IELTS - sagatavošanās kurssAngļu vārdi

by DuoCards

*Laipni lūgti IELTS meistarības kursā!* Mēs aplūkosim *galveno vārdu krājumu, gramatikas laikus, padomus un trikus,* lai iegūtu augstus rezultātus. Kurss sākas ar *runāšanu un rakstīšanu*, pievēršot uzmanību *biežāk pieļautajām kļūdām*, pēc tam tiek *apskatīti laiki* un *jaunā leksika*. Gramatika sākas viegli un kļūst arvien sarežģītāka. *Sāksim ar runāšanas daļu 💭.* Domājiet par to kā par sarunu - mēģiniet palikt relaksēti un dabiski. Vislabāk ir izvairīties no iegaumētām atbildēm, jo eksaminētāji parasti to var noteikt. Centieties ik dienu mazliet runāt, pat ja tas ir tikai ar sevi vai mākslīgo intelektuālo aģentu - tas patiešām ir būtiski! Mēs esam apkopojuši dažas noderīgas frāzes, ko varat izmantot, lai runātu raitāk. Tikai jāuzmanās, lai tās netiktu lietotas pārmērīgi - galvenais ir līdzsvars. *Lai jums veicas!*

Let's roll!

Aiziet!

When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!

to kick things off

iesākumam

To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.

on the flip side

no otras puses

I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.

it goes without saying

tas pats par sevi saprotams

It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.

to sum up

rezumējot

To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.

to put it differently

citiem vārdiem sakot

To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.

in a nutshell

īsāk sakot

To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.

to draw a parallel

novilkt paralēles

To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.

to play a crucial role in

spēlēt izšķirošu lomu

Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.

to put it simply

vienkārši sakot

To put it simply, the project was a failure.

to delve deeper into this

iedziļināties šajā jautājumā

To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.

1. uzdevums ir vairāk *ievaddaļa*. 2. uzdevumā jums ir *jāizsaka savas domas* un, iespējams, *jūtas*. Paskatīsimies, kādas frāzes jūs varētu izmantot:

in my opinion

manuprāt

In my opinion, this movie is really good.

on one hand, on the other hand

no vienas puses, no otras puses

On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.

I firmly believe that

Es esmu stingri pārliecināts, ka

I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.

as far as I'm concerned

kas attiecas uz mani

As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.

for instance

piemēram

I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.

an emerging trend is

jauna tendence ir

An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.

it's worth noting that

ir vērts atzīmēt, ka

It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.

striking a balance between

līdzsvara panākšana starp

Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.

Tagad, runas prasmes pārbaudes 3. daļā, jums ir jāspēj *runāt par abstraktām idejām*. Šajā nolūkā varat izmantot *tēlainu valodu un idiomus*, lai pārsteigtu eksaminētājus. Taču izmantojiet tikai tās, kuras patiešām zināt, jo, ja kļūdīsieties, par to tiks atņemts vairāk punktu.

down in the dumps

noskumis

I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.

over the moon

septītajās debesīs

I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.

lose track of time

zaudēt laika izjūtu

I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.

look on the bright side

Mēģini saskatīt gaišo pusi

I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.

not my cup of tea

tas nav mans lauciņš

I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.

*Lielisks darbs!* Jūs esat iemācījies visbiežāk sastopamās frāzes. Lai to papildinātu, es jums došu vēl dažas, lai uzlabotu jūsu *saskanību un komunikācijas prasmes* visos runas uzdevumos. *Pārliecinieties, ka tās mērķtiecīgi praktizējat, līdz tās kļūs par jūsu otro dabu ^^*

I couldn't agree more

Es pilnībā piekrītu

I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.

to wrap things up

noslēgumā

I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.

building on that

balstoties uz to

Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.

to be well-off

būt pārtikušam

My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.

to be fed up

apnikt

I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.

a hot potato

karstais kartupelis

The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.

in my personal experience

pēc manas personīgās pieredzes

In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.

in light of these considerations

ņemot vērā šos apsvērumus

In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.

to twist someone's arm

piespiest kādu

She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.

without a shadow of doubt

bez mazākajām šaubām

Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.

