IELTS - Pripremni kursEngleske reči
by DuoCards
*Добродошли на IELTS курс за савладавање!*
Обрадићемо *кључни вокабулар, граматичка времена, савете и трикове* за високе резултате. Курс почиње *говором и писањем* , фокусирајући се на *уобичајене грешке* , након чега следи *преглед времена* и *нови вокабулар.* Граматика почиње лако и постаје напреднија.
*Хајде да почнемо са говорним делом.💭*
Замислите то као разговор - покушајте да останете опуштени и природни.
Најбоље је избегавати меморисане одговоре, што испитивачи обично могу да примете.
Покушајте да разговарате мало сваки дан, чак и ако је то само са собом или са вештачком интелигенцијом - то заиста прави разлику!
Саставили смо неколико корисних фраза које можете користити да бисте звучали течније. Само пазите да их не користите превише - равнотежа је кључна.
*Срећно! / Срећно! / Срећно* !
Let's roll!
Krenimo!
When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!
to kick things off
da započnemo
To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.
on the flip side
sa druge strane
I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.
it goes without saying
podrazumeva se
It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.
to sum up
da rezimiramo
To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.
to put it differently
drugim rečima
To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.
in a nutshell
ukratko
To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.
to draw a parallel
povući paralelu
To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.
to play a crucial role in
igrati ključnu ulogu u
Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.
to put it simply
jednostavno rečeno
To put it simply, the project was a failure.
to delve deeper into this
dublje se udubiti u ovo
To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.
Задатак 1 је више *уводни* . У задатку 2 треба да *изразите своје мисли* , а можда и *осећања* .
Хајде да видимо које фразе можете да користите:
in my opinion
po mom mišljenju
In my opinion, this movie is really good.
on one hand, on the other hand
s jedne strane, s druge strane
On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.
I firmly believe that
Čvrsto verujem da
I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.
as far as I'm concerned
što se mene tiče
As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.
for instance
na primer
I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.
an emerging trend is
novi trend je
An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.
it's worth noting that
vredi napomenuti da
It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.
striking a balance between
postizanje ravnoteže između
Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.
Сада, у трећем делу говорног теста, морате бити у стању да *говорите о апстрактним идејама* . За ово можете користити *фигуративни језик и идиоме* како бисте импресионирали своје испитиваче. Али користите само оне које заиста познајете, ако направите грешку, то ће резултирати више одузетих бодова.
down in the dumps
pao u očaj
I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.
over the moon
na sedmom nebu
I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.
lose track of time
izgubiti pojam o vremenu
I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.
look on the bright side
gledaj to sa vedrije strane
I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.
not my cup of tea
nije to po mom ukusu
I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.
*Одличан посао!* Научили сте најчешће говорне фразе.
Да бих се надовезао на то, даћу вам још неколико само да побољшате своју *кохерентност и комуникацијске вештине* у свим говорним задацима.
*Потрудите се да их намерно вежбате док то не постане ваша друга природа ^^*
I couldn't agree more
Ne bih mogao više da se složim
I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.
to wrap things up
za kraj
I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.
building on that
nadovezujući se na to
Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.
to be well-off
biti imućan
My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.
to be fed up
biti pun kofe
I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.
a hot potato
vruć krompir
The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.
in my personal experience
prema mom ličnom iskustvu
In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.
in light of these considerations
u svetlu ovih razmatranja
In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.
to twist someone's arm
ubediti nekoga
She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.
without a shadow of doubt
bez senke sumnje
Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.
Још једна ствар, у говору је веома важно користити језик *хеџинга* .
Можете користити изразе заштите да *бисте изразили несигурност* у свом говору.
"It could be..."
"This might be..."
Чувајте се јаких тврдњи и изјава о осетљивим темама. Користите ограде да би ваш говор био глаткији и осетљивији.
It might well be that...
Lako se može desiti da...
It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..
I am not sure but...
Nisam siguran, ali...
I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.
As it seems that...
Kako se čini da...
As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.
It might look...
Moglo bi da izgleda...
It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.
Сада морамо да се позабавимо *најчешћим грешкама у писању* .
