapa bingungkah Anda dengan asal-usulnya?
Sekarang kita akan mengulas kembali sebuah tense yang tidak terlalu sering digunakan. Namun, tense ini sering muncul dalam tes dan Anda bisa menemukannya dalam kehidupan nyata juga!
Kita menggunakan *past perfect simple (had + past participle)* untuk berbicara tentang *waktu hingga titik tertentu di masa lalu:*
"She had published her first book by the time she was ten."
Kita juga menggunakannya *untuk menunjukkan urutan dua kejadian di masa lalu.* Past perfect menunjukkan tindakan yang lebih awal dan past simple menunjukkan tindakan yang lebih baru:
"When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries."
"Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series."
Kita sering menggunakan *already, still, just, ever, atau never* dengan tense ini.
"She was the most astonishing woman I had ever seen."
to scurry
bergegas
By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.
to snuggle
berpelukan
The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.
to neglect
mengabaikan
She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.
By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.
Pada saat ujian akhir dimulai, banyaknya materi yang harus diulang sudah membuat para mahasiswa kewalahan.
to testify
bersaksi
The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.
Kita menggunakan *past perfect continuous* untuk sesuatu yang *dimulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut hingga titik waktu tertentu*:
"When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years."
atau untuk sesuatu yang *terjadi beberapa kali sebelum suatu titik di masa lalu dan berlanjut setelah titik tersebut*:
"He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager."
atau ketika kita *melaporkan pengalaman kita hingga suatu titik di masa lalu*:
"My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had."
dan seperti halnya dengan present perfect, kita menggunakan *for dan since* pada past perfect.
She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.
Dia telah bekerja tanpa lelah selama berbulan-bulan, berharap usahanya pada akhirnya akan membuahkan hasil yang signifikan.
to regard
memandang
He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.
to sneak
menyelinap
They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.
to meddle
mencampuri
She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.
Sekarang mari kita masuk ke dalam bentuk waktu yang disebut *future continuous (will/won't be + -ing).*
Kita menggunakannya untuk berbicara tentang *tindakan di masa depan yang akan sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa depan:*
"When you come home, I'll be boarding a plane."
Atau sesuatu yang kita lihat sebagai *baru, berbeda atau sementara:*
"Today we're taking the bus but next week we'll be taking the train."
to extort
memeras
The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.
to falter
ragu-ragu
The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.
to gauge
mengukur
The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.
to grapple
bergulat
The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.
The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.
Konstruksi di jalan utama akan menghambat arus lalu lintas selama beberapa minggu ke depan.
Untuk masa depan kita juga menggunakan *future perfect (will/won't have + past participle)*. Bentuk ini digunakan saat kita membicarakan sesuatu yang *akan selesai sebelum waktu tertentu di masa depan.{
"Will you have gone to bed when I get back?"
Kita bisa menggunakan frasa seperti *by* atau *by the time* (pada suatu waktu sebelumnya), *in* atau *in a day's time/dalam waktu dua bulan/dalam waktu lima tahun* (di akhir periode) untuk memberikan periode waktu di mana tindakan tersebut akan selesai.
"By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses."
"In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."
to inhibit
menghambat
By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.
to lack
kekurangan
By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.
to magnify
memperbesar
The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.
to laugh
tertawa
By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.
By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.
Pada akhir tahun ini, perusahaan tersebut akan telah meninggalkan kebijakan-kebijakan usangnya demi praktik-praktik yang lebih inovatif.
to outline
menguraikan
By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.
Kami sekarang telah *merevisi semua bentuk bahasa Inggris*. Namun, kami belum merevisi cara menggabungkannya dalam situasi tertentu..*. dalam beberapa kondisi*.
Saya kira Anda bisa melihat ke mana arah pembicaraan saya. Sekarang kita akan merevisi *kondisional* karena banyak orang melakukan kesalahan di dalamnya.
Saya yakin Anda tidak ingin kehilangan poin-poin berharga dalam ujian Anda, jadi ayo mulai bekerja!
Practice makes perfect!
Latihan membuat sempurna!
Dalam bahasa Inggris terdapat *4 kondisi utama: zero, first, second, dan third*...dan kemudian ada juga *mixed conditionals*, tetapi mari kita tinjau kembali yang 'mudah' terlebih dahulu.
Kondisional menggambarkan *hasil dari suatu kondisi tertentu.* *if clause* memberi tahu Anda *kondisi* dan *main clause* memberi tahu Anda *hasilnya*.
