IELTS - Kozi ya maandaliziManeno ya Kiingereza
by DuoCards
*Karibu kwenye Kozi ya Umahiri ya IELTS!*
Tutashughulikia *msamiati muhimu, nyakati za sarufi, vidokezo na mbinu* za kupata alama za juu. Kozi huanza na *kuzungumza na kuandika* , kuzingatia *makosa ya kawaida* , ikifuatiwa na *mapitio ya nyakati* na *msamiati mpya.* Sarufi huanza kwa urahisi na kupata maendeleo zaidi.
*Wacha tuanze na sehemu ya kuongea.ðŸ’*
Ifikirie kama mazungumzo - jaribu kukaa tulivu na asili.
Ni bora kuepuka majibu ya kukariri, kama wachunguzi wanaweza kusema.
Jaribu kuongea kidogo kila siku, hata kama ni wewe mwenyewe au AI - inaleta tofauti sana!
Tumeweka pamoja baadhi ya vifungu vya maneno ambavyo unaweza kutumia ili kusikika kwa ufasaha zaidi. Kuwa mwangalifu tu usizitumie kupita kiasi - usawa ni muhimu.
*Bahati nzuri!*
Let's roll!
Twende kazi!
When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!
to kick things off
ili kuanza mambo
To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.
on the flip side
kwa upande mwingine
I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.
it goes without saying
ni wazi kabisa
It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.
to sum up
kwa muhtasari
To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.
to put it differently
kwa maneno mengine
To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.
in a nutshell
kwa ufupi
To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.
to draw a parallel
kuchora ulinganifu
To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.
to play a crucial role in
kuchukua nafasi muhimu katika
Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.
to put it simply
kwa ufupi
To put it simply, the project was a failure.
to delve deeper into this
kuchunguza zaidi suala hili
To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.
Jukumu la 1 ni *la utangulizi* zaidi. Katika kazi ya 2 unahitaji *kueleza mawazo yako* na pengine *hisia zako* .
Wacha tuone ni misemo gani unaweza kutumia:
in my opinion
kwa maoni yangu
In my opinion, this movie is really good.
on one hand, on the other hand
kwa upande mmoja, kwa upande mwingine
On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.
I firmly believe that
Ninaamini kwa dhati kwamba
I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.
as far as I'm concerned
kwa upande wangu
As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.
for instance
kwa mfano
I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.
an emerging trend is
mwenendo mpya unaoibuka ni
An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.
it's worth noting that
ni vyema kufahamu kwamba
It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.
striking a balance between
kufikia uwiano kati ya
Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.
Sasa, katika sehemu ya 3 ya jaribio la kuzungumza, unahitaji kuwa na uwezo wa *kuzungumza kuhusu mawazo ya kufikirika* . Kwa hili unaweza kutumia *lugha ya kitamathali na nahau* kuwavutia watahini wako. Lakini tumia zile tu ambazo unazijua kweli, ikiwa utafanya makosa itasababisha kupunguzwa kwa pointi zaidi.
down in the dumps
kuhuzunika sana
I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.
over the moon
furaha isiyo na kifani
I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.
lose track of time
kupoteza muda
I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.
look on the bright side
Angalia upande mzuri wa mambo
I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.
not my cup of tea
sio mambo yangu
I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.
*Kazi nzuri!* Umejifunza misemo ya kawaida ya kuzungumza.
Ili kuendeleza hilo, nitakupa michache zaidi ili kuboresha *ushikamani wako na ujuzi wa mawasiliano* katika kazi zote za kuzungumza.
*Hakikisha unayafanya kimakusudi hadi iwe asili yako ya pili ^^*
I couldn't agree more
Sina budi kukubaliana na wewe
I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.
to wrap things up
kwa kuhitimisha
I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.
building on that
kwa kuzingatia hilo
Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.
to be well-off
kuwa tajiri
My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.
to be fed up
kuchoka na kitu
I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.
a hot potato
suala nyeti
The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.
in my personal experience
kwa uzoefu wangu binafsi
In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.
in light of these considerations
kwa kuzingatia mambo haya
In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.
to twist someone's arm
kumshawishi mtu
She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.
without a shadow of doubt
bila shaka yoyote
Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.
Jambo moja zaidi, katika kuzungumza ni muhimu sana kutumia lugha *ya ua* .