У писању ћете можда наићи на *тракасте графиконе* (графиконе, дијаграме и дијаграме) које ћете морати да опишете. Многи људи не знају како и непотребно губе бодове. *То нећеш бити ти!*
Ево мало речника који ће вам помоћи да положите задатке писања.
pie chart
kružni dijagram
A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.
line graph
linijski grafikon
The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.
bar graph
stubični dijagram
The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.
bar chart
stubični dijagram
A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.
to compare
uporediti
The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.
to imply
nagovestiti
The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.
to indicate
nagovestiti
The data indicated a decrease in sales.
similar
sličan
The two graphs are very similar.
to illustrate
ilustrovati
The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.
to depict
prikazati
The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.
from the graph it is clear
sa grafikona je jasno
From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.
Само савет: ако желите да напишете ово: *%* речима.
Тачан начин је *проценат*
per cent
procenat
10 per cent increase
Покушајте да будете што *кохезивнији* у свом писању. Започните нови пасус за сваку нову идеју.
Увек проверите правопис и граматику. Молимо вас да *у потпуности одговорите на питање* . Немојте писати о стварима о којима желите да пишете или само делимично одговорите на питање.
Напишите шта се од вас тражи.
Такође ћу вам дати *неколико савета о интерпункцији* јер многи људи не знају како да их правилно користе.
Енглеска *интерпункција* је другачија и понекад *може спасити животе!*
"Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children."
Видите ли на шта мислим овде?
Користимо и зарезе испред директног говора.
"She said, 'hurry up'!"
Такође увек треба да користимо зарезе после фраза као што је међутим, ипак, да будемо искрени, итд.
however
međutim
She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.
nevertheless
ipak
I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.
to be honest
da budem iskren
To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
firstly
pre svega
Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.
first of all
pre svega
First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.
moreover
štaviše
The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.
furthermore
štaviše
I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.
conversely
nasuprot tome
Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.
*Можемо, али не морамо да користимо зарез док говоримо о више ствари* .
"I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol."вс "I love cats, dogs and horses."
Међутим, понекад *може бити мало збуњујуће* ако не додате зарез:
"I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson."
Нажалост, Бил Гејтс и Памела Андерсон нису моји родитељи. Због тога је и између њих боље користити зарез.
to adhere
prianjati
The tape adheres well to the wall.
antiquity
antika
In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.
conscious
svestan
She was conscious throughout the surgery.
faulty
neispravan
The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.
Последње питање: *Када треба користити зарез између придева?*
Користимо зарезе између придева ако можемо да користимо *и* уместо њега:
"He is a nice and friendly man"-> "He is nice, friendly man."
Али, *ако не можемо да користимо и између њих, онда нема зареза* :
"I adore delicious French croissants."
Овде не би имало смисла рећи укусне и француске кроасане.
scrumptious
ukusan
She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.
to purchase something
kupiti nešto
I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.
previous
prethodni
The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.
to attend
prisustvovati
I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.
*Генерално, немојте користити зарезе испред али/и.*
"I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks."
Али можемо користити зарез *у случају да желите да направите паузу* . У овом случају, морате да схватите где да ставите зарез на основу своје интуиције.
"My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them."
Такође користимо зарез *када променимо наслов реченице* :
"My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her."
Такође, ако *почнете са подређеном реченицом* , такође треба да користите зарез, али о томе смо већ говорили у кондиционалима.
"If you have time, call me."
to elucidate
razjasniti
Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.
to lament
jadikovati
He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.
inexhorable
neumoljiv
The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.
ephemeral
prolaznost
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
*Цонгратс! Успели сте кроз практични део. Сада је време за граматику!*
Почећемо *са садашњим једноставним* , то је најосновнија граматика, али чак и напредни ученици енглеског и даље праве *грешке у 3. лицу једнине или у питањима* , покушајте да бар мало ревидирате.
Користимо презент симпле за:
ствари које су *истините у садашњости* : "I like ice cream"
нешто што се *редовно* дешава: "I play tennis every Sunday"
нешто што је *увек тачно* : "Water boils at 100 degrees"
to suffer
patiti
He suffers from anxiety and depression.
