IELTS - Pripravljalni tečajAngleške besede
by DuoCards
*Dobrodošli na tečaju IELTS Mastery Course!*
Obravnavali bomo *ključno besedišče, slovnične čase, nasvete in trike za* doseganje visokih rezultatov. Tečaj se začne z *govorjenjem in pisanjem*, pri čemer se osredotočimo na *pogoste napake*, sledi *pregled časov* in *novega besedišča.* Slovnica se začne enostavno in postaja vse bolj napredna.
*Začnimo z govornim delom.💭*
Predstavljajte si ga kot pogovor - poskušajte ostati sproščeni in naravni.
Najbolje je, da se izogibate na pamet naučenim odgovorom, saj to izpraševalci običajno lahko ugotovijo.
Poskusite vsak dan malo govoriti, tudi če je to samo s seboj ali z umetno inteligenco - to res naredi razliko!
Pripravili smo nekaj priročnih fraz, ki jih lahko uporabite za bolj tekoče govorjenje. Pazite le, da z njimi ne pretiravate - ključno je ravnovesje.
*Veliko sreče!*
Let's roll!
Pa začnimo!
When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!
to kick things off
za začetek
To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.
on the flip side
po drugi strani
I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.
it goes without saying
seveda se razume samo po sebi
It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.
to sum up
če povzamemo
To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.
to put it differently
povedano drugače
To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.
in a nutshell
na kratko
To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.
to draw a parallel
potegniti vzporednico
To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.
to play a crucial role in
igrati ključno vlogo pri
Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.
to put it simply
povedano preprosto
To put it simply, the project was a failure.
to delve deeper into this
se poglobiti v to vprašanje
To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.
Naloga 1 je bolj *uvodna*. V nalogi 2 morate *izraziti svoje misli* in morda *občutke*.
Poglejmo, katere besedne zveze lahko uporabite:
in my opinion
po mojem mnenju
In my opinion, this movie is really good.
on one hand, on the other hand
po eni strani, po drugi strani
On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.
I firmly believe that
Trdno verjamem, da
I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.
as far as I'm concerned
kar se mene tiče
As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.
for instance
na primer
I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.
an emerging trend is
nov trend je
An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.
it's worth noting that
velja omeniti, da
It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.
striking a balance between
doseganje ravnovesja med
Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.
Zdaj, v tretjem delu govornega testa, morate biti sposobni *govoriti o abstraktnih idejah*. Za to lahko uporabite *figurativni jezik in idiome*, da navdušite svoje izpraševalce. Vendar uporabite le tiste, ki jih resnično poznate, saj bo napaka povzročila več odbitih točk.
down in the dumps
na tleh
I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.
over the moon
v sedmih nebesih
I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.
lose track of time
izgubiti občutek za čas
I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.
look on the bright side
poglej s svetle plati
I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.
not my cup of tea
ni po mojem okusu
I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.
*Odlično delo!* Naučili ste se večino pogostih govornih fraz.
Da bi to nadgradili, vam bom dal še nekaj dodatnih, s katerimi boste izboljšali svojo *skladnost in komunikacijske spretnosti* pri vseh govornih nalogah.
*Ne pozabite jih načrtno vaditi, dokler ne postanejo vaša druga narava ^^*
I couldn't agree more
Ne bi se mogel bolj strinjati
I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.
to wrap things up
za konec
I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.
building on that
na podlagi tega
Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.
to be well-off
biti premožen
My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.
to be fed up
imeti dovolj
I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.
a hot potato
vroč krompir
The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.
in my personal experience
po mojih osebnih izkušnjah
In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.
in light of these considerations
v luči teh premislekov
In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.
to twist someone's arm
nekoga prisiliti
She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.
without a shadow of doubt
brez sence dvoma
Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.
Še nekaj: pri govorjenju je zelo pomembno, da uporabljate *varovalni* jezik.