Unaweza kutumia misemo ya ua ili *kuonyesha kutokuwa na uhakika* katika hotuba yako.
"It could be..."
"This might be..."
Jihadharini na madai na kauli kali kuhusu mada nyeti. Tumia ua ili kufanya usemi wako kuwa laini na nyeti zaidi.
It might well be that...
Inawezekana kabisa kwamba...
It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..
I am not sure but...
Sina uhakika lakini...
I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.
As it seems that...
Inaonekana kwamba...
As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.
It might look...
Inaweza kuonekana...
It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.
Sasa tunahitaji kushughulikia *makosa ya kawaida katika uandishi* .
Katika uandishi unaweza kukutana na *grafu za pau* (grafu, michoro na chati) ambazo utalazimika kuzielezea. Watu wengi hawajui jinsi ya kupoteza pointi na bila sababu. *Huyo si wewe!*
Hapa kuna msamiati wa kukusaidia kufaulu kazi zako za uandishi.
pie chart
chati ya pai
A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.
line graph
grafu ya mstari
The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.
bar graph
grafu ya safu
The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.
bar chart
grafu ya safu wima
A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.
to compare
kulinganisha
The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.
to imply
kidokeza
The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.
to indicate
kuashiria
The data indicated a decrease in sales.
similar
sawa
The two graphs are very similar.
to illustrate
kufafanua
The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.
to depict
onyesha
The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.
from the graph it is clear
kutoka kwenye grafu ni wazi kuwa
From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.
Kidokezo tu: ikiwa unataka kuandika hii: *%* kwa maneno.
Njia sahihi ni *asilimia*
per cent
asilimia
10 per cent increase
Jaribu kuwa na *mshikamano* iwezekanavyo katika maandishi yako. Anza aya mpya kwa kila wazo jipya.
Angalia mara mbili tahajia na sarufi yako. Tafadhali *jibu swali kikamilifu* . Usiandike kuhusu mambo unayotaka kuandika au ujibu swali kwa sehemu.
Andika kuhusu kile kinachohitajika kutoka kwako.
Pia nitakupa *vidokezo vichache juu ya uakifishaji* kwani watu wengi hawajui jinsi ya kuitumia kwa usahihi.
*Uakifishaji* wa Kiingereza ni tofauti na wakati mwingine *unaweza kuokoa maisha!*
"Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children."
Unaweza kuona ninachomaanisha hapa?
Pia tunatumia koma kabla ya hotuba ya moja kwa moja.
"She said, 'hurry up'!"
Pia kila wakati tunahitaji kutumia koma baada ya vifungu kama vile hata hivyo, kuwa waaminifu, nk.
however
hata hivyo
She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.
nevertheless
hata hivyo
I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.
to be honest
kusema kweli
To be honest, I didn't like the movie.
firstly
kwanza
Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.
first of all
kwanza kabisa
First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.
moreover
aidha
The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.
furthermore
aidha
I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.
conversely
kinyume chake
Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.
*Tunaweza lakini si lazima kutumia koma tunapozungumza kuhusu mambo zaidi* .
"I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol."dhidi ya "I love cats, dogs and horses."
Walakini, wakati mwingine *inaweza kuwa ya kutatanisha kidogo* ikiwa hautaongeza koma:
"I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson."
Kwa bahati mbaya, Bill Gates na Pamela Anderson sio wazazi wangu. Kwa hiyo, ni bora kutumia comma kati yao pia.
to adhere
kushikamana
The tape adheres well to the wall.
antiquity
zama za kale
In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.
conscious
fahamu
She was conscious throughout the surgery.
faulty
yenye hitilafu
The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.
Swali la mwisho: *Wakati wa kutumia koma kati ya vivumishi?*
Tunatumia koma kati ya vivumishi ikiwa tunaweza kutumia *na* badala yake:
"He is a nice and friendly man"-> "He is nice, friendly man."
Lakini, *ikiwa hatuwezi kutumia na kati yao, basi hakuna comma* :
"I adore delicious French croissants."
Hapa haitakuwa na maana kusema croissants ladha na Kifaransa.
scrumptious
kitamu
She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.
to purchase something
kununua kitu
I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.
previous
iliyotangulia
The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.
to attend
kuhudhuria
I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.
