IELTS - Kurso sa paghahandaMga salitang Ingles

by DuoCards

*Maligayang pagdating sa IELTS Mastery Course!* Sasaklawin namin *ang pangunahing bokabularyo, grammar tenses, tip, at trick* para sa matataas na marka. Ang kurso ay nagsisimula sa *pagsasalita at pagsulat* , na tumututok sa *mga karaniwang pagkakamali* , na sinusundan ng *pagsusuri ng mga panahunan* at *bagong bokabularyo.* Nagsisimula nang madali ang grammar at nagiging mas advanced. *Magsimula tayo sa bahaging nagsasalita.💭* Isipin ito bilang isang pag-uusap - subukang manatiling relaks at natural. Pinakamainam na iwasan ang mga kabisadong sagot, gaya ng karaniwang masasabi ng mga tagasuri. Subukang magsalita ng kaunti araw-araw, kahit na ito ay sa iyong sarili lamang o isang AI - ito ay talagang gumagawa ng isang pagkakaiba! Nagsama-sama kami ng ilang madaling gamitin na mga parirala na magagamit mo para sa tunog na mas matatas. Mag-ingat lamang na huwag gamitin nang labis ang mga ito - balanse ang susi. *Pinakamabuting swerte!*

Let's roll!

Tara na!

When the movie was about to start, the director shouted, "Let's roll!

to kick things off

upang simulan ang lahat

To kick things off, I would like to introduce our guest speaker.

on the flip side

sa kabilang banda

I know that the weather is great for a picnic today, but on the flip side, it might be too hot for some people.

it goes without saying

hindi na kailangang sabihin pa

It goes without saying that you should always wear a seatbelt while driving.

to sum up

bilang pagbubuod

To summarize, the report highlights the key findings of our research and provides recommendations for future action.

to put it differently

sa madaling salita

To put it differently, exercise is not just about physical health but also about mental well-being.

in a nutshell

sa madaling salita

To put it in a nutshell, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.

to draw a parallel

maghambing ng pagkakatulad

To draw a parallel, just as exercise strengthens the body, reading regularly strengthens the mind.

to play a crucial role in

magkaroon ng mahalagang papel sa

Dedicated teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students.

to put it simply

sa madaling salita

To put it simply, the project was a failure.

to delve deeper into this

mas palalimin pa ang pag-unawa rito

To delve deeper into this, one must consider the long-term impacts of climate change on coastal communities.

Ang Gawain 1 ay higit *na panimula* . Sa gawain 2 kailangan mong *ipahayag ang iyong mga iniisip* at marahil *ang mga damdamin* . Tingnan natin kung anong mga parirala ang maaari mong gamitin:

in my opinion

sa aking palagay

In my opinion, this movie is really good.

on one hand, on the other hand

sa isang banda, sa kabilang banda

On one hand, online education offers flexibility and accessibility. On the other hand, it can lack the personal interaction that traditional classrooms provide.

I firmly believe that

Lubos akong naniniwala na

I firmly believe that investing in healthcare infrastructure is vital for the well-being of a nation.

as far as I'm concerned

para sa akin

As far as I'm concerned, the best way to learn English is to practice speaking it every day.

for instance

halimbawa

I like to do outdoor activities, for instance, hiking and camping.

an emerging trend is

ang bagong uso ay

An emerging trend is the shift towards remote work, which has been accelerated by recent global events.

it's worth noting that

nararapat ding banggitin na

It's worth noting that bilingual individuals often have cognitive advantages over monolinguals.

striking a balance between

pagbalanse sa pagitan ng

Striking a balance between work and leisure is essential for maintaining mental health and overall happiness.

Ngayon, sa bahagi 3 ng pagsusulit sa pagsasalita, kailangan mong *makapagsalita tungkol sa mga abstract na ideya* . Para dito maaari kang gumamit ng *matalinghagang wika at mga idyoma* upang mapabilib ang iyong mga tagasuri. Ngunit gamitin lamang ang mga talagang alam mo, kapag nagkamali ka ay magreresulta ito sa mas maraming kaltas na puntos.

down in the dumps

lugmok sa lungkot

I've been feeling down in the dumps since I lost my job.

over the moon

sobrang saya

I was over the moon when I found out I got the job.

lose track of time

hindi mamalayan ang oras

I was so absorbed in my book that I lost track of time and missed my appointment.

look on the bright side

tingnan mo ang positibong panig

I know you didn't get the job you wanted, but look on the bright side - you have a lot of experience now and can apply for other positions.

not my cup of tea

hindi ko ito hilig

I don't really like horror movies, they're not my cup of tea.