The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.
Stalni porast gustine gradskog stanovništva značajno povećava potražnju za infrastrukturom javnog prevoza.
to not mind doing something
nemati ništa protiv da se nešto uradi
I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.
to research
istraživati
I need to do some research for my history paper.
to be keen on
biti zainteresovan za
She is keen on learning new languages.
unless
osim ako
I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.
*Чувајте се трећег лица једнине!* Испитивачи ће вам одузети бодове ако га пропустите.
он, она, оно - воли, жели, ради...
Када говоримо о животињама, ми то користимо.
Можемо користити род са животињама само ако имамо добар однос са њима. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!"
Будите опрезни са више људи: "My mother and I are ..."
The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.
Napredni premaz efikasno štiti svemirsku letelicu od štetnog kosmičkog zračenja.
to rotate
okretati
The Earth rotates on its axis.
John and I are orphans.
Džon i ja smo siročad.
to reflect
odraziti
His behaviour reflects his true self.
to alleviate
ublažiti
The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.
*питања:*
Користимо *уради/ради* у питањима: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?"
Такође га користимо *са упитним речима* : "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?"
*АЛИ! Питања са онима који не користе до/доес* : "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"
species
vrsta
Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?
What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?
Koja vrsta insekticida je najefikasnija protiv biljnih vaši?
vast
ogroman
What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?
swarm
roj
What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?
proliferation
proliferacija
How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?
to refute
opovrgnuti
How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?
*Негативне:*
У говору можемо користити контракције; међутим, *у формалним имејловима или есејима, морамо да користимо дугу форму.*
немојте (дужи облик) = немојте (кратки облик): "I don't like fast food."
не = не: "She doesn't want to come."
to rival
nadmetati se
The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.
to amplify
pojačati
The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.
male
muškarac
He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.
ostentatious
razmetljiv
He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.
Наставимо са *садашњим континуираним!*
Увек нам је потребно садашње време глагола *бити и -инг* на крају глагола.
Користимо га да разговарамо о:
Активности које се дешавају *у тренутку говора.*
to generate
generisati
The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.
to become
postati
The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.
to outlast
nadživeti
He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.
ubiquitous
sveprisutan
Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.
Али ми такође користимо садашњи континуирани за *будуће планове и аранжмане.*
Када знамо да је нешто *'100% планирано' у будућности.*
Неко каже 90%, неко 99%...Усуђујем се да кажем 100% осим ако се нешто трагично не догоди.
to hunt
loviti
They are going hunting next weekend.
Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.
Sledeće nedelje pripremamo komplete za preživljavanje za kampovanje.
to harm
oštetiti
She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.
among
među
Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.
*Не користимо континуирано са стативним глаголима.*
Стативни глаголи размишљања и осећања: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish"
Стативни глаголи чула: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste"
И други стативни глаголи: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"
to prefer
preferirati
She prefers tea to coffee.
to suppose
pretpostaviti
I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.
to owe
dugovati
I owe you an explanation for my behavior.
to belong
pripadati
These books belong to the library.
Такође користимо садашњи континуирани да говоримо о нечему што се *дешава пре и после одређеног времена:*
"At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast."
Са нечим што *мислимо да је привремено.*
"Michael is at university. He's studying history."
Са нечим што је *ново и што је у супротности са претходним стањем.*
"These days most people are using email instead of writing letters."
Са нечим што се *мења, расте или се развија.*
"The children are growing up quickly."
Michael is at university. He's studying history.
Majkl je na univerzitetu. Studira istoriju.
to roar
rikati
The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.
gullible
naivan
Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.
to persuade
ubediti
I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.
Садашњи континуирани се такође користи са нечим што *се дешава изнова и изнова (углавном са негативном конотацијом - обично користимо 'увек'):*
"It's always raining in London."
He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.
Stalno joj nalazi mane i neprestano se svađaju.
to inundate
poplaviti
She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.
conundrum
zagonetka
He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.
to adapt
prilagoditi
We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..
Садашњи континуирани можемо користити да *говоримо о прошлости* када смо:
*Причање приче или сумирање књиге, филма или представе.*
The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.