*Kwa ujumla, usitumie koma mbele ya lakini/na.*
"I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks."
Lakini tunaweza kutumia koma *iwapo unataka kusitisha* . Katika kesi hii, unahitaji kujua wapi kuweka comma kulingana na intuition yako.
"My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them."
Pia tunatumia koma *tunapobadilisha mada ya sentensi* :
"My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her."
Pia, ukianza *na kifungu kidogo* , unahitaji pia kutumia koma, lakini tayari tumezungumza juu ya hilo kwa masharti.
"If you have time, call me."
to elucidate
fafanua
Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.
to lament
kuomboleza
He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.
inexhorable
bila huruma
The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.
ephemeral
cha muda mfupi
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
*Hongera! Umefanikiwa kupitia sehemu ya vitendo. Sasa ni wakati wa sarufi!*
Tutaanza *na sasa rahisi* , ni sarufi ya msingi zaidi, lakini hata wanafunzi wa Kiingereza wa hali ya juu bado wanafanya *makosa katika umoja wa mtu wa 3 au katika maswali* , tafadhali jaribu kusahihisha angalau kidogo.
Tunatumia sasa rahisi kwa:
mambo ambayo ni *kweli kwa sasa* : "I like ice cream"
kitu kinachotokea *mara kwa mara* : "I play tennis every Sunday"
kitu ambacho ni *kweli kila wakati* "Water boils at 100 degrees":
to suffer
kuteseka
He suffers from anxiety and depression.
The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.
Ongezeko la kudumu la msongamano wa watu mijini linaongeza kwa kiasi kikubwa mahitaji ya miundombinu ya usafiri wa umma.
to not mind doing something
kutojali kufanya kitu
I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.
to research
kufanya utafiti
I need to do some research for my history paper.
to be keen on
kuwa na shauku ya
She is keen on learning new languages.
unless
isipokuwa
I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.
*Jihadharini na mtu wa 3 katika umoja!* Wakaguzi watachukua pointi ukikosa.
yeye, yeye, anapenda, anataka, anafanya ...
Tunaporejelea wanyama, tunaitumia.
Tunaweza kutumia jinsia na wanyama ikiwa tu tuna uhusiano mzuri nao. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!"
Kuwa mwangalifu na watu wengi "My mother and I are ...":
The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.
Ganda la kisasa linalinda chombo cha anga za juu kwa ufanisi dhidi ya mionzi hatari ya ulimwengu.
to rotate
zungusha
The Earth rotates on its axis.
John and I are orphans.
Mimi na John ni yatima.
to reflect
kuakisi
His behaviour reflects his true self.
to alleviate
kupunguza
The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.
*Maswali:*
Tunatumia *kufanya/fanya* katika maswali: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?"
Pia tunaitumia *kwa maneno ya swali* : "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?"
*LAKINI! Maswali na ambao hawatumii do/does* : "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"
species
spishi
Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?
What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?
Je, ni aina gani ya dawa ya kuua wadudu inayofaa zaidi dhidi ya vidukari?
vast
kubwa sana
What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?
swarm
kundi
What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?
proliferation
kuenea kwa kasi
How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?
to refute
kukanusha
How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?
*Hasi:*
Katika hotuba tunaweza kutumia mikazo; hata hivyo, *katika barua pepe au insha rasmi, tunapaswa kutumia fomu ndefu.*
usifanye (fomu ndefu) = usifanye (fomu fupi): "I don't like fast food."
haina = haifanyi: "She doesn't want to come."
to rival
shindana
The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.
to amplify
kuzidisha
The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.
male
kiume
He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.
ostentatious
la kifahari
He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.
Wacha tuendelee na *mfululizo wa sasa!*
Daima tunahitaji wakati uliopo wa kitenzi *kuwa na -ing* mwishoni mwa kitenzi.
Tunatumia kuzungumza juu ya:
Shughuli zinazofanyika *wakati wa kuzungumza.*
to generate
kuzalisha
The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.
to become
kuwa
The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.
to outlast
kudumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi
He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.
ubiquitous
kilichopo kila mahali
Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.
Lakini pia tunatumia mfululizo wa sasa kwa ajili ya *mipango na mipango ya siku zijazo.*
Tunapojua kuwa kitu *'kimepangwa 100%' katika siku zijazo.*
Mtu anasema 90%, mtu 99%...nathubutu kusema 100% isipokuwa kitu cha kusikitisha kitatokea.
to hunt
kuwinda
They are going hunting next weekend.
Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.
Wiki ijayo tunatayarisha vifaa vya kujiokoa kwa ajili ya safari ya kupiga kambi.
to harm
kudhuru
She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.
among
kati ya
Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.
*Hatutumii kuendelea na vitenzi stative.*
Vitenzi thabiti vya kufikiria na kuhisi: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish"
Vitenzi thabiti vya hisia: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste"
Na vitenzi vingine vya hali "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?":
to prefer
kupendelea
She prefers tea to coffee.
to suppose
kudhani
I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.
to owe
kudaiwa
I owe you an explanation for my behavior.
to belong
kumiliki
These books belong to the library.
Pia tunatumia sasa kuendelea kuzungumza juu ya kitu *kinachotokea kabla na baada ya muda maalum:*
"At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast."
Na kitu ambacho *tunafikiri ni cha muda.*
"Michael is at university. He's studying history."
Na kitu ambacho ni *kipya na tofauti na hali ya awali.*
"These days most people are using email instead of writing letters."
Pamoja na kitu *kinachobadilika, kukua au kuendeleza.*
"The children are growing up quickly."
Michael is at university. He's studying history.
Michael yuko chuo kikuu. Anasoma historia.
to roar
kunguruma
The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.
gullible
mjinga
Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.
to persuade
kushawishi
I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.
Uendelezaji wa sasa pia hutumiwa na kitu *kinachotokea tena na tena (hasa kwa maana hasi - kwa kawaida tunatumia 'daima'):*
"It's always raining in London."
He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.
Anamtafutia makosa kila wakati na wao hugombana kila mara.
to inundate
furika
She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.
conundrum
kitendawili
He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.
to adapt
kuzoea
We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..
Tunaweza kutumia mfululizo wa sasa *kuzungumza juu ya siku za nyuma* wakati sisi ni:
*Kusimulia hadithi au muhtasari wa kitabu, filamu au mchezo.*
The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.
Juzi nilikuwa nikitembea barabarani, ghafla mwanamume mmoja akanijia na kuniomba nimkopeshe pesa.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
Haya, amebeba fimbo kubwa na anaonekana kama mtu hatari kidogo, kwa hivyo najiuliza nifanye nini...
Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …
Harry Potter ni mwanafunzi katika shule ya Hogwarts. Siku moja alipokuwa akicheza Quidditch, aliona kitu cha ajabu angani. Anashangaa nini kinatokea...
Sasa ni wakati wa *sasa kamili!*
Tunaifafanua kwa *somo + have/ has + past participle.*
"I have intoruduced myself."
Tunaitumia kuzungumza juu ya mambo ambayo *yalitokea zamani lakini kuathiri sasa* na inaweza, labda, kuendelea hadi wakati ujao.
I have never caught a glimpse of that.
Sijawahi kuona kitu hicho hata kidogo.
They have been pronounced husband and wife.
Wametangazwa kuwa mume na mke.
I have had my share of ups and downs.
Nimepitia changamoto nyingi za maisha.
I've just published this research I've carried out.
Nimechapisha tu utafiti huu nilioufanya.
I haven't given up on him yet.
Sijakata tamaa naye bado.
Wacha tuangalie *tofauti kati ya kwenda na kwenda:*
ameenda = mtu bado yuko mbali
imekuwa = mtu ana uzoefu kutoka mahali hapo lakini tayari alikuwa amerudi"
She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.
Ameenda Ubelgiji. Anapaswa kurudi mwezi wa Desemba.
He has been to many exquisite places.
Ametembelea sehemu nyingi nzuri sana.
voracious
chuja
She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.
to suggest
kupendekeza
I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.
Sasa *zawadi inayopendwa na kila mtu ni endelevu.*
Tunaiunda kwa kutumia *somo + have/ imekuwa + -ing*
Kwa kawaida sisi hutumia hii kusisitiza kwamba kitu *bado kinaendelea kwa sasa.*
Tunatumia tu vitenzi vinavyobadilika na wakati huu wa kisarufi.
She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.
Amekuwa akiishi katika Afrika ya ajabu tangu mwaka 1995.
I have been painting on this canvas all morning.