Vēl viena lieta - runājot ir ļoti svarīgi lietot *riska ierobežošanas* valodu. Jūs varat izmantot nodrošinājuma izteicienus, lai savā runā *paustu nenoteiktību*. "It could be..." "This might be..." Sargieties no spēcīgiem apgalvojumiem un izteikumiem par jutīgām tēmām. Izmantojiet nodrošinājuma izteicienus, lai padarītu savu runu gludāku un jūtīgāku.

It might well be that...

Var gadīties, ka...

It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..

I am not sure but...

Es neesmu pārliecināts, bet...

I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.

As it seems that...

Tā kā izskatās, ka...

As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.

It might look...

Tas varētu izskatīties...

It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.

Tagad mums ir jārisina *visbiežāk sastopamās kļūdas rakstīšanā*. Rakstīšanā jūs varat sastapties ar *stabiņu diagrammām* (grafikiem, diagrammām un tabulām), kuras jums būs jāapraksta. Daudzi cilvēki nezina, kā to izdarīt, un nevajadzīgi zaudē punktus. *Tas nebūs jūs!* Šeit ir daži vārdi, kas palīdzēs jums izpildīt rakstīšanas uzdevumus.

pie chart

sektoru diagramma

A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.

line graph

līniju diagramma

The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.

bar graph

stabiņu diagramma

The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.

bar chart

stabiņu diagramma

A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.

to compare

salīdzināt

The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.

to imply

dot mājienu

The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.

to indicate

norādīt

The data indicated a decrease in sales.

similar

līdzīgs

The two graphs are very similar.

to illustrate

ilustrēt

The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.

to depict

attēlot

The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.

from the graph it is clear

no grafika ir skaidrs

From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.

Tikai padoms: ja vēlaties to uzrakstīt: *%* vārdos. Pareizi ir *procenti*

per cent

procenti

10 per cent increase

Mēģiniet rakstīt pēc iespējas *saskanīgāk*. Katrai jaunai idejai sāciet jaunu rindkopu. Vienmēr divreiz pārbaudiet pareizrakstību un gramatiku. Lūdzu, *atbildiet uz jautājumu pilnībā*. Nerakstiet par lietām, par kurām vēlaties rakstīt, vai tikai daļēji atbildiet uz jautājumu. Rakstiet par to, kas no jums tiek prasīts. Sniegšu jums arī *dažus padomus par interpunkciju,* jo daudzi cilvēki nezina, kā to pareizi lietot. Angļu valodas *interpunkcija* ir atšķirīga, un dažkārt tā *var glābt dzīvību!* "Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children." Vai jūs saprotat, ko es šeit domāju? Mēs arī lietojam komatus pirms tiešās runas. "She said, 'hurry up'!" Mums vienmēr ir jālieto komati arī pēc tādām frāzēm kā tomēr, tomēr, godīgi sakot, utt.

however

tomēr

She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.

nevertheless

tomēr

I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.

to be honest

godīgi sakot

To be honest, I didn't like the movie.

firstly

pirmkārt

Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.

first of all

vispirms

First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.

moreover

turklāt

The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.

furthermore

turklāt

I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.

conversely

turpretim

Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.

*Mēs varam, bet mums nav jālieto komats, runājot par vairākām lietām*. "I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol." vs "I love cats, dogs and horses." Tomēr dažkārt *var rasties neliela neskaidrība,* ja komatu nepievienojam: "I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson." Diemžēl Bils Geitss un Pamela Andersone nav mani vecāki. Tāpēc arī starp tiem labāk lietot komatu.

to adhere

pieķerties

The tape adheres well to the wall.

antiquity

antīkā pasaule

In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.

conscious

apzinīgs

She was conscious throughout the surgery.

faulty

bojāts

The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.

Pēdējais jautājums: *Kad starp īpašības vārdiem jālieto komats?* Mēs lietojam komatus starp īpašības vārdiem, ja tā vietā varam lietot *un*: "He is a nice and friendly man" -> "He is nice, friendly man." Bet, *ja starp tiem nevaram lietot un, tad komatu neliekam*: "I adore delicious French croissants." Šajā gadījumā nebūtu jēgas teikt garšīgi un franču kruasāni.

scrumptious

gards

She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.

to purchase something

kaut ko nopirkt

I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.

iepriekšējais

The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.

to attend

apmeklēt

I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.