Za *izražanje negotovosti* v govoru lahko uporabite varovalne izraze.
"It could be..."
"This might be..."
Pazite se močnih trditev in izjav o občutljivih temah. Uporabljajte varovalne izraze, da bo vaš govor bolj tekoč in občutljiv.
It might well be that...
Lahko se zgodi, da...
It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..
I am not sure but...
Nisem prepričan, ampak...
I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.
As it seems that...
Kot kaže, da...
As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.
It might look...
Lahko bi bilo videti ...
It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.
Zdaj moramo obravnavati *najpogostejše napake pri pisanju*.
Pri pisanju lahko naletite na *stolpčne grafe* (grafe, diagrame in karte), ki jih boste morali opisati. Mnogi ljudje ne vedo, kako to storiti, in po nepotrebnem izgubljajo točke. *To ne boste vi!*
Tukaj je nekaj besedišča, ki vam bo pomagalo opraviti vaše pisne naloge.
pie chart
tortni grafikon
A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.
line graph
črtni grafikon
The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.
bar graph
stolpčni grafikon
The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.
bar chart
stolpčni grafikon
A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.
to compare
primerjati
The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.
to imply
namigniti
The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.
to indicate
nakazati
The data indicated a decrease in sales.
similar
podoben
The two graphs are very similar.
to illustrate
ponazoriti
The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.
to depict
upodobiti
The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.
from the graph it is clear
iz grafa je razvidno
From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.
Nasvet: če želite to napisati: *%* z besedami.
Pravilen način je *odstotkov*
per cent
odstotek
10 per cent increase
Pri pisanju poskušajte biti čim bolj *koherentni*. Za vsako novo idejo začnite nov odstavek.
Vedno dvakrat preverite pravopis in slovnico. *Na vprašanje odgovorite v celoti*. Ne pišite o stvareh, o katerih želite pisati, ali le delno odgovorite na vprašanje.
Pišite o tem, kar se od vas zahteva.
Dal vam bom tudi *nekaj nasvetov o ločilih,* saj jih veliko ljudi ne zna pravilno uporabljati.
Angleško *ločilo* je drugačno in včasih *lahko reši življenje!*
"Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children."
Ali vidite, kaj imam v mislih?
Pred neposrednim govorom uporabljamo tudi vejice.
"She said, 'hurry up'!"
Prav tako moramo vedno uporabljati vejice za besednimi zvezami, kot so vendar, kljub temu, če sem iskren itd.
however
vendar
She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.
nevertheless
vendarle
I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.
to be honest
če sem iskren
To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
firstly
najprej
Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.
first of all
najprej
First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.
moreover
poleg tega
The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.
furthermore
poleg tega
I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.
conversely
nasprotno
Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.
*Kadar govorimo o več stvareh, lahko uporabljamo vejico, vendar nam je ni treba*.
"I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol." proti "I love cats, dogs and horses."
Včasih pa *je lahko nekoliko zmedeno,* če vejice ne dodamo:
"I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson."
Bill Gates in Pamela Anderson žal nista moja starša. Zato je tudi med njima bolje uporabiti vejico.
to adhere
oprijeti se
The tape adheres well to the wall.
antiquity
antika
In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.
conscious
pri zavesti
She was conscious throughout the surgery.
faulty
pomanjkljiv
The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.
Končno vprašanje: *Kdaj uporabiti vejico med pridevniki?*
Vejice uporabljamo med pridevniki, če lahko namesto njih uporabimo *in*:
"He is a nice and friendly man" -> "He is nice, friendly man."
Ampak, *če ne moremo uporabiti in med njimi, potem ni vejice*:
"I adore delicious French croissants."
Tukaj ne bi imelo smisla reči delicious and French croissants.
scrumptious
slasten
She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.
to purchase something
nekaj kupiti
I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.
previous
prejšnji
The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.
to attend
udeležiti se
I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.