Nimekuwa nikipaka rangi kwenye turubai hii tangu asubuhi.
She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.
Amejawa na jasho. Amekuwa akipanda mti ule wa mwaloni.
They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.
Wamekuwa wakikata misonobari hii iliyoharibika.
Kwa njia, *tunaweza kutumia sasa kamili kwa siku zijazo pia.*
Ambapo kwa kawaida tungetumia sasa rahisi, unaweza kuonyesha ujuzi wako mzuri wa Kiingereza na utumie present perfect badala yake:
"We will begin when everyone arrives."
dhidi ya
"We will gegin when everyone has arrived."
I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.
Nitaendelea kutafuta mpaka nitakapopata kitabu changu.
I will not stop until I have become the best leader.
Sitakoma mpaka niwe kiongozi bora zaidi.
ineffable
kisichoelezeka
By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.
resilient
ustahimilivu
By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.
anticipate
tarajia
By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.
Tumeangalia nyakati za sasa, sasa ni wakati wa *rahisi uliopita.* Tunatumia kuzungumza juu ya:
- kitu *kilichotokea hapo awali* - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week."
- jambo ambalo *lilitokea mara kadhaa huko nyuma* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him."
- jambo ambalo *lilikuwa kweli kwa muda fulani huko nyuma* - "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts."
- tunatumia usemi *uliopita* hapo awali - "I met my wife 30 years ago."
Katika sahili zilizopita kwa kawaida tunaongeza *-ed kwa vitenzi* . Lakini kuna *vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida* ambavyo vinahitaji muda wa ziada ili kujua.
Wacha tuanze na wale ambao wanatofautiana katika aina zote tatu:
to bear (bore, borne)
vumilia
to blow (blew, blown)
kupuliza
The strong wind blew the papers off the table.
to be (was/were, been)
kuwa
She was the top performer in last night's talent show.
to shake (shook, shaken)
tikisa
She shook the rug to remove the dust.
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
kusinyaa
The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.
to tear (tore, torn)
chanika
I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.
Sasa hebu tutoe mifano fulani ya *vitenzi hivyo visivyo vya kawaida vilivyo na maumbo sawa katika wakati uliopita na vihusishi wakati uliopita:*
to creep (crept, crept)
kujipenyeza
I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.
to cling (clung, clung)
kushikilia
The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.
to mean (meant, meant)
kusudia
I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.
to seek (sought, sought)
tafuta
She sought help from her friends.
to spin (span/spun, spun)
zunguka
The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.
to sting (stung, stung)
uma
The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.
to breed (bred, bred)
kuzaliana
The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.
to light (lit, lit)
kuwasha
She lit the candles before the guests arrived.
to sweep (swept, swept)
kufagia
She swept the leaves from the driveway.
to shoot (shot, shot)
kupiga risasi
The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.
Kisha pia tuna *fomu zote 3 ambazo hazijabadilishwa:.*
to upset (upset, upset)
kuhuzunisha
The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.
to bid (bid, bid)
kusema kwaheri
She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.
Na watu wengi huchanganya wakati uliopita na kushiriki katika vitenzi *kusema uongo (kusema uwongo), kusema uongo (kulala juu ya uso), na kuweka (kuweka chini):*
to lie (lied, lied)
kusema uongo
He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.
to lie on a surface (lay, lain)
kulala juu ya uso
The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.
to lay (laid, laid)
kuweka
She laid the baby down in the crib.
Watu wengi husahau kwamba tunaweza kutumia zamani rahisi tunaporejelea sasa au siku zijazo katika dhahania (unapowazia kitu)
"Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"
Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?
Fikiria umekutana na kitu cha kale. Je, ungechanganyikiwa kiasi gani kuhusu asili yake?
Sasa tutachambua wakati ambao hautumiwi sana. Lakini mara nyingi iko kwenye majaribio na unaweza kukumbana nayo katika maisha halisi pia!
Tunatumia *past perfect simple (ilikuwa na + shirikishi iliyopita)* kuzungumza kuhusu *wakati hadi wakati fulani huko nyuma:*
"She had published her first book by the time she was ten."
Pia tunaitumia *kuonyesha mpangilio wa matukio mawili yaliyopita.* Ukamilifu wa zamani unaonyesha hatua ya awali na rahisi iliyopita hatua ya baadaye:
"When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries."
"Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series."
Mara nyingi sisi hutumia *tayari, bado, tu, milele, au kamwe* na wakati huu.
"She was the most astonishing woman I had ever seen."
to scurry
kuharakisha
By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.
to snuggle
kujikumbatia
The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.
to neglect
puuza
She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.
By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.
Kufikia wakati mtihani wa mwisho unaanza, kiasi kikubwa cha nyenzo za kurudia kilikuwa tayari kimewalemaza wanafunzi.
to testify
kutoa ushahidi
The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.
Tunatumia *past perfectntinuous* kwa kitu ambacho *kilianza zamani na kuendelea hadi wakati fulani:*
"When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years."
au kwa jambo *lililotokea mara kadhaa kabla ya jambo fulani huko nyuma na kuendelea baada ya hatua hiyo:*
"He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager."
au *tunaporipoti uzoefu wetu hadi wakati uliopita:*
"My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had."
na kama tu na ukamilifu wa sasa tunaotumia *na tangu* zamani kamili.
She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.
Amekuwa akifanya kazi bila kuchoka kwa miezi kadhaa, akitumaini kwamba juhudi zake hatimaye zitaleta matokeo makubwa.
to regard
kuchukulia
He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.
to sneak
kuchomoka
They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.
to meddle
ingilia
She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.
Sasa wacha tuingie katika wakati unaoitwa *kuendelea kwa wakati ujao (will/hautakuwa + -ing).*
Tunaitumia kuzungumzia *hatua za baadaye ambazo zitakuwa zikiendelea kwa wakati mahususi katika siku zijazo:*
"When you come home, I'll be boarding a plane."
Au kitu tunachokiona kuwa *kipya, tofauti au cha muda:*
"Today we're taking the bus but next week we'll be taking the train."
to extort
kuchuna
The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.
to falter
kusita
The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.
to gauge
kupima
The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.
to grapple
kuhangaika
The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.
The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.
Ujenzi katika barabara kuu utatatiza mtiririko wa trafiki kwa wiki chache zijazo.
Kwa siku zijazo pia tunatumia *ukamilifu wa wakati ujao (hatutakuwa na + shirikishi iliyopita).* Wakati huu hutumika tunapozungumza kuhusu jambo *litakalokamilika kabla ya wakati mahususi katika siku zijazo.{101}
"Will you have gone to bed when I get back?"
Tunaweza kutumia vifungu vya maneno kama vile* wakati *au* kwa wakati *(wakati fulani kabla),* ndani *au* katika muda wa siku/katika muda wa miezi miwili/katika muda wa miaka mitano* (mwisho wa kipindi) ili kutoa muda katika ambayo hatua itakamilika.
"By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses."
"In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."
to inhibit
kuzuia
By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.
to lack
kukosa
By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.
to magnify
kuza
The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.
to laugh
kucheka
By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.
By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.
Kufikia mwisho wa mwaka, kampuni itakuwa imeachana na sera zake za kizamani kwa ajili ya mbinu bunifu zaidi.
to outline
kuainisha
By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.
Sasa *tumerekebisha nyakati zote za Kiingereza.* Hata hivyo, hatujarekebisha jinsi ya kuchanganya katika hali fulani ... *chini ya hali fulani.*
Nadhani unaweza kuona ninakoenda. Sasa tutarekebisha *masharti* kwa sababu watu wengi hufanya makosa ndani yake.
Ninaweka dau kuwa hutaki kupoteza alama hizo za thamani katika mtihani wako kwa hivyo tuanze kazi!
Practice makes perfect!
Mazoezi huleta ukamilifu!
Katika Kiingereza kuna *masharti makuu 4: sifuri, kwanza, pili, na tatu* ...na kisha kuna *masharti mchanganyiko* , lakini hebu turekebishe hizo 'rahisi' kwanza.
Masharti yanaelezea *matokeo ya hali fulani.* *Kifungu cha kama* kinakuambia *sharti* na *kifungu kikuu* kinakuambia *matokeo* .
"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Mpangilio wa vifungu haubadilishi maana. Lakini jihadhari na alama za uakifishaji!
If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!
Nikimaliza kozi hii, nitakuwa tayari kwa mtihani wa IELTS!