*Mahusay na trabaho!* Natutunan mo ang pinakakaraniwang mga parirala sa pagsasalita. Upang mabuo iyon, bibigyan kita ng ilang higit pa para lamang mapahusay ang iyong *pagkakaugnay-ugnay at mga kasanayan sa komunikasyon* sa lahat ng mga gawain sa pagsasalita. *Siguraduhing sinadyang gawin ang mga ito hanggang sa ito ay maging iyong pangalawang kalikasan ^^*

I couldn't agree more

Sang-ayon na sang-ayon ako

I couldn't agree more. We need to work together to find a solution.

to wrap things up

bilang pagtatapos

I'd like to thank everyone for coming today. To wrap things up, I just want to remind you of our next meeting date.

building on that

base sa puntong iyan

Building on that, we can see how technological advancements not only improve our daily lives but also open up new opportunities for innovation and growth in various industries.

to be well-off

maging mayaman

My neighbor is well-off. He drives a luxury car and has a big house.

to be fed up

sawa na

I'm fed up with this job. I need to find something new.

a hot potato

isang mainit na isyu

The issue of gun control is a hot potato in the United States.

in my personal experience

sa aking personal na karanasan

In my personal experience, studying abroad has greatly enhanced my understanding of different cultures and improved my language skills.

in light of these considerations

sa harap ng mga pagsasaalang-alang na ito

In light of these considerations, it is clear that stricter environmental regulations are necessary to combat climate change effectively.

to twist someone's arm

pilitin ang isang tao

She didn't want to go to the party, but her friends twisted her arm.

without a shadow of doubt

nang walang anumang bahid ng duda

Without a shadow of a doubt, investing in education is one of the best ways to ensure a prosperous future for our society.

Isa pa, sa pagsasalita ay napakahalagang gumamit *ng hedging* language. Maaari kang gumamit ng mga hedging expression upang *ipahayag ang kawalan ng katiyakan* sa iyong pananalita. "It could be..." "This might be..." Mag-ingat sa malalakas na pahayag at pahayag tungkol sa mga sensitibong paksa. Gumamit ng mga hedging para gawing mas makinis at mas sensitibo ang iyong pananalita.

It might well be that...

Maaari ngang mangyari na...

It might well be that the rise in remote work will lead to significant changes in how cities are designed in the future..

I am not sure but...

Hindi ako sigurado pero...

I am not sure but it seems that learning multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities and cultural understanding.

As it seems that...

Dahil tila...

As it seems that climate change is accelerating, urgent action from all nations is required to mitigate its effects.

It might look...

Maaari itong magmukhang...

It might look like a simple solution, but implementing renewable energy on a large scale involves complex planning and significant investment.

Ngayon kailangan nating tugunan *ang pinakakaraniwang pagkakamali sa pagsulat* . Sa pagsulat maaari kang makakita ng *mga bar graph* (mga graph, diagram at chart) na kailangan mong ilarawan. Maraming mga tao ang hindi alam kung paano at hindi kinakailangang mawalan ng mga puntos. *Hindi magiging ikaw yan!* Narito ang ilang bokabularyo upang matulungan kang maipasa ang iyong mga gawain sa pagsusulat.

pie chart

A pie chart can be used to show the percentage of students in a class who prefer different types of music.

line graph

The line graph depicts the changes in unemployment rates over the last decade.

bar graph

The bar graph shows the population of five countries in 2020.

bar chart

A bar chart comparing the sales of different products in a store.

to compare

ihambing

The data compare the performance of students in mathematics and science.

to imply

ipahiwatig

The results of the study imply that exercise can reduce stress.

to indicate

ipahiwatig

The data indicated a decrease in sales.

similar

katulad

The two graphs are very similar.

to illustrate

maglarawan

The graph illustrates the relationship between education level and income.

to depict

ilarawan

The chart depicts the annual rainfall in different regions.

from the graph it is clear

malinaw na makikita sa graph na

From the graph, it is clear that the majority of respondents prefer digital over print media.

Tip lang: kung gusto mong isulat ito: *%* sa mga salita. Ang tamang paraan ay *porsyento*

per cent

porsyento

10 per cent increase

Subukang maging *magkakaugnay* hangga't maaari sa iyong pagsulat. Magsimula ng bagong talata para sa bawat bagong ideya. Laging i-double check ang iyong spelling at grammar. Mangyaring *sagutin nang buo ang tanong* . Huwag magsulat tungkol sa mga bagay na gusto mong isulat o bahagyang sagutin ang tanong. Sumulat tungkol sa kung ano ang kinakailangan mula sa iyo. Bibigyan din kita *ng ilang tip sa bantas* dahil maraming tao ang hindi alam kung paano ito gamitin nang tama. Iba ang *bantas* sa English at kung minsan ay *nakakapagligtas ito ng mga buhay!* "Time to eat children. vs Time to eat, children." Nakikita mo ba ang ibig kong sabihin dito? Gumagamit din kami ng mga kuwit bago ang direktang pagsasalita. "She said, 'hurry up'!" Kailangan din nating palaging gumamit ng mga kuwit pagkatapos ng mga parirala tulad ng gayunpaman, gayunpaman, upang maging tapat, atbp.

however

gayunpaman

She is very talented. However, she lacks confidence.

nevertheless

gayunpaman

I know it's raining. Nevertheless, I'm going for a walk.

to be honest

sa totoo lang

To be honest, I didn't like the movie.

firstly

una sa lahat

Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming today.

first of all

una sa lahat

First of all, let's discuss the main issues we need to address.

moreover

bukod dito

The hotel has a great location. Moreover, the staff is very friendly.

furthermore

bukod pa rito

I don't think we should go out tonight. Furthermore, it's supposed to rain.

conversely

sa kabilang banda

Some people believe that money brings happiness. Conversely, others believe that money can't buy happiness.