*Na splošno ne uporabljajte vejic pred ampak/in.*
"I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks."
Ampak lahko uporabimo vejico *v primeru, da želite narediti premor*. V tem primeru morate na podlagi intuicije ugotoviti, kam postaviti vejico.
"My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them."
Vejico uporabljamo tudi *ko spremenimo predmet stavka*:
"My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her."
Prav tako, če *začnete s podredno klavzulo*, morate uporabiti vejico, vendar smo o tem že govorili pri pogojnikih.
"If you have time, call me."
to elucidate
pojasniti
Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.
to lament
tožiti
He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.
inexhorable
neizprosen
The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.
ephemeral
minljivost
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
*Čestitke! Uspelo vam je opraviti praktični del. Zdaj je čas za slovnico!*
Začeli bomo *s sedanjikom,* ki je najosnovnejša slovnica, vendar tudi napredni učenci angleščine še vedno delajo *napake v 3. osebi ednine ali v vprašanjih*, zato poskusite vsaj malo popraviti.
Sedanji čas enostavnega stavka uporabljamo za:
stvari, ki so *resnične v sedanjosti*: "I like ice cream"
nekaj, kar se dogaja *redno*: "I play tennis every Sunday"
nekaj, kar je *vedno res:* "Water boils at 100 degrees"
to suffer
trpeti
He suffers from anxiety and depression.
The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.
Stalno naraščanje gostote mestnega prebivalstva znatno povečuje povpraševanje po infrastrukturi javnega prevoza.
to not mind doing something
ne biti proti čemu
I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.
to research
raziskovati
I need to do some research for my history paper.
to be keen on
zanimati se za
She is keen on learning new languages.
unless
razen če
I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.
*Pazite na 3. osebo ednine!* Izpraševalci vam bodo odšteli točke, če jo boste izpustili.
he, she, it - ima rad, želi, počne...
Kadar govorimo o živalih, uporabljamo it.
Spol pri živalih lahko uporabljamo le, če imamo z njimi dober odnos. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!"
Pri večbesednih osebah bodite previdni: "My mother and I are ..."
The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.
Napreden premaz učinkovito ščiti vesoljsko plovilo pred škodljivim kozmičnim sevanjem.
to rotate
vrteti
The Earth rotates on its axis.
John and I are orphans.
John in jaz sva sirote.
to reflect
odražati
His behaviour reflects his true self.
to alleviate
ublažiti
The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.
*Vprašanja:*
V vprašanjih uporabljamo *do/does*: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?"
Uporabljamo ga tudi *v vprašalnih besedah*: "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?"
*Vprašanja s kdo ne uporabljajo do/does*: "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"
species
vrsta
Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?
What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?
Katera vrsta insekticida je najučinkovitejša proti listnim ušem?
vast
ogromen
What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?
swarm
roj
What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?
proliferation
proliferacija
How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?
to refute
izpodbiti
How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?
*Negatives:*
V govoru lahko uporabljamo okrajšave; vendar pa *v formalnih e-poštah ali esejih moramo uporabljati dolgo obliko.*
do not (dolga oblika) = don't (kratka oblika): "I don't like fast food."
does not = doesn't: "She doesn't want to come."
to rival
tekmovati
The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.
to amplify
ojačati
The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.
male
moški
He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.
ostentatious
razmeten
He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.
Nadaljujmo s *sedanjik trajni!*
Vedno potrebujemo sedanjik glagola *be and the -ing* na koncu glagola.
Uporabljamo ga za govorjenje o:
Dejavnostih, ki se dogajajo *v trenutku govora.*
to generate
generirati
The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.
to become
postati
The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.
to outlast
preživeti
He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.
ubiquitous
vseprisoten
Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.
Ampak sedanjik trajni uporabljamo tudi za *prihodnje načrte in dogovore.*
Ko vemo, da je nekaj *'100% načrtovano' v prihodnosti.*
Nekdo pravi 90%, nekdo 99%... Upam si reči 100%, razen če se zgodi kaj tragičnega.
to hunt
loviti
They are going hunting next weekend.
Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.
Naslednji teden pripravljamo komplete za preživetje za taborjenje.
to harm
poškodovati
She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.
among
med
Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.
*S stativnimi glagoli ne uporabljamo kontinuuma.*
Stavčni glagoli mišljenja in čustvovanja: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish"
Stavčni glagoli čutenja: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste"
In drugi stativni glagoli: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"
to prefer
preferirati
She prefers tea to coffee.
to suppose
predpostavljati
I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.
to owe
dolgovati
I owe you an explanation for my behavior.
to belong
pripadati
These books belong to the library.
Sedanji čas uporabljamo tudi za govorjenje o nečem, kar *se dogaja pred in po določenem času:*
"At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast."
With something which *we think is temporary.*
"Michael is at university. He's studying history."
Pri nečem, kar je *novo in je v nasprotju s prejšnjim stanjem.*
"These days most people are using email instead of writing letters."
pri nečem, kar *se spreminja, raste ali razvija.*
"The children are growing up quickly."
Michael is at university. He's studying history.
Michael je na univerzi. Študira zgodovino.
to roar
rjuti
The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.
gullible
naiven
Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.
to persuade
prepričati
I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.
Sedanji čas se uporablja tudi za nekaj, kar *se ponavlja in ponavlja (večinoma z negativno konotacijo - običajno uporabljamo 'vedno'):*
"V Londonu vedno dežuje."
He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.
Nenehno se spravlja nanjo in ves čas se prepirata.
to inundate
poplaviti
She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.
conundrum
uganka
He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.
to adapt
prilagoditi
We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..
Kadar *govorimo o preteklosti*, lahko uporabimo sedanji čas, ko smo:
*Pripovedujemo zgodbo ali povzemamo knjigo, film ali igro.*
The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.
Zadnjič sem se kar tako sprehajal po ulici, ko je nenadoma do mene stopil moški in me prosil, če mu lahko posodim nekaj denarja.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
No, nosi veliko palico in je videti nekoliko nevaren, zato razmišljam, kaj naj storim ...
Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …
Harry Potter je učenec na bradavičarski šoli. Nekega dne, ko igra quidditch, na nebu zagleda nenavaden predmet. Sprašuje se, kaj se dogaja ...
Zdaj je čas za *sedanjost!*
Razlagamo ga s *predmetom + have/has + pretekli deležnik.*
"I have intoruduced myself."
Uporabljamo ga, kadar govorimo o stvareh, ki *so se zgodile v preteklosti, vendar vplivajo na sedanjost* in se morda lahko nadaljujejo v prihodnost.
I have never caught a glimpse of that.
Tega nisem nikoli niti ošvrknil s pogledom.
They have been pronounced husband and wife.
Razglasili so ju za moža in ženo.
I have had my share of ups and downs.
Imel sem svoj delež vzponov in padcev.
I've just published this research I've carried out.
Pravkar sem objavil to raziskavo, ki sem jo izvedel.
I haven't given up on him yet.
Še nisem obupal nad njim.
Oglejmo si *razliko med pojma gone to in been to:*
gone to = oseba je še vedno odsotna
been to = oseba je doživela izkušnjo s tega kraja, vendar se je že vrnila."
She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.
Odšla je v Belgijo. Vrniti bi se morala decembra.
He has been to many exquisite places.
Obiskal je veliko čudovitih krajev.
voracious
požrešen
She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.
to suggest
predlagati
I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.
Zdaj je vsem najljubši *present perfect continuous.*
Oblikujemo ga z uporabo *subject + have/has been + -ing*
Običajno ga uporabljamo za poudarjanje, da se nekaj *še vedno nadaljuje v sedanjosti.*
Pri tem slovničnem času uporabljamo samo dinamične glagole.