*Parasti nelietojiet komatus pirms bet/un.* "I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks." Bet mēs varam izmantot komatu *gadījumā, ja vēlaties veikt pauzi*. Šajā gadījumā jums ir jāizlemj, kur likt komatu, balstoties uz savu intuīciju. "My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them." Mēs arī izmantojam komatu *kad mainām teikuma priekšmetu*: "My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her." Arī, ja jūs *sākat ar pakārtotu teikumu*, jums arī ir jāizmanto komats, bet par to mēs jau esam runājuši nosacījumos. "If you have time, call me."

to elucidate

paskaidrot

Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.

to lament

vaidēt

He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.

inexhorable

neapturams

The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.

ephemeral

gaistošs

The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.

*Apsveicam! Jums ir izdevies veikt praktisko daļu. Tagad ir pienācis laiks gramatikai!* Mēs sāksim *ar tagadnes vienkāršo laiku*, tā ir visvienkāršākā gramatika, bet pat pieredzējuši angļu valodas pratēji joprojām *pieļauj kļūdas 3. personas vienskaitlī vai jautājumos*, lūdzu, mēģiniet vismaz mazliet atkārtojiet. Mēs lietojam tagadnes vienkāršo formu: lietām, kas notiek *tagadnē*: "I like ice cream" kas notiek *regulāri*: "I play tennis every Sunday" kaut kas, kas *vienmēr ir patiesība*: "Water boils at 100 degrees"

to suffer

ciest

He suffers from anxiety and depression.

The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.

Pastāvīgais pilsētu iedzīvotāju blīvuma pieaugums būtiski palielina pieprasījumu pēc sabiedriskā transporta infrastruktūras.

to not mind doing something

iebildumu nav kaut ko darīt

I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.

to research

pētīt

I need to do some research for my history paper.

to be keen on

būt ieinteresētam

She is keen on learning new languages.

unless

ja vien

I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.

*Uzmanieties no 3. personas vienskaitļa!* Eksaminētāji atņems punktus, ja to izlaidīsiet. viņš, viņa, tā - patīk, grib, dara... Kad mēs runājam par dzīvniekiem, mēs lietojam to. Mēs varam lietot dzimtu attiecībā uz dzīvniekiem tikai tad, ja mums ar tiem ir labas attiecības. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!" Esiet uzmanīgi, lietojot daudzskaitļa vārdus: "My mother and I are ..."

The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.

Uzlabotais pārklājums efektīvi aizsargā kosmosa kuģi no kaitīgā kosmiskā starojuma.

to rotate

griezt

The Earth rotates on its axis.

John and I are orphans.

Džons un es esam bāreņi.

to reflect

atspoguļot

His behaviour reflects his true self.

to alleviate

atvieglot

The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.

*Jautājumi:* Jautājumos mēs lietojam *do/does*: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?" Mēs to lietojam arī *ar jautājuma vārdiem*: "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?" *Bet! Jautājumos ar kurš nelieto do/does*: "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"

species

suga

Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?

What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?

Kāda veida insekticīds ir visefektīvākais pret laputīm?

vast

milzīgs

What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?

swarm

spietis

What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?

proliferation

izplatīšanās

How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?

to refute

atspēkot

How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?

*Negatīvi:* Runājot, mēs varam izmantot saīsinājumus; tomēr *formālos e-pastos vai esejās mums ir jāizmanto pilnā forma.* do not (pilnā forma) = don't (saīsinātā forma): "I don't like fast food." does not = doesn't: "She doesn't want to come."

to rival

sacensties

The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.

to amplify

pastiprināt

The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.

male

vīrietis

He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.

ostentatious

uzkrītošs

He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.

Turpināsim ar *present continuous!* Mums vienmēr ir nepieciešams darbības vārda *be and the -ing* tagadne darbības vārda beigās. Mēs to izmantojam, lai runātu par: Aktivitātēm, kas notiek *at the moment of speaking.*

to generate

ģenerēt

The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.

to become

kļūt

The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.

to outlast

pārdzīvot

He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.

ubiquitous

visur esošs

Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.

Bet mēs arī izmantojam tagadnes nepārtraukto laiku *nākotnes plāniem un norunām.* Kad mēs zinām, ka kaut kas ir *'100% plānots' nākotnē.* Kāds saka 90%, kāds 99%... Es uzdrošinos teikt 100%, ja vien nenotiek kaut kas traģisks.

to hunt

medīt

They are going hunting next weekend.

Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.

Nākamnedēļ mēs gatavojam izdzīvošanas komplektus kempinga braucienam.

to harm

kaitēt

She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.

among

starp

Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.

*Mēs nelietojam nepārtraukto laiku ar statīvajiem darbības vārdiem.* Statīvie domāšanas un jūtu darbības vārdi: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish" Statīvie darbības vārdi par sajūtām: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste" Un citi statīvie darbības vārdi: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"

to prefer

dot priekšroku

She prefers tea to coffee.

to suppose

pieņemt

I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.

to owe

būt parādā

I owe you an explanation for my behavior.

to belong

piederēt

These books belong to the library.

Mēs lietojam arī tagadnes turpināmo laiku, lai runātu par kaut ko, kas *notiek pirms un pēc noteikta laika:* "At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast." With something which *we think is temporary.* "Michael is at university. He's studying history." Ar kaut ko, kas ir *jauns un kontrastē ar iepriekšējo stāvokli.* "These days most people are using email instead of writing letters." ar kaut ko, kas *mainās, aug vai attīstās.* "The children are growing up quickly."

Michael is at university. He's studying history.

Maikls ir universitātē. Viņš studē vēsturi.

to roar

rēkt

The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.

gullible

lētticīgs

Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.

to persuade

pārliecināt

I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.

Tagadnes nepārtrauktais laiks tiek izmantots arī ar kaut ko, kas *notiek atkal un atkal (pārsvarā ar negatīvu pieskaņu - mēs parasti lietojam 'vienmēr'):* "It's always raining in London."

He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.

Viņš viņai visu laiku piesienas un viņi nepārtraukti strīdas.

to inundate

applūdināt

She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.

conundrum

mīkla

He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.

to adapt

pielāgot

We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..

Mēs varam lietot tagadnes turpināmo laiku, lai *runātu par pagātni*: *Stāstot stāstu vai apkopojot grāmatu, filmu vai izrādi.*

The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.

Kādā dienā es vienkārši gāju pa ielu, kad pēkšņi man pienāca klāt kāds vīrietis un lūdza aizdot naudu.

Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …

Nu, viņš nes lielu nūju un izskatās nedaudz bīstams, tāpēc es domāju, ko darīt...

Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …

Harijs Poters ir Cūkkārpas skolas audzēknis. Kādu dienu, spēlējot kalambolu, viņš debesīs ierauga dīvainu objektu. Viņš prāto, kas notiek...

Tagad ir pienācis laiks *uzlabot tagadni!* Mēs to veidojam ar *priekšmetu + have/has + pagātnes divdabis.* "I have intoruduced myself." Mēs to lietojam, lai runātu par lietām, kas *notikušas pagātnē, bet ietekmē tagadni* un, iespējams, var turpināties nākotnē.

I have never caught a glimpse of that.

Es nekad neesmu to redzējis.

They have been pronounced husband and wife.

Viņi tika pasludināti par vīru un sievu.

I have had my share of ups and downs.

Man ir bijuši gan kāpumi, gan kritumi.

I've just published this research I've carried out.

Es tikko publicēju šo pētījumu, ko esmu veicis.

I haven't given up on him yet.

Es vēl neesmu atmetis viņam ar roku.

Aplūkosim *atšķirību starp jēdzieniem gone to un been to:* devusies uz = persona joprojām ir prom been to = persona ir pieredzējusi šo vietu, bet jau ir atgriezusies".

She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.

Viņa ir aizbraukusi uz Beļģiju. Viņai vajadzētu atgriezties decembrī.

He has been to many exquisite places.

Viņš ir apmeklējis daudzas brīnišķīgas vietas.

voracious

negausīgs

She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.

to suggest

ieteikt

I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.

Tagad visu iemīļotais *tagadnes pabeigtā turpinājums.* Mēs to veidojam, izmantojot *priekšmetu + have/has been + -ing* Mēs parasti to lietojam, lai uzsvērtu, ka kaut kas *joprojām turpinās tagadnē.* Ar šo gramatisko laiku mēs lietojam tikai dinamiskos darbības vārdus.

She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.

Kopš 1995. gada viņa dzīvo savdabīgajā Āfrikā.