*Maaari naming ngunit hindi kailangang gumamit ng kuwit habang pinag-uusapan ang higit pang mga bagay* . "I like Eva, Marina, and Nicol."vs "I love cats, dogs and horses." Gayunpaman, kung minsan *ay maaaring medyo nakakalito* kung hindi mo idaragdag ang kuwit: "I love my parents, Bill Gates and Pamela Anderson." Sa kasamaang palad, hindi ko mga magulang sina Bill Gates at Pamela Anderson. Samakatuwid, mas mainam na gumamit din ng kuwit sa pagitan nila.

to adhere

kumapit

The tape adheres well to the wall.

antiquity

sinaunang panahon

In antiquity, people relied on natural remedies and herbs for healing before the advent of modern medicine.

conscious

gising ang diwa

She was conscious throughout the surgery.

faulty

may sira

The engineer inspected the machine and found several issues: a faulty valve, a broken circuit, and a worn-out gear.

Ang huling tanong: *Kailan gagamit ng kuwit sa pagitan ng mga adjectives?* Gumagamit kami ng mga kuwit sa pagitan ng mga adjectives kung maaari naming gamitin *at* sa halip na ito: "He is a nice and friendly man"-> "He is nice, friendly man." Ngunit, *kung hindi natin magagamit at sa pagitan ng mga ito, kung gayon walang kuwit* : "I adore delicious French croissants." Dito ay hindi makatuwirang sabihin ang masarap at French croissant.

scrumptious

napakasarap

She cooked a scrumptious meal for us.

to purchase something

bumili ng anuman

I need to purchase some new clothes for the party.

nakaraan

The previous owner of the house left some furniture behind.

to attend

dumalo

I will attend the school meeting tomorrow.

*Sa pangkalahatan, huwag gumamit ng mga kuwit sa harap ng ngunit/at.* "I want to swim in the ocean but I am terrified of sharks." Ngunit maaari kaming gumamit ng kuwit *kung sakaling gusto mong mag-pause* . Sa kasong ito, kailangan mong malaman kung saan maglalagay ng kuwit batay sa iyong intuwisyon. "My best friend loves snakes, but not all of my friends like them." Gumagamit din kami ng kuwit *kapag binago namin ang paksa ng isang pangungusap* : "My teacher is very strict sometimes, but that's what I like about her." Gayundin, kung *magsisimula ka sa isang subordinate clause* , kailangan mo ring gumamit ng kuwit, ngunit napag-usapan na natin iyon sa mga kondisyon. "If you have time, call me."

to elucidate

magpaliwanag

Could you please elucidate your point? I'm not sure I understand.

to lament

magdalamhati

He sat alone in his room, lamenting his decision to drop out of college.

inexhorable

walang humpay

The inexorable rise of global temperatures highlights the urgent need for action on climate change.

ephemeral

panandalian

The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.

*Congrats! Nagtagumpay ka sa praktikal na bahagi. Ngayon ay oras na para sa grammar!* Magsisimula tayo *sa present simple* , ito ang pinakapangunahing grammar, ngunit kahit na ang mga advanced na English learners *ay nagkakamali pa rin sa 3rd person na isahan o sa mga tanong* , mangyaring subukang baguhin kahit kaunti. Ginagamit namin ang present simple para sa: mga bagay na *totoo sa kasalukuyan* : "I like ice cream" isang bagay na *regular* na nangyayari: "I play tennis every Sunday" isang bagay na *laging totoo* : "Water boils at 100 degrees"

to suffer

magdusa

He suffers from anxiety and depression.

The consistent increase in urban population density significantly enhances the demand for public transportation infrastructure.

Ang patuloy na pagtaas ng densidad ng populasyon sa mga lungsod ay nagpapalaki nang husto sa pangangailangan para sa imprastraktura ng pampublikong transportasyon.

to not mind doing something

walang problema sa paggawa ng isang bagay

I don't mind walking in the dark. I am not scared.

to research

magsaliksik

I need to do some research for my history paper.

to be keen on

magkaroon ng interes sa

She is keen on learning new languages.

unless

maliban kung

I won't go to the party unless my friend comes with me.

*Mag-ingat sa 3rd person singular!* Magbabawas ng mga puntos ang mga tagasuri kung makaligtaan mo ito. siya, siya, ito - gusto, gusto, ginagawa... Kapag tinutukoy natin ang mga hayop, ginagamit natin ito. Maaari lamang nating gamitin ang kasarian sa mga hayop kung mayroon tayong magandang relasyon sa kanila. "My dog is called Miky, I love him!" Mag-ingat sa maraming tao: "My mother and I are ..."

The advanced coating effectively shields the spacecraft from harmful cosmic radiation.