She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.
V muhasti Afriki živi že od leta 1995.
I have been painting on this canvas all morning.
Celo dopoldne sem slikal na to platno.
She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.
Vsa je prepocena. Plezala je po tistem hrastu.
They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.
Te poškodovane bore so podirali.
Mimogrede, *sedanji čas lahko uporabimo tudi za prihodnost.*
Tam, kjer bi običajno uporabili present simple, lahko pokažete svoje odlično znanje angleščine in namesto tega uporabite present perfect:
"We will begin when everyone arrives."
.
"We will gegin when everyone has arrived."
I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.
Iskal bom naprej, dokler ne bom našel svoje knjige.
I will not stop until I have become the best leader.
Ne bom se ustavil, dokler ne postanem najboljši vodja.
ineffable
neizrekljiv
By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.
resilient
prožen
By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.
anticipate
predvidevati
By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.
Preverili smo sedanje čase, zdaj je čas za *preteklik.* Uporabljamo ga za govorjenje o:
- nečem, kar se je *zgodilo v preteklosti* - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week."
- nečem, kar se je *večkrat zgodilo v preteklosti* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him."
- nečem, kar je *veljalo nekaj časa v preteklosti* - "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts."
- uporabljamo izraz *pred* v preteklosti - "I met my wife 30 years ago."
V pretekliku običajno dodamo *-ed glagolom*. Vendar obstajajo *nepravilni glagoli*, ki zahtevajo dodatno količino časa za obvladovanje.
Začnimo s tistimi, ki se razlikujejo v vseh treh oblikah:
to bear (bore, borne)
prenašati (prenesti)
to blow (blew, blown)
pihati
The strong wind blew the papers off the table.
to be (was/were, been)
biti (bil/bila, bil)
She was the top performer in last night's talent show.
to shake (shook, shaken)
tresti (stresti, tresel)
She shook the rug to remove the dust.
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
skrčiti se
The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.
to tear (tore, torn)
raztrgati
I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.
Zdaj pa navedimo še nekaj primerov teh *nepravilnih glagolov z enakimi oblikami v pretekliku in pretekliku:*
to creep (crept, crept)
plaziti se
I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.
to cling (clung, clung)
oklepati se
The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.
to mean (meant, meant)
nameravati
I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.
to seek (sought, sought)
iskati
She sought help from her friends.
to spin (span/spun, spun)
vrteti se
The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.
to sting (stung, stung)
pičiti (pičil, pičil)
The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.
to breed (bred, bred)
razmnoževati se
The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.
to light (lit, lit)
prižgati
She lit the candles before the guests arrived.
to sweep (swept, swept)
pomesti
She swept the leaves from the driveway.
to shoot (shot, shot)
streljati (ustreliti)
The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.
Potem imamo tudi vse *tri oblike nespremenjene:*
to upset (upset, upset)
vznemiriti
The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.
to bid (bid, bid)
posloviti se
She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.
Veliko ljudi zamenjuje pretekli čas in deležnik pri glagolih *to lie (lagati), to lie (ležati na površini) in to lay (ležati):*
to lie (lied, lied)
lagati
He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.
to lie on a surface (lay, lain)
ležati na površini
The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.
to lay (laid, laid)
položiti
She laid the baby down in the crib.
Veliko ljudi pozablja, da lahko v hipotezah (ko si nekaj predstavljamo) uporabljamo preteklik, kadar se nanašamo na sedanjost ali prihodnost.
"Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"
Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?
Predstavljajte si, da ste naleteli na starodaven artefakt. Kako zmedeni bi bili nad njegovim izvorom?
Zdaj bomo osvežili čas, ki ni preveč pogosto uporabljen. Vendar je pogosto na testih in lahko ga srečate tudi v resničnem življenju!
Uporabljamo *preteklik perfekt (had + pretekli deležnik)* za govorjenje o *času do določene točke v preteklosti:*
"She had published her first book by the time she was ten."
