Modale verber og sandsynlighedsadverbierengelske ord

by DuoCards

For at tale om sandsynlighed på engelsk, bør du lære nogle af sandsynlighedsadverbierne. *Adverbs of probability* bruges til at vise, hvor sikre vi er på en situation eller begivenhed. Lad os lære nogle af de mest almindelige!

definitely

afgjort

I will definitely be at the airport to meet you.

He will definitely regret it.

Han vil helt sikkert fortryde det.

apparently

tilsyneladende

Apparently, it is going to rain tomorrow.

Apparently, they are moving to another city.

Det ser ud til, at de flytter til en anden by.

undoubtedly

utvivlsomt

He will undoubtedly pass the exam with flying colors.

certainly

bestemt

It will certainly rain tomorrow.

perhaps

måske

Perhaps she was right.

obviously

åbenlyst

She was obviously sick.

He obviously lied.

Han løj åbenlyst.

he obviously lied to me

probably

sandsynligvis

It will probably rain today.

They are probably sleeping.

De sover sandsynligvis.

Perhaps you were right.

Måske havde du ret.

*Modalverber* Modalverber er ret almindelige på engelsk; du har set dem i aktion hundredvis af gange, selv om du ikke vidste, hvad de hed. Almindelige eksempler på modalverber er "can", "should" og "must". Fordi de er en slags *hjælpeverber*, bruges de sammen med *infinitivformen af hovedverbet* i en sætning. "Can you drive me to the airport?" "You should try the lasagna."

I can't swim.

Jeg kan ikke svømme.

I can't swim very well.

You must wash your hands.

Du skal vaske dine hænder.

You must wash your hands before cooking.

to order tickets

at bestille billetter

She must order tickets in advance if she wants to go to the theater.

Can I have some water?

Må jeg bede om lidt vand?

to focus

fokusere

Mary can’t focus because her brother is playing the drums.

You should go.

Du bør gå.

It's getting late. You should go home now.

entire

hel

I can eat an entire pizza.

We can see the entire city from this hill.

Vi kan se hele byen fra denne bakke.

Everybody can dance!

Alle kan danse!

*Evne* Modalverbet "can" udtrykker, om subjektet i en sætning er *i stand til at gøre noget.* Ligeledes viser den negative form "can’t" at subjektet er *ude af stand til at gøre noget.* "She can speak three languages." "I can't cook very well." "CAN" og "CAN'T" viser også anmodning, tilladelse og mulighed.

I can speak English.

Jeg kan tale engelsk.

I can speak English pretty good.

to ride a bike

at cykle

He can't ride a bike.

He can walk.

Han kan gå.

My one-year-old son can walk already.

to take a day off

at tage en fridag

Can I take a day off?

What languages can you speak?

Hvilke sprog taler du?

chopsticks

spisepinde

They can eat with chopsticks.

Can you help us?

Kan du hjælpe os?

Can you help us with the homework?

Can I go to the bathroom?

Må jeg gå på toilettet?

My sister can surf well.

Min søster er god til at surfe.

"Can" *eller* "be able to?" Både "can" og "be able to" har samme betydning. De bruges til at tale om evner. Men "can" bruges til at tale om *generelle evner*, og "be able to" bruges til at tale om *specifikke evner.* I nogle tilfælde kan de bruges om hverandre. For eksempel: "I can swim." (generelt), men "I'm not able to swim today." Den negative form af "to be able to" er "to be unable to", for eksempel: "She nodded, unable to speak." "Be able to" bruges undertiden *efter modalverber* såsom "might" eller "should" og efter verber såsom "want", "hope" eller "expect".

to be able to

at være i stand til

The animals are able to move around.

I might be able to come.

Jeg kan måske komme.

I might be able to come to the party tonight.

the entrance fee

entréen

We were unable to afford the entrance fee.

to whistle

fløjte

She whistled to her dog to come back to her.

He can read and write.

Han kan læse og skrive.

to envy

misunde

I envy people who can sing.

I envy children who can learn languages so quickly.

Jeg misunder børn, der kan lære sprog så hurtigt.

unable to speak

ude af stand til at tale

They nodded, unable to speak.

nervous

nervøs

He was nervous about the exam results.

He was so nervous that he was unable to speak.

Han var så nervøs, at han ikke kunne tale.

to attend

deltage i et kursus

We will be able to attend the class next semester.

I might be able to help you.

Jeg kan måske hjælpe dig.

De modalverber "can" og