Ang makabagong coating ay epektibong nagpoprotekta sa spacecraft laban sa mapaminsalang cosmic radiation.

to rotate

paikutin

The Earth rotates on its axis.

John and I are orphans.

Kami ni John ay mga ulila.

to reflect

sumalamin

His behaviour reflects his true self.

to alleviate

pagaanin

The new policy alleviates the financial burden on low-income families.

*Mga Tanong:* Gumagamit kami *ng gawin/ginagawa* sa mga tanong: "Do you play the piano? Does she like him?" Ginagamit din namin ito *sa mga salitang tanong* : "Where do Anjela and Rita work? What time does he finish?" *PERO! Mga tanong kung sino ang hindi gumagamit ng do/does* : "Who lives in London? Who plays football?"

species

uri

Why do scientists classify different species of plants and animals?

What type of insecticide is most effective against aphids?

Anong uri ng insektisidyo ang pinakaepektibo laban sa mga aphid?

vast

napakalawak

What makes the Sahara Desert such a vast and inhospitable region?

swarm

kulupon

What role does communication play in the behavior of a swarm?

proliferation

paglaganap

How does the proliferation of technology impact our daily lives?

to refute

pabulaanan

How do you refute the claim that renewable energy sources are too costly to implement?

*Mga Negatibo:* Sa pagsasalita maaari nating gamitin ang mga contraction; gayunpaman, *sa mga pormal na email o sanaysay, kailangan nating gamitin ang mahabang anyo.* huwag (mahabang anyo) = huwag (maikling anyo): "I don't like fast food." hindi = hindi: "She doesn't want to come."

to rival

makipagkumpitensya

The new technology does not rival the efficiency of traditional methods.

to amplify

palakasin

The small speaker doesn't amplify the sound enough for the large room.

male

lalaki

He does not exhibit the typical characteristics associated with male behavior in the species.

ostentatious

pasikat

He doesn't appreciate people who are ostentatious in their behavior.

Ipagpatuloy natin ang *kasalukuyang tuloy-tuloy!* Palagi nating kailangan ang kasalukuyang panahunan ng pandiwa *at ang -ing* sa dulo ng isang pandiwa. Ginagamit namin ito para pag-usapan ang: Mga aktibidad na nangyayari *sa sandali ng pagsasalita.*

to generate

upang makabuo

The wind turbines are currently generating renewable energy for the entire region.

to become

maging

The company is becoming a leader in renewable energy.

to outlast

magtagal nang mas matagal kaysa sa iba

He is outlasting all his competitors in the marathon.

ubiquitous

laganap

Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous, changing the way we communicate.

Ngunit ginagamit din namin ang kasalukuyang tuloy-tuloy para sa *mga plano at pagsasaayos sa hinaharap.* Kapag alam natin na may *'100% planado' sa hinaharap.* Somebody says 90%, somebody 99%...I dare to say 100% unless something tragic happens.

to hunt

mangaso

They are going hunting next weekend.

Next week we are preparing survival kits for the camping trip.

Maghahanda kami ng mga survival kit para sa camping trip sa susunod na linggo.

to harm

manakit

She is advocating for policies that prevent chemicals from harming the environment.

among

sa pagitan ng

Tensions are rising among the team members as the deadline approaches.

*Hindi kami gumagamit ng tuluy-tuloy na may mga pandiwang stative.* Stative verbs ng pag-iisip at pakiramdam: "believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realise, recognize, remember, suppose, think (believe), understand, want, and wish" Stative verbs of senses: "appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste" At iba pang stative verbs: "agree, be, belong, disagree, need, owe, own, possess?"

to prefer

mas gusto

She prefers tea to coffee.

to suppose

ipagpalagay

I suppose we should leave now to avoid the traffic.

to owe

may utang

I owe you an explanation for my behavior.

to belong

mapabilang

These books belong to the library.

Gumagamit din kami ng present continuous para pag-usapan ang isang bagay na *nangyayari bago at pagkatapos ng isang partikular na oras:* "At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast." Sa isang bagay na *sa tingin natin ay pansamantala.* "Michael is at university. He's studying history." Sa isang bagay na *bago at kaibahan sa nakaraang estado.* "These days most people are using email instead of writing letters." Sa isang bagay na *nagbabago, lumalaki o umuunlad.* "The children are growing up quickly."

Michael is at university. He's studying history.

Nasa unibersidad si Michael. Nag-aaral siya ng kasaysayan.

to roar

umungol

The crowd is roaring with excitement as the concert begins.

gullible

uto-uto

Even before the seminar, people are becoming more gullible, falling for obvious scams.

to persuade

manghikayat

I am working hard to persuade the committee before the deadline next Friday.

Ang kasalukuyang tuloy-tuloy ay ginagamit din sa isang bagay na *paulit-ulit na nangyayari (karamihan ay may negatibong konotasyon - karaniwan naming ginagamit ang 'palagi'):* "It's always raining in London."

He is always nitpicking at her and they are always arguing.