Pre neki dan sam išao ulicom kada mi je odjednom prišao neki čovek i zamolio me da mu pozajmim nešto novca.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
Pa, nosi veliki štap i izgleda pomalo opasno, pa se pitam šta da radim...
Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …
Hari Poter je učenik škole Hogvorts. Jednog dana, dok igra kvidič, ugleda neobičan objekat na nebu. Pita se šta se dešava...
Сада је време за *савршену садашњост!*
Ми га тумачимо са *субјектом + хаве/хас + прошли партицип.*
"I have intoruduced myself."
Користимо га да говоримо о стварима које *су се десиле у прошлости, али утичу на садашњост* и можда се могу наставити у будућности.
I have never caught a glimpse of that.
Nikada nisam ni bacio pogled na to.
They have been pronounced husband and wife.
Proglašeni su mužem i ženom.
I have had my share of ups and downs.
Imao sam svoj deo uspona i padova.
I've just published this research I've carried out.
Upravo sam objavio ovo istraživanje koje sam sproveo.
I haven't given up on him yet.
Još uvek nisam odustao od njega.
Хајде да погледамо *разлику између ишли и били:*
отишао у = особа је још увек одсутна
био на = особа има искуство са тог места, али се већ вратила"
She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.
Otišla je u Belgiju. Trebalo bi da se vrati u decembru.
He has been to many exquisite places.
Posetio je mnoga prelepa mesta.
voracious
proždrljiv
She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.
to suggest
predložiti
I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.
Сада свима омиљени *поклон савршени континуирани.*
Формирамо га користећи *субјекат + хаве/хас беен + -инг*
Обично ово користимо да нагласимо да се нешто *још увек наставља у садашњости.*
Користимо само динамичке глаголе са овим граматичким временом.
She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.
Ona živi u hirovitoj Africi od 1995. godine.
I have been painting on this canvas all morning.
Slikam na ovom platnu celo jutro.
She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.
Sva je oznojena. Penjala se na onaj hrast.
They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.
Sekli su ove oštećene borove.
Узгред, *садашњост савршену можемо користити и за будућност.*
Тамо где бисмо иначе користили пресент симпле, можете да покажете своје сјајне вештине енглеског и уместо тога користите пресент перфецт:
"We will begin when everyone arrives."
вс
"We will gegin when everyone has arrived."
I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.
Tražiću i dalje dok ne pronađem svoju knjigu.
I will not stop until I have become the best leader.
Neću stati dok ne postanem najbolji vođa.
ineffable
neizreciv
By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.
resilient
otporan
By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.
anticipate
predvideti
By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.
Проверили смо садашња времена, сада је време за *прошло једноставно.* Користимо га да разговарамо о:
- нешто што *се догодило у прошлости* - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week."
- нешто што *се десило неколико пута у прошлости* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him."
- нешто што *је било истина неко време у прошлости* - "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts."
- користимо израз *пре* у прошлости - "I met my wife 30 years ago."
У прошлом једноставном *глаголу обично додајемо -ед* . Али постоје *неправилни глаголи* којима је потребно додатно време за савладавање.
Почнимо са онима који се разликују у сва три облика:
to bear (bore, borne)
podnositi
to blow (blew, blown)
duvati
The strong wind blew the papers off the table.
to be (was/were, been)
biti (bio/bila/bilo, bio)
She was the top performer in last night's talent show.
to shake (shook, shaken)
tresti (tresao, tresen)
She shook the rug to remove the dust.
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
skupiti se
The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.
to tear (tore, torn)
poccepati
I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.
Хајде сада да наведемо неке примере оних *неправилних глагола са истим облицима у прошлом времену и глаголском прилогу:*
to creep (crept, crept)
šunjati se
I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.
to cling (clung, clung)
držati se
The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.
to mean (meant, meant)
nameravati
I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.
to seek (sought, sought)
tražiti
She sought help from her friends.
to spin (span/spun, spun)
vrteti se
The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.
to sting (stung, stung)
ubosti
The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.
to breed (bred, bred)
razmnožavati se
The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.
to light (lit, lit)
osvetliti
She lit the candles before the guests arrived.
to sweep (swept, swept)
čistiti metlom
She swept the leaves from the driveway.
to shoot (shot, shot)
pucati
The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.