I have been painting on this canvas all morning.

Es visu rītu esmu gleznojis uz šī audekla.

She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.

Viņa ir visa nosvīdusi. Viņa kāpa tajā ozolā.

They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.

Viņi ir nozāģējuši šīs bojātās priedes.

Starp citu, *tagadnes laiku mēs varam lietot arī nākotnei.* Tur, kur mēs parasti lietojam tagadnes vienkāršo laiku, jūs varat parādīt savas lieliskās angļu valodas prasmes un tā vietā lietot tagadnes pilnā laiku: "We will begin when everyone arrives." vs "We will gegin when everyone has arrived."

I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.

Es turpināšu meklēt, līdz būšu atradis savu grāmatu.

I will not stop until I have become the best leader.

Es neapstāšos, līdz nebūšu kļuvis par labāko līderi.

ineffable

neizsakāms

By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.

resilient

izturīgs

By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.

anticipate

paredzēt

By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.

Mēs esam pārbaudījuši tagadnes laikus, tagad ir laiks *vienkāršajam pagātnes laikam.* Mēs to izmantojam, lai runātu par: - kaut ko, kas *notika pagātnē* - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week." - kaut ko, kas *notika vairākas reizes pagātnē* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him." - kaut ko, kas *bija patiess kādu laiku pagātnē* - "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts." - mēs izmantojam izteicienu *ago* pagātnē - "I met my wife 30 years ago." Vienkāršajā pagātnes laikā mēs parasti pievienojam *-ed darbības vārdiem*. Bet ir *neregulāri darbības vārdi*, kuriem nepieciešams papildu laiks, lai tos apgūtu. Sāksim ar tiem, kas atšķiras visās trīs formās:

to bear (bore, borne)

panest

to blow (blew, blown)

pūst

The strong wind blew the papers off the table.

to be (was/were, been)

būt (bija, bijis)

She was the top performer in last night's talent show.

to shake (shook, shaken)

trīcēt

She shook the rug to remove the dust.

to shrink (shrank, shrunk)

sarauties

The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.

to tear (tore, torn)

saplēst

I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.

Tagad sniegsim dažus piemērus ar tiem *neregulārajiem darbības vārdiem, kuriem pagātnes un pagātnes divdabja formas ir vienādas:*

to creep (crept, crept)

ložņāt

I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.

to cling (clung, clung)

turēties

The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.

to mean (meant, meant)

domāt, nozīmēt, paredzēt

I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.

to seek (sought, sought)

meklēt

She sought help from her friends.

to spin (span/spun, spun)

griezties

The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.

to sting (stung, stung)

dzelt

The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.

to breed (bred, bred)

vairoties

The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.

to light (lit, lit)

iedegt

She lit the candles before the guests arrived.

to sweep (swept, swept)

slaucīt

She swept the leaves from the driveway.

to shoot (shot, shot)

šaut (šāva, šāvis)

The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.

Tad mums ir arī visas *3 formas nemainītas:*

to upset (upset, upset)

sarūgtināt

The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.

to bid (bid, bid)

atvadīties

She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.

Daudzi cilvēki jauc pagātnes laiku un divdabja divdabja formu darbības vārdos *to lie (melot), to lie (gulēt uz virsmas) un to lay (gulēt):*

to lie (lied, lied)

melot

He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.

to lie on a surface (lay, lain)

gulēt uz virsmas

The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.

to lay (laid, laid)

nolikt

She laid the baby down in the crib.

Daudzi cilvēki aizmirst, ka mēs varam lietot pagātnes vienkāršo formu, ja runājam par tagadni vai nākotni hipotēzēs (kad kaut ko iztēlojaties). "Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"

Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?

Iedomājieties, ka esat uzgājuši senu artefaktu. Cik ļoti jūs mulsinātu tā izcelsme?

Tagad mēs atsvaidzināsim laiku, kas nav pārāk bieži lietots. Bet tas bieži parādās testos, un jūs varat ar to sastapties arī reālajā dzīvē! Mēs izmantojam *past perfect simple (had + past participle)*, lai runātu par *laiku līdz noteiktam punktam pagātnē:* "She had published her first book by the time she was ten." Mēs to izmantojam arī *lai parādītu divu pagātnes notikumu secību.* Past perfect parāda agrāko darbību, un past simple - vēlāk notikušo darbību: "When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries." "Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series." Mēs bieži izmantojam *already, still, just, ever, or never* ar šo laiku. "She was the most astonishing woman I had ever seen."

to scurry

steigties

By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.

to snuggle

pieglausties

The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.

to neglect

nevērīgi izturēties

She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.