Lagi niya itong pinupuna at palagi silang nag-aaway.

to inundate

bahain

She is always inundating us with unnecessary emails.

conundrum

palaisipan

He always finds himself facing the same conundrum of choosing between his career and personal life.

to adapt

makibagay

We are always adapting our strategies to keep up with the rapidly changing market trends..

Magagamit natin ang present continuous para *pag-usapan ang nakaraan* kapag tayo ay: *Pagkukuwento o pagbubuod ng libro, pelikula o dula.*

The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some money.

Noong isang araw, naglalakad lang ako sa kalye nang biglang may lumapit sa aking lalaki at nakiusap na pahiramin ko siya ng pera.

Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …

Ano, may dala siyang malaking tungkod at mukhang medyo mapanganib siya, kaya iniisip ko kung ano ang dapat kong gawin...

Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening …

Si Harry Potter ay isang mag-aaral sa paaralan ng Hogwarts. Isang araw, habang naglalaro siya ng Quidditch, nakakita siya ng isang kakaibang bagay sa langit. Nagtataka siya kung ano ang nangyayari...

Ngayon ay oras na para sa *kasalukuyan perpekto!* Binibigyang-kahulugan namin ito ng *paksa + mayroon/may + past participle.* "I have intoruduced myself." Ginagamit natin ito upang pag-usapan ang mga bagay na *nangyari sa nakaraan ngunit nakakaimpluwensya sa kasalukuyan* at maaari, marahil, magpatuloy sa hinaharap.

I have never caught a glimpse of that.

Hindi ko pa kailanman nasilayan iyan.

They have been pronounced husband and wife.

Ipinahayag na silang mag-asawa.

I have had my share of ups and downs.

Marami na akong pinagdaanang hirap at ginhawa.

I've just published this research I've carried out.

Kapu-publish ko lang nitong pananaliksik na isinagawa ko.

I haven't given up on him yet.

Hindi pa ako sumusuko sa kanya.

Tingnan natin ang *pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng went to and been to:* gone to = wala pa ang tao napuntahan = ang tao ay may karanasan mula sa lugar na iyon ngunit nakabalik na"

She has gone to Belgium. She should return in December.

Pumunta siya sa Belgium. Dapat ay bumalik na siya sa Disyembre.

He has been to many exquisite places.

Marami na siyang napuntahang mga napakagandang lugar.

voracious

matakaw

She has been to several book fairs, driven by her voracious appetite for reading.

to suggest

magmungkahi

I suggest we go to the new Italian restaurant downtown; I've been to it once, and the food was amazing.

Ngayon ang paboritong *kasalukuyan ng lahat ay perpektong tuloy-tuloy.* Binubuo namin ito sa pamamagitan ng paggamit *ng paksa + mayroon/naging + -ing* Karaniwan naming ginagamit ito upang bigyang-diin na may *nagpapatuloy pa rin sa kasalukuyan.* Gumagamit lang kami ng mga dynamic na pandiwa na may ganitong grammatical tense.

She has been living in whimsical Africa since 1995.

Mula noong 1995, naninirahan na siya sa mapaglarong Africa.

I have been painting on this canvas all morning.

Buong umaga na akong nagpipinta sa canvass na ito.

She is all sweaty. She has been climbing that oak tree.

Basang-basa siya ng pawis. Galing siya sa pag-akyat sa puno ng oak na iyon.

They have been cutting down these damaged pine trees.

Pinuputol na nila ang mga napinsalang puno ng pino na ito.

Sa pamamagitan ng paraan, *maaari naming gamitin ang kasalukuyan perpekto para sa hinaharap pati na rin.* Kung saan karaniwang ginagamit namin ang present simple, maaari mong ipakita ang iyong mahusay na kasanayan sa Ingles at gamitin ang present perfect sa halip: "We will begin when everyone arrives." vs "We will gegin when everyone has arrived."

I'll keep on looking until I have found my book.

Magpapatuloy ako sa paghahanap hanggang sa mahanap ko ang aking libro.

I will not stop until I have become the best leader.

Hindi ako titigil hangga't hindi ako nagiging pinakamahusay na pinuno.

ineffable

hindi masambit

By the time they finish the project, the team will have created an ineffable masterpiece.

resilient

matatag

By next year, she will have become even more resilient in handling challenges.

anticipate

asahan

By the time the project is completed, we will have anticipated all potential challenges and addressed them accordingly.

Sinuri namin ang mga kasalukuyang panahunan, ngayon ay oras na para sa *nakaraang simple.* Ginagamit namin ito para pag-usapan ang: - isang bagay na *nangyari sa nakaraan* - "I crashed my car into a bridge last week." - isang bagay na *nangyari ilang beses sa nakaraan* - "I made jokes about him each time I saw him." - isang bagay na *totoo sa nakalipas na panahon* - "I lacked motivation for my exam, that's why it took me 3 attempts." - ginagamit namin ang expression noong *nakaraan* - "I met my wife 30 years ago." Sa nakalipas na simpleng karaniwan naming idinaragdag *-ed sa mga pandiwa* . Ngunit may mga *hindi regular na pandiwa* na nangangailangan ng dagdag na oras upang makabisado. Magsimula tayo sa mga nagkakaiba sa lahat ng tatlong anyo:

to bear (bore, borne)

magtiis

to blow (blew, blown)

humihip

The strong wind blew the papers off the table.

to be (was/were, been)

maging

She was the top performer in last night's talent show.

to shake (shook, shaken)

manginig

She shook the rug to remove the dust.

to shrink (shrank, shrunk)

mamaluktot

The sweater shrank in the wash, so now it's too small for me to wear.

to tear (tore, torn)

punitin

I accidentally tore my shirt on a nail.