Тада имамо и сва *3 облика непромењена:*
to upset (upset, upset)
uznemiriti
The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.
to bid (bid, bid)
oprostiti se
She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.
И многи људи бркају прошло време и партицип у глаголима *лагати (лагати), лагати (лежати на површини) и лежати (лежати):*
to lie (lied, lied)
lagati
He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.
to lie on a surface (lay, lain)
ležati na površini
The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.
to lay (laid, laid)
položiti
She laid the baby down in the crib.
Многи људи заборављају да можемо користити прошлост када говоримо о садашњости или будућности у хипотезама (када нешто замислите)
"Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"
Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?
Zamislite da ste naišli na drevni artefakt. Koliko biste bili zbunjeni njegovim poreklom?
Сада ћемо се осврнути на време које се не користи превише често. Али често је на тестовима и можете наићи на њега иу стварном животу!
Користимо *прошло савршено једноставно (хад + прошли партицип)* да говоримо о *времену до одређене тачке у прошлости:*
"She had published her first book by the time she was ten."
Такође га користимо *да прикажемо редослед два прошла догађаја.* Паст перфецт показује ранију радњу, а паст симпле каснију радњу:
"When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries."
"Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series."
Често користимо *већ, још, само, икада или никад* са овим временом.
"She was the most astonishing woman I had ever seen."
to scurry
žuriti
By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.
to snuggle
maziti se
The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.
to neglect
zanemariti
She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.
By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.
Do trenutka kada je počeo završni ispit, ogromna količina gradiva za obnavljanje već je bila preplavila studente.
to testify
svedočiti
The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.
Користимо *паст перфецт континуирано* за нешто што је *почело у прошлости и наставило се до одређеног тренутка:*
"When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years."
или за нешто што *се догодило неколико пута пре неке тачке у прошлости и наставило се након тога:*
"He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager."
или када *извештавамо о свом искуству до одређене тачке у прошлости:*
"My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had."
и баш као и са садашњим савршеним користимо *за и након* са прошлим савршеним.
She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.
Mesecima je neumorno radila, nadajući se da će njen trud na kraju doneti značajne rezultate.
to regard
smatrati
He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.
to sneak
prošunjati se
They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.
to meddle
mešati se
She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.
Хајде сада да пређемо на време које се зове *будући континуирани (ће/неће бити + -инг).*
Користимо га да говоримо о *будућим радњама које ће бити у току у одређено време у будућности:*
"When you come home, I'll be boarding a plane."
Или нешто што видимо као *ново, другачије или привремено:*
"Today we're taking the bus but next week we'll be taking the train."
to extort
uceniti
The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.
to falter
oklevati
The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.
to gauge
izmeriti
The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.
to grapple
boriti se
The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.
The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.
Radovi na glavnom putu će ometati protok saobraćaja tokom narednih nekoliko nedelja.
За будућност користимо и *футуре перфецт (хоће/неће имати + прошли партицип).* Ово време се користи када говоримо о нечему што *ће бити завршено пре одређеног времена у будућности.{101}
"Will you have gone to bed when I get back?"
Можемо користити фразе као што су* до *или* до времена *(у неком тренутку раније),* у *или* за један дан/за два месеца/за пет година* (на крају периода) да бисмо дали временски период у којим ће се радња завршити.
"By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses."
"In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."
to inhibit
inhibirati
By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.
to lack
nedostajati
By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.
to magnify
uveličati
The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.
to laugh
smejati se
By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.
By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.
Do kraja godine, kompanija će napustiti svoje zastarele politike u korist inovativnijih praksi.
to outline
ocrtati
By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.
Сада смо *ревидирали сва енглеска времена.* Међутим, нисмо ревидирали како да их комбинујемо у одређеним ситуацијама... *под неким условима.*
Претпостављам да видите куда идем. Сада ћемо ревидирати *кондиционале* јер многи људи праве грешке у њима.