By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.

Brīdī, kad sākās gala eksāmens, atkārtojamā materiāla apjoms studentus jau bija pārņēmis.

to testify

liecināt

The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.

Mēs lietojam *past perfect continuous* kaut kam, kas *sākās pagātnē un turpinājās līdz noteiktam laikam:* "When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years." vai kaut kam, kas *notika vairākas reizes pirms noteikta laika pagātnē un turpinājās pēc šī laika:* "He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager." vai kad mēs *ziņojam par savu pieredzi līdz noteiktam laikam pagātnē:* "My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had." un tāpat kā ar present perfect mēs lietojam *for and since* ar past perfect.

She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.

Viņa mēnešiem ilgi bija strādājusi nenogurstoši, cerot, ka viņas pūles galu galā dos ievērojamus rezultātus.

to regard

uzskatīt

He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.

to sneak

izslīdēt

They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.

to meddle

jaukties

She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.

Tagad pievērsīsimies laikam, ko sauc par *nākotnes nepārtraukto (will/won't be + -ing).* Mēs to izmantojam, lai runātu par *nākotnes darbībām, kas notiks noteiktā laikā nākotnē:* "Kad tu atnāksi mājās, es iekāpšu lidmašīnā." Vai kaut ko, ko mēs redzam kā *jaunu, atšķirīgu vai pagaidu:* "Šodien mēs braucam ar autobusu, bet nākamnedēļ mēs brauksim ar vilcienu."

to extort

izspiest

The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.

to falter

vilcināties

The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.

to gauge

izmērīt

The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.

to grapple

cīnīties

The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.

The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.

Būvdarbi uz galvenā ceļa traucēs satiksmes plūsmu nākamās pāris nedēļas.

Nākotnei mēs arī izmantojam *nākotnes perfektu (will/won't have + pagātnes divdabis).* Šo laiku izmantojam, kad runājam par kaut ko, kas *tiks pabeigts pirms noteikta laika nākotnē.{ "Vai tu būsi aizgājis gulēt, kad es atgriezīšos?" Mēs varam izmantot tādas frāzes kā *by* vai *by the time* (kādā brīdī pirms), *in* vai *in a day's time/in two months' time/in five years' time* (perioda beigās), lai norādītu laika periodu, kurā darbība tiks pabeigta. "Līdz laikam, kad es pabeigšu šo kursu, es būšu atkārtojis visus angļu valodas laikus." "Pēc trim gadiem es būšu absolvējis universitāti."

to inhibit

inhibēt

By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.

to lack

trūkt

By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.

to magnify

palielināt

The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.

to laugh

smieties

By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.

By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.

Līdz gada beigām uzņēmums būs atteicies no savas novecojušās politikas par labu inovatīvākām praksēm.

to outline

izklāstīt

By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.

Tagad esam *pārskatījuši visus angļu valodas laikus.* Tomēr mēs neesam pārskatījuši to, kā tos kombinēt noteiktās situācijās...*ar zināmiem nosacījumiem.* Es domāju, ka jūs saprotat, kur es eju. Tagad mēs pārskatīsim *apstākļa vārdus,* jo daudzi cilvēki tajos pieļauj kļūdas. Deru derēt, ka jūs nevēlaties zaudēt šos dārgos punktus eksāmenā, tāpēc ķersimies pie darba!

Practice makes perfect!

Atkārtošana ir zināšanu māte!

Angļu valodā ir *4 galvenie nosacījuma veidi: nulle, pirmais, otrais un trešais*... un tad ir arī *jauktie nosacījumi*, bet vispirms pārskatīsim tos 'vieglos'. Nosacījumi apraksta *noteikta nosacījuma rezultātu.* *Ja teikums* norāda *nosacījumu* un *galvenais teikums* norāda *rezultātu*. "If you study hard, you will pass the exam." Teikumu kārtība nemaina nozīmi. Bet uzmanieties no pieturzīmēm!