Ngayon magbigay tayo ng ilang pagkakataon ng mga *hindi regular na pandiwa na may parehong mga anyo sa past tense at past participle:*

to creep (crept, crept)

gumapang nang dahan-dahan

I crept up the stairs so as not to wake the baby.

to cling (clung, clung)

kumapit

The child clung to his mother's hand as they walked through the crowded mall.

to mean (meant, meant)

may balak

I meant to call you yesterday, but I got busy with work.

to seek (sought, sought)

maghanap

She sought help from her friends.

to spin (span/spun, spun)

umikot

The dancer spun gracefully across the stage during her performance.

to sting (stung, stung)

manugat

The bee stung him on the arm while he was gardening.

to breed (bred, bred)

magparami

The farmers bred the cattle for increased milk production.

to light (lit, lit)

magsindi

She lit the candles before the guests arrived.

to sweep (swept, swept)

magwalis

She swept the leaves from the driveway.

to shoot (shot, shot)

bumaril

The basketball player shot the ball into the hoop.

Pagkatapos mayroon din kaming lahat *ng 3 form na hindi nagbabago:*

to upset (upset, upset)

magpalungkot

The news upset him deeply, leaving him in a somber mood all day.

to bid (bid, bid)

magpaalam

She bid farewell to her friends as she left for her new job abroad.

At maraming tao ang nalilito sa past tense at participle sa mga pandiwa *na magsinungaling (to tell a lie), to lie (lying on a surface), and to lay (to lay down):*

to lie (lied, lied)

magsinungaling

He lied about his whereabouts to avoid getting into trouble.

to lie on a surface (lay, lain)

nakahiga sa ibabaw

The cat lay on the sunny windowsill all afternoon.

to lay (laid, laid)

ilapag

She laid the baby down in the crib.

Nakalimutan ng maraming tao na maaari nating gamitin ang past simple kapag tinutukoy ang kasalukuyan o hinaharap sa mga hypotheses (kapag may naisip ka) "Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do?"

Imagine you encountered an ancient artifact. How perplexed would you be by its origins?

Isipin mong nakakita ka ng isang sinaunang artifact. Gaano ka kaya malilito sa pinagmulan nito?

Ngayon kami ay pagpunta sa brush up sa isang panahunan na hindi masyadong karaniwang ginagamit. Ngunit ito ay madalas sa mga pagsubok at maaari mo ring mabangga ito sa totoong buhay! Gumagamit kami *ng past perfect simple (may + past participle)* upang pag-usapan ang tungkol sa *oras hanggang sa isang tiyak na punto sa nakaraan:* "She had published her first book by the time she was ten." Ginagamit din namin ito *upang ipakita ang pagkakasunud-sunod ng dalawang nakaraang kaganapan.* Ipinapakita ng past perfect ang naunang aksyon at past simple ang susunod na aksyon: "When I got home I realized I had forgotten to buy groceries." "Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series." Madalas nating ginagamit *na, pa rin, lamang, kailanman, o hindi kailanman* sa ganitong panahunan. "She was the most astonishing woman I had ever seen."

to scurry

magmadali

By the time the storm hit, the mice had already scurried into their burrows.

to snuggle

yumakap nang mahigpit

The children had snuggled under the blankets before the power went out.

to neglect

pabayaan

She had neglected to water the plants for weeks, and they had all wilted.

By the time the final exam started, the sheer amount of material to review had already overwhelmed the students.

Nang magsimula ang pinal na pagsusulit, ang dami ng materyal na kailangang balikan ay labis nang nakapapagod para sa mga estudyante.

to testify

magtestigo

The witness had testified in court before the new evidence was discovered.

Ginagamit namin *ang past perfect continuous* para sa isang bagay na *nagsimula sa nakaraan at nagpatuloy hanggang sa isang partikular na punto ng oras:* "When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years." o para sa isang bagay na *nangyari nang ilang beses bago ang isang punto sa nakaraan at nagpatuloy pagkatapos ng puntong iyon:* "He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager." o kapag *iniuulat namin ang aming karanasan hanggang sa isang punto sa nakaraan:* "My thirtieth birthday was the worst day I had ever had." at tulad ng sa kasalukuyang perpekto ginagamit namin *para sa at mula* noong may nakaraang perpekto.

She had been working tirelessly for months, hoping that her efforts would eventually yield significant results.