Uporabljamo ga tudi *za prikaz vrstnega reda dveh preteklih dogodkov.* Preteklik perfekt prikazuje zgodnejše dejanje, preteklik pa kasnejše dejanje:
"When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries."
"Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series."
Pogosto uporabljamo *že, še, ravno, kdaj, ali nikoli* s tem časom.
"She was the most astonishing woman I had ever seen."
to scurry
hiteti
By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.
to snuggle
stisniti se
The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.
to neglect
zanemariti
She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.
By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.
Ko se je začel zaključni izpit, je bila količina snovi za ponavljanje za študente že prevelika.
to testify
pričati
The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.
*Past Perfect Continuous* uporabljamo za nekaj, kar *se je začelo v preteklosti in je trajalo do določenega trenutka:*
"When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years."
ali za nekaj, kar *se je zgodilo večkrat pred določeno točko v preteklosti in se je nadaljevalo po tej točki:*
"He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager."
ali kadar *poročamo o svojih izkušnjah do določene točke v preteklosti:*
"My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had."
in tako kot pri sedanjiku uporabljamo tudi pri pretekliku *for in since*.
She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.
Mesce je neutrudno delala v upanju, da bo njen trud sčasoma obrodil pomembne rezultate.
to regard
obravnavati
He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.
to sneak
izmuzniti se
They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.
to meddle
vmešavati se
She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.
Zdaj se lotimo časa, ki se imenuje *prihodnji kontinuirani (will/won't be + -ing).*
Uporabljamo ga za govorjenje o *prihodnjih dejanjih, ki bodo v teku ob določenem času v prihodnosti:*
"When you come home, I'll be boarding a plane."
Ali nekaj, kar vidimo kot *novo, drugačno ali začasno:*
"Today we're taking the bus but next week we'll be taking the train."
to extort
izsiljevati
The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.
to falter
oklevati
The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.
to gauge
meriti
The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.
to grapple
spopadati se
The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.
The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.
Gradbena dela na glavni cesti bodo v naslednjih nekaj tednih ovirala prometni tok.
Za prihodnost uporabljamo tudi *preteklik prihodnjika (will/won't have + pretekli deležnik).* Ta čas uporabljamo, ko govorimo o nečem, kar *bo dokončano pred določenim časom v prihodnosti.{
"Will you have gone to bed when I get back?"
Lahko uporabljamo fraze kot so *by* ali *by the time* (nekje pred), *in* ali *in a day's time/in two months' time/in five years' time* (ob koncu obdobja), da določimo časovno obdobje, v katerem bo dejanje dokončano.
"By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses."
"In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."
to inhibit
zavirati
By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.
to lack
pogrešati
By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.
to magnify
povečati
The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.
to laugh
smejati se
By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.
By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.
Do konca leta bo podjetje opustilo svoje zastarele politike v korist bolj inovativnih praks.
to outline
orisati
By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.
*Pregledali smo vse angleške čase.* Nismo pa pregledali, kako jih kombinirati v določenih situacijah...*pod določenimi pogoji.*
Mislim, da lahko vidite, kam grem. Zdaj bomo pregledali *pogojnike,* saj pri njih veliko ljudi dela napake.
Stavim, da ne želite izgubiti teh dragocenih točk pri izpitu, zato se lotimo dela!
Practice makes perfect!
Vaja dela mojstra!
V angleščini obstajajo *4 glavni pogojniki: ničelni, prvi, drugi in tretji*... in potem so tu še *mešani pogojniki*, vendar najprej ponovimo tiste 'lahke'.
Pogojniki opisujejo *rezultat določenega pogoja.* *Če stavek* vam pove *pogoj* in *glavni stavek* vam pove *rezultat*.
"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Vrstni red stavkov ne spremeni pomena. Vendar bodite pozorni na ločila!
If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!