If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!

Ja es pabeigšu šo kursu, es būšu gatavs IELTS eksāmenam!

Nulles nosacījums ir tikai *uz faktiem balstīts.* *Abās pusēs* ir *tagadnes vienkāršais* laiks: "If you freeze water, it becomes solid." *Uzmanieties no interpunkcijas!* Mēs to lietojam *pēc* teikuma ja, bet ne pirms tā! "Water becomes solid if you freeze it."

to bestow

piešķirt

If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.

to betray

nodot

If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.

You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.

Jūs novēršat daudzas izplatītas problēmas, ja ievērojat pareizās vadlīnijas.

to confess

atzīties

If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.

to confine

ierobežot

If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.

*Pirmais nosacījuma* veids tiek lietots *nākotnes situācijām, kuras mēs uzskatām par iespējamām:* "If it rains, we will stay at home." *Ja/kā kad + tagadnes vienkāršā forma, būs + nenoteiksme* Jūs varat sastapties arī ar tādiem lietojumiem kā *unless, as long as, as soon as* vai *in case*, nevis *if*. "I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives." "I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect." "I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry." "You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."

to deplore

nosodīt

If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.

to invoke

izsaukt

If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.

If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.

Ja neizturēsities pret mehānismu uzmanīgi, tas var jūs sakropļot.

to grab

satvert

If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.

*Otrā kondicionāle* tiek izmantota neiespējamām situācijām, kas ir *maz ticamas:* "If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog." Struktūra: *if teikums + pagātnes vienkāršā forma, would + nenoteiksme* Kad *if seko darbības vārds be*, ir gramatiski pareizi to lietot kā *were*: "if I were, if she were." Tādā veidā mēs varam izteikt, ka ir *iespēja noteiktos apstākļos*, un tas nāk no senangļu valodas. Tomēr, jūs bieži varat lietot un dzirdēt *if she/he was*, un tas arī ir *pareizi*. "I wouldn't do that if I were you." "If she was president, she would invest in education more." "If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."

If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.

Ja es būtu tik veikls kā vingrotājs, es pievienotos akrobātikas komandai.

to salivate

siekaloties

If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.

to staple

sastiprināt ar skavotāju

If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.

to summarize

kopsavilkumā

If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.

Tagad tas kļūst reāli vai varbūt...sirreāli? Iedziļināsimies *trešajā nosacījumā*. To izmanto, lai *iedomātos citu pagātni*. Parasti, kad mēs *nožēlojam* kaut ko vai vēlamies *mainīt pagātni*...bet tas ir *neiespējami*. "If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have to study as much." Struktūra: *if + past perfect, would have + past participle*

If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.

Ja viņa būtu izspraukusies cauri šaurajai spraugai, viņa būtu paspējusi sasniegt izeju laikā.

to suppress

apspiest

If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.

to tweak

pielāgot

If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.

to digest

sagremot

If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.

to evaluate

izvērtēt

If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.

Un tagad 'pēdējais boss'. Jā, jūs uzminējāt...*jauktie nosacījumi*. Mēs varam tos izmantot, kad iedomājamies *pagātnes izmaiņas ar rezultātu tagadnē vai tagadnes izmaiņas ar rezultātu pagātnē*. Vai jums šķiet, ka tam nav jēgas? Apskatīsim dažus piemērus: "If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner." Šajā gadījumā mēs iedomājamies, kā izmaiņas pagātnē ietekmētu tagadni. Struktūra: *if + past perfect, would + infinitive* "It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday." Šeit runātājs skaidro, kā izmaiņas pašreizējā situācijā ietekmētu izmaiņas pagātnē. Struktūra: *if + past simple, would have + past participle*

hawk

vanags

If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.

arduous

grūts

If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.

If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.

Ja viņš būtu bijis rūpīgāks savā darbā, viņš šobrīd varētu baudīt paaugstinājumu.

If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.

Ja viņa būtu aktīvāka, viņas panākumi būtu bijuši atkarīgi no viņas smagā darba un mērķtiecības.

vibrant

enerģisks

If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.

Šis ir šī kursa *beigas*! Es ceru, ka tas jums palīdzēja! *Veiksmi IELTS!!!*

Break a leg!

Lai veicas!

I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!