Masharti sifuri *yanategemea ukweli tu.* Kuna wakati *uliopo rahisi* kwa *pande zote mbili* :
"If you freeze water, it becomes solid."
*Jihadharini na alama za uakifishaji!* Tunaitumia *baada ya* kifungu lakini sio kabla yake!
"Water becomes solid if you freeze it."
to bestow
kutoa
If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.
to betray
kusaliti
If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.
You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.
Unakwepa matatizo mengi ya kawaida ukifuata miongozo inayofaa.
to confess
kukiri
If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.
to confine
kuzuia
If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.
*Masharti ya kwanza* hutumika kwa *hali za baadaye tunazoamini kuwa zinawezekana:*
"If it rains, we will stay at home."
*ikiwa/wakati kifungu + kinawasilisha kwa urahisi, kitafanya + kutokuwa na mwisho*
Unaweza pia kuingia katika matumizi kama *isipokuwa, mradi tu, mara tu,* au *ikiwa* badala ya *if* .
"I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives."
"I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect."
"I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry."
"You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."
to deplore
kukemea
If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.
to invoke
kuchochea
If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.
If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.
Ikiwa hutashughulikia mashine kwa uangalifu, inaweza kukulemaza.
to grab
kunyakua
If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.
*Masharti ya pili* hutumiwa kwa hali zisizowezekana ambazo *haziwezekani kutokea:*
"If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog."
Muundo: *ikiwa kifungu + kilipita rahisi, kingekuwa + kisicho na mwisho*
Wakati *ikifuatiwa na kitenzi be* , ni sahihi kisarufi kuitumia kama *ilivyokuwa* : "if I were, if she were."
Kama hivi tunaweza kueleza kuwa kuna *uwezekano chini ya hali fulani* na inatoka kwa Kiingereza cha Kale.
Hata hivyo, unaweza kutumia na kusikia *kama alikuwa* na pia ni *sahihi* .
"I wouldn't do that if I were you."
"If she was president, she would invest in education more."
"If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."
If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.
Kama ningekuwa mwepesi kama mwanamazoezi ya viungo, ningejiunga na timu ya sarakasi.
to salivate
kudondoka mate
If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.
to staple
kuunga kwa stempu
If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.
to summarize
kufupisha
If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.
Sasa ni kuwa halisi au labda ... surreal? Wacha tuingie kwenye *masharti ya tatu* . Inatumika *kufikiria zamani tofauti* . Kwa kawaida *tunapojuta* jambo fulani au tungependa *kubadilisha yaliyopita* ...lakini *haiwezekani* .
"If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have to study as much."
Muundo: *ikiwa + ilipita kamili, ingekuwa + past participle*
If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.
Kama angejipenyeza kwenye mwanya mwembamba, angefika kwenye mlango wa kutokea kwa wakati.
to suppress
kuzima
If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.
to tweak
kurekebisha
If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.
to digest
kusaga chakula
If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.
to evaluate
kutathmini
If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.
Na sasa 'bosi wa mwisho'. Ndiyo, umekisia... *masharti mchanganyiko* .
Tunaweza kuzitumia tunapowazia *mabadiliko ya zamani na matokeo ya sasa au ya sasa na matokeo ya zamani* .
Unahisi kama haina maana? Hebu tuangalie baadhi ya mifano:
"If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner."
Katika kesi hii, tunafikiria jinsi mabadiliko ya zamani yangesababisha sasa.
Muundo: *ikiwa + ilipita kamili, ingekuwa + isiyo na mwisho*
"It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday."
Hapa mzungumzaji anaelezea jinsi mabadiliko katika hali ya sasa yangeathiri mabadiliko ya zamani.
Muundo: *ikiwa + ilipita rahisi, ingekuwa na + past shiriki*
hawk
mwewe
If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.
arduous
kigumu
If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.
If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.
Kama angekuwa makini zaidi na kazi yake, angekuwa anafurahia kupandishwa cheo hivi sasa.
If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.
Kama angekuwa na bidii zaidi, mafanikio yake yangekuwa yametegemea bidii na moyo wake wa kujitolea.
vibrant
changamfu
If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.
Huu ndio *mwisho* wa kozi hii! Natumaini hii ilikusaidia!
*Bahati nzuri na IELTS yako !!!*
Break a leg!
Kila la kheri!
I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!