Če končam ta tečaj, bom pripravljen na izpit IELTS!
Ničelni pogoj je samo *temelji na dejstvih.* Na *obeh straneh* je *sedanji čas:*
"If you freeze water, it becomes solid."
*Pazite na ločila!* Uporabljamo jih *po* if stavku, vendar ne pred njim!
"Water becomes solid if you freeze it."
to bestow
podeliti
If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.
to betray
izdati
If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.
You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.
Izognete se številnim pogostim težavam, če upoštevate ustrezne smernice.
to confess
priznati
If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.
to confine
omejiti
If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.
*Prvi pogojnik* se uporablja za *prihodnje situacije, za katere verjamemo, da so možne:*
"If it rains, we will stay at home."
*če/ko stavek + sedanjik, will + nedoločnik*
Lahko naletite tudi na uporabe, kot so *razen če, dokler, takoj ko,* ali *za primer* namesto *če*.
"I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives."
"I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect."
"I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry."
"You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."
to deplore
obsojati
If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.
to invoke
prizvati
If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.
If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.
Če s stroji ne ravnate previdno, vas lahko pohabijo.
to grab
zagrabiti
If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.
*Drugi pogojnik* se uporablja za nemogoče situacije, ki so *malo verjetne:*
"If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog."
Struktura: *if stavek + preteklik, would + nedoločnik*
Ko je *if sledi glagolu be*, je slovnično pravilno uporabiti ga kot *were*: "if I were, if she were."
Na ta način lahko izrazimo, da obstaja *možnost pod določenim pogojem* in to izhaja iz stare angleščine.
Vendar pa lahko pogosto uporabljate in slišite *if she/he was* in je tudi *pravilno*.
"I wouldn't do that if I were you."
"If she was president, she would invest in education more."
"If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."
If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.
Če bi bil tako gibčen kot telovadec, bi se pridružil akrobatski ekipi.
to salivate
sliniti se
If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.
to staple
spenjati
If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.
to summarize
povzeti
If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.
Zdaj postaja resnično ali morda... nadrealistično? Pojdimo v *tretji pogojnik*. Uporablja se za *predstavljanje drugačne preteklosti*. Običajno, ko *obžalujemo* nekaj ali bi radi *spremenili preteklost*... vendar to *ni mogoče*.
"Če bi bil bolj pozoren, mi ne bi bilo treba toliko študirati."
Struktura: *if + past perfect, would have + past participle*
If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.
Če bi se prerila skozi ozko vrzel, bi pravočasno dosegla izhod.
to suppress
zatreti
If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.
to tweak
izpiliti
If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.
to digest
prebaviti
If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.
to evaluate
oceniti
If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.
In zdaj 'končni šef'. Da, uganili ste...*mešani pogojni stavki*.
Lahko jih uporabimo, ko si predstavljamo *spremembo v preteklosti z rezultatom v sedanjosti ali spremembo v sedanjosti z rezultatom v preteklosti*.
Se vam zdi, da to nima smisla? Poglejmo nekaj primerov:
"If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner."
V tem primeru si predstavljamo, kako bi sprememba v preteklosti vplivala na sedanjost.
Struktura: *if + past perfect, would + infinitive*
"It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday."
Tukaj govorec pojasnjuje, kako bi sprememba v trenutni situaciji vplivala na spremembo v preteklosti.
Struktura: *if + past simple, would have + past participle*
hawk
skobec
If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.
arduous
naporen
If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.
If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.
Če bi bil pri svojem delu bolj natančen, bi se prav zdaj lahko veselil napredovanja.
If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.
Če bi bila bolj proaktivna, bi bil njen uspeh odvisen od njenega trdega dela in predanosti.
vibrant
živahno
If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.
To je *konec* tečaja! Upam, da vam je to pomagalo!
*Veliko sreče pri IELTS!!!*
Break a leg!
Srečno!
I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!