Ilang buwan siyang nagtrabaho nang walang pagod, sa pag-asang ang kanyang mga pagsisikap ay magbubunga rin ng mahahalagang resulta sa huli.

to regard

ituring

He had been regarding her with suspicion long before the truth came out.

to sneak

pumuslit

They had been sneaking out of the house every night to meet their friends.

to meddle

manghimasok

She had been meddling in their affairs for months without their knowledge.

Ngayon, pumasok tayo sa isang panahunan na tinatawag na *tuloy-tuloy na hinaharap (will/hindi magiging + -ing).* Ginagamit namin ito upang pag-usapan ang tungkol sa *mga aksyon sa hinaharap na magaganap sa isang partikular na oras sa hinaharap:* "When you come home, I'll be boarding a plane." O isang bagay na nakikita natin bilang *bago, naiiba o pansamantala:* "Today we're taking the bus but next week we'll be taking the train."

to extort

mang-extort

The corrupt officials will be extorting money from local businesses for protection.

to falter

mag-atubili

The novice speaker will be faltering during his first big presentation.

to gauge

sukatin

The scientist will be gauging the reactions of the participants in the experiment.

to grapple

makipagbuno

The team will be grappling with the complex problem throughout the week.

The construction on the main road will be hindering traffic flow for the next few weeks.

Ang konstruksyon sa pangunahing kalsada ay makakaabala sa daloy ng trapiko sa susunod na ilang linggo.

Para sa hinaharap, ginagamit din namin *ang perpektong hinaharap (will / won't have + past participle).* Ginagamit ang panahunan na ito kapag pinag-uusapan natin ang isang bagay *na makukumpleto bago ang isang partikular na oras sa hinaharap.{ "Will you have gone to bed when I get back?" Maaari kaming gumamit ng mga pariralang tulad ng* sa *o* sa oras *(sa isang punto bago),* sa *o* sa isang araw/sa loob ng dalawang buwan/sa limang taon* (sa katapusan ng yugto) upang ibigay ang yugto ng panahon sa kung saan ang aksyon ay makukumpleto. "By the time I finish this course, I will have revised all English tenses." "In three years' time, I'll have graduated from university."

to inhibit

pigilan

By the end of the year, the new regulations will have inhibited further development in the area.

to lack

magkulang

By the time the project is completed, we will have lacked the necessary resources to achieve the desired results.

to magnify

palakihin

The telescope will have magnified the distant stars, making them visible to the naked eye.

to laugh

tumawa

By the time the party is over, everyone will have laughed at the hilarious jokes and stories.

By the end of the year, the company will have abandoned its outdated policies in favor of more innovative practices.

Sa pagtatapos ng taon, tatalikuran na ng kumpanya ang mga luma nitong patakaran pabor sa mas makabagong mga gawi.

to outline

balangkasin

By the end of the meeting, we will have outlined the entire project plan in detail.

*Binago na namin ngayon ang lahat ng English tenses.* Gayunpaman, hindi namin binago kung paano pagsamahin ang mga ito sa ilang partikular na sitwasyon... *sa ilalim ng ilang kundisyon.* I guess makikita mo kung saan ako pupunta. Ngayon ay susuriin natin *ang mga kondisyon* dahil maraming tao ang nagkakamali sa mga ito. Pustahan ako na hindi mo nais na mawala ang mga mahahalagang puntos sa iyong pagsusulit kaya't magtrabaho na tayo!

Practice makes perfect!

Ang pagsasanay ay nagbubunga ng kahusayan!

Sa Ingles mayroong *4 na pangunahing kondisyon: zero, una, pangalawa, at pangatlo* ...at pagkatapos ay mayroon ding *mga halo-halong kondisyon* , ngunit baguhin muna natin ang mga 'madali'. Inilalarawan ng mga kondisyon ang *resulta ng isang partikular na kundisyon.* Ang *if clause* ay nagsasabi sa iyo ng *kundisyon* at ang *pangunahing clause* ay nagsasabi sa iyo ng *resulta* . "If you study hard, you will pass the exam." Ang pagkakasunud-sunod ng mga sugnay ay hindi nagbabago ng kahulugan. Ngunit mag-ingat sa mga bantas!

If I finish this course, I will be ready for the IELTS exam!

Kapag natapos ko ang kursong ito, magiging handa na ako para sa pagsusulit sa IELTS!

Ang zero conditional ay *batay lamang sa katotohanan.* Mayroong *kasalukuyang simpleng* panahunan sa *magkabilang panig* : "If you freeze water, it becomes solid." *Mag-ingat sa mga bantas!* Ginagamit namin ito *pagkatapos* ng kung sugnay ngunit hindi bago ito! "Water becomes solid if you freeze it."

to bestow

ipagkaloob

If you consistently demonstrate excellence, the organization bestows awards upon you.

to betray

magkanulo

If you betray someone's trust, they do not forgive you easily.

You circumvent many common issues if you follow the proper guidelines.

Maiiwasan mo ang maraming karaniwang problema kung susundin mo ang mga tamang alituntunin.

to confess

umamin

If you confess your mistakes, people appreciate your honesty.

to confine

limitahan

If you confine your creativity, you do not reach your full potential.