"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Urutan klausa tidak mengubah makna. Tetapi berhati-hatilah dengan tanda baca!
If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!
Jika saya menyelesaikan kursus ini, saya akan siap untuk ujian IELTS!
Zero conditional hanya *berdasarkan fakta*. Terdapat bentuk *present simple* di *kedua sisi*:
"If you freeze water, it becomes solid."
*Hati-hati dengan tanda baca!* Kita menggunakannya *setelah* klausa if, tapi tidak sebelum!
"Water becomes solid if you freeze it."
to bestow
menganugerahkan
If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.
to betray
mengkhianati
If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.
You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.
Anda menghindari banyak masalah umum jika Anda mengikuti pedoman yang tepat.
to confess
mengaku
If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.
to confine
membatasi
If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.
*First conditional* digunakan untuk *situasi masa depan yang kita yakini mungkin terjadi:*
"If it rains, we will stay at home."
*if/when clause + present simple, will + infinitive*
Anda juga bisa menemukan penggunaan seperti *unless, as long as, as soon as,* atau *in case* sebagai pengganti *if*.
"I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives."
"I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect."
"I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry."
"You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."
to deplore
mengecam
If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.
to invoke
membangkitkan
If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.
If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.
Jika Anda tidak menangani mesin tersebut dengan hati-hati, itu mungkin akan melukai Anda secara parah.
to grab
menggenggam
If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.
*Kondisional kedua* digunakan untuk situasi yang tidak mungkin terjadi yang *tidak mungkin terjadi:*
"If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog."
Struktur: *if clause + past simple, would + infinitive*
Ketika *if diikuti oleh kata kerja be*, secara tata bahasa benar untuk menggunakannya sebagai *were*: "if I were, if she were."
Dengan cara ini kita dapat menyatakan bahwa ada *kemungkinan di bawah kondisi tertentu* dan ini berasal dari Bahasa Inggris Kuno.
Namun, Anda dapat sering menggunakan dan mendengar *if she/he was* dan ini juga *benar*.
"I wouldn't do that if I were you."
"If she was president, she would invest in education more."
"If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."
If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.
Jika saya selincah pesenam, saya akan bergabung dengan tim akrobat.
to salivate
mengiler
If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.
to staple
menstaples
If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.
to summarize
untuk meringkas
If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.
Sekarang ini menjadi nyata atau mungkin...sangat aneh? Mari kita masuk ke *third conditional*. Ini digunakan untuk *membayangkan masa lalu yang berbeda*. Biasanya ketika kita *menyesali* sesuatu atau ingin *mengubah masa lalu*...tapi itu *tidak mungkin*.
"If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have to study as much."
Struktur: *if + past perfect, would have + past participle*
If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.
Jika dia menyelipkan diri melalui celah sempit itu, dia akan mencapai pintu keluar tepat waktu.
to suppress
menekan
If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.
to tweak
menyetel
If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.
to digest
mencerna
If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.
to evaluate
untuk mengevaluasi
If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.
Dan sekarang 'bos terakhir'. Ya, Anda sudah menebaknya...*mixed conditionals*.
Kita bisa menggunakannya ketika kita membayangkan *perubahan di masa lalu dengan hasil di masa kini atau perubahan di masa kini dengan hasil di masa lalu*.
Apakah Anda merasa ini tidak masuk akal? Mari kita lihat beberapa contoh:
"If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner."
Dalam kasus ini kita membayangkan bagaimana perubahan di masa lalu akan menghasilkan di masa kini.
Struktur: *if + past perfect, would + infinitive*
"It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday."
Di sini pembicara menjelaskan bagaimana perubahan dalam situasi saat ini akan mempengaruhi perubahan di masa lalu.
Struktur: *if + past simple, would have + past participle*
hawk
elang
If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.
arduous
berat
If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.
If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.
Jika dia lebih teliti dengan pekerjaannya, dia pasti sudah menikmati promosi jabatan saat ini.
If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.
Jika dia lebih proaktif, kesuksesannya akan bergantung pada kerja keras dan dedikasinya.
vibrant
bersemangat
If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.
Ini adalah *akhir* dari kursus ini! Saya harap ini membantu Anda!
*Semoga sukses dengan IELTS Anda!!!*
Break a leg!
Semoga sukses!
I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!