Кладим се да не желите да изгубите те драгоцене поене на испиту, па хајдемо на посао!
Practice makes perfect!
Vežba čini savršenstvo!
У енглеском постоје *4 главна кондиционала: нула, први, други и трећи* ... а затим постоје и *мешовити кондиционали* , али хајде да прво ревидирамо оне „лаке“.
Услови описују *резултат одређеног услова.* *Клаузула иф* вам говори *услов* , а *главна клаузула* вам говори *резултат* .
"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Редослед клаузула не мења значење. Али пазите на интерпункцију!
If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!
Ako završim ovaj kurs, biću spreman za IELTS ispit!
Нулти услов је *заснован само на чињеницама.* На *обе стране* постоји *презентско просто* време:
"If you freeze water, it becomes solid."
*Чувајте се интерпункције!* Користимо је *после* клаузуле иф, али не пре ње!
"Water becomes solid if you freeze it."
to bestow
dodeliti
If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.
to betray
izdati
If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.
You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.
Izbeći ćete mnoge uobičajene probleme ako se pridržavate odgovarajućih smernica.
to confess
priznati
If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.
to confine
ograničiti
If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.
*Први услов* се користи за *будуће ситуације за које верујемо да су могуће:*
"If it rains, we will stay at home."
*иф/вхен клаузула + презент једноставно, воља + инфинитив*
Такође можете да налетите на употребе као *осим ако, све док, чим* или *у случају* уместо *ако* .
"I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives."
"I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect."
"I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry."
"You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."
to deplore
osuđivati
If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.
to invoke
prizvati
If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.
If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.
Ako ne rukujete pažljivo mašinerijom, mogla bi vas osakatiti.
to grab
zgrabiti
If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.
*Други услов* се користи за немогуће ситуације за које је *мало вероватно да ће се десити:*
"If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog."
Структура: *иф клаузула + прошло једноставно, би + инфинитив*
Када *ако иза њега стоји глагол бе* , граматички је исправно користити га као *што је било* : "if I were, if she were."
Овако можемо изразити да постоји *могућност под одређеним условом* и долази из старог енглеског.
Међутим, обично можете користити и чути *да ли је она/он био* и то је такође *тачно* .
"I wouldn't do that if I were you."
"If she was president, she would invest in education more."
"If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."
If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.
Da sam okretan kao gimnastičar, pridružio bih se akrobatskom timu.
to salivate
balaviti
If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.
to staple
heftati
If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.
to summarize
da rezimiram
If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.
Сада постаје стварно или можда... надреално? Уђимо у *трећи кондиционал* . Користи се за *замишљање другачије прошлости* . Обично када *жалимо* за нечим или бисмо желели да *променимо прошлост* ... али то *није могуће* .
"If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have to study as much."
Структура: *ако + прошло савршено, имало би + прошли партицип*
If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.
Da se provukla kroz uski prolaz, stigla bi do izlaza na vreme.
to suppress
suzbiti
If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.
to tweak
doterati
If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.
to digest
svariti
If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.
to evaluate
proceniti
If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.
А сада 'коначни шеф'. Да, погодили сте... *мешани кондиционали* .
Можемо их користити када замислимо *прошлу промену са резултатом у садашњости или садашњу промену са резултатом у прошлости* .
Да ли се осећате као да то нема смисла? Хајде да погледамо неке примере:
"If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner."
У овом случају замишљамо како би промена у прошлости резултирала садашњошћу.
Структура: *иф + паст перфецт, воулд + инфинитив*
"It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday."
Овде говорник објашњава како би промена садашње ситуације утицала на промену у прошлости.
Структура: *иф + паст симпле, воулд хаве + паст партиципле*
hawk
jastreb
If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.
arduous
naporan
If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.
If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.
Da je bio pedantniji u svom poslu, sada bi uživao u unapređenju.
If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.
Da je bila aktivnija, njen uspeh bi zavisio od njenog truda i posvećenosti.
vibrant
energičan
If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.
Ово је *крај* овог курса! Надам се да вам је ово помогло!
*Срећно са ИЕЛТС!!!*
Break a leg!
Srećno!
I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!