Ginagamit *ang unang kondisyon* para sa *mga sitwasyon sa hinaharap na pinaniniwalaan naming posible:* "If it rains, we will stay at home." *kung/kapag ang sugnay + kasalukuyan ay simple, ay + pawatas* Maaari ka ring makabangga sa mga paggamit tulad ng *maliban kung, hangga't, sa lalong madaling panahon,* o *kung sakaling sa* halip na *kung* . "I'll leave as soon as Lucy arrives." "I don't want to do it unless you treat me with respect." "I will show you to the kitchen in case you get hungry." "You can call my sister as long as you stay just friends."

to deplore

kondenahin

If the company implements unfair policies, employees will deplore the management's decisions.

to invoke

pukawin

If the situation becomes dire, the leader will invoke emergency powers.

If you don't handle the machinery carefully, it might maim you.

Kung hindi mo gagamitin nang maingat ang makinarya, maaari ka nitong mapilayan.

to grab

hawakan

If you see a good opportunity, you will grab it without hesitation.

Ginagamit *ang pangalawang kondisyon* para sa mga imposibleng sitwasyon na *malabong mangyari:* "If we moved to a bigger house, we could get another dog." Structure: *kung ang sugnay + past simple, would + infinitive* Kapag *ang if ay sinusundan ng pandiwa na be* , tama ang gramatika na gamitin ito gaya *ng dati* : "if I were, if she were." Tulad nito maaari nating ipahayag na may *posibilidad sa ilalim ng ilang kundisyon* at ito ay nagmula sa Old English. Gayunpaman, karaniwan mong magagamit at maririnig *kung siya* at *tama* rin ito . "I wouldn't do that if I were you." "If she was president, she would invest in education more." "If he were a little nicer, I would consider him a good match."

If I were as nimble as a gymnast, I would join the acrobatics team.

Kung ako ay kasing-liksi ng isang himnasta, sasali ako sa koponan ng akrobatika.

to salivate

maglaway

If you placed a delicious meal in front of him, he would start to salivate instantly.

to staple

mag-istapler

If we ran out of staples, we would find it difficult to complete our reports efficiently.

to summarize

bilang pagbubuod

If we had more time, we could summarize the report in greater detail.

Ngayon ito ay nagiging totoo o marahil...surreal? Pumasok tayo sa *ikatlong kondisyon* . Ito ay ginagamit upang *isipin ang iba't ibang nakaraan* . Kadalasan kapag may *pinagsisisihan* tayo o gustong *baguhin ang nakaraan* ...pero *hindi pwede* . "If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have to study as much." Structure: *kung + past perfect, magkakaroon ng + past participle*

If she had squeezed through the narrow gap, she would have reached the exit in time.

Kung nakalusot siya sa makitid na puwang, nakarating sana siya sa labasan sa tamang oras.

to suppress

pigilin

If the government had suppressed the evidence, the truth would never have come to light.

to tweak

ayusin nang bahagya

If she had tweaked the formula slightly, the experiment might have been successful.

to digest

tunawin

If I had properly digested all the information, I would have understood the topic better.

to evaluate

suriin

If we had evaluated the risks more thoroughly, we would have avoided the project's major setbacks.

At ngayon ang 'final boss'. Oo, nahulaan mo na... *magkahalong kondisyon* . Magagamit natin ang mga ito kapag naiisip natin ang *nakaraang pagbabago na may resulta sa kasalukuyan o kasalukuyang pagbabago na may resulta sa nakaraan* . Pakiramdam mo ba ay hindi ito makatuwiran? Tingnan natin ang ilang halimbawa: "If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner." Sa kasong ito, iniisip natin kung paano magreresulta ang pagbabago sa nakaraan sa kasalukuyan. Structure: *kung + past perfect, would + infinitive* "It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday." Dito ipinaliwanag ng tagapagsalita kung paano makakaimpluwensya ang pagbabago sa kasalukuyang sitwasyon sa pagbabago sa nakaraan. Structure: *kung + past simple, magkakaroon ng + past participle*

hawk

lawin

If he had studied ornithology, he would be able to identify that bird as a hawk now.

arduous

mahirap at nakakapagod

If she had not taken on such an arduous task, she would have more energy now.

If he had been more meticulous with his work, he would be enjoying a promotion right now.

Kung naging mas masinop lang siya sa kanyang trabaho, malamang ay tinatamasa na niya ang promosyon ngayon.

If she were more proactive, her success would have been contingent on her hard work and dedication.

Kung naging mas maagap lamang siya, ang kaniyang tagumpay ay nakadepende sana sa kaniyang pagsisikap at dedikasyon.

vibrant

masigla

If she were more outgoing, she would have made a vibrant speech at the conference last week.

Ito na *ang katapusan* ng kursong ito! Sana nakatulong ito sa iyo! *Good luck sa IELTS mo!!!*

Break a leg!

Galingan mo!

I have a big audition tomorrow." "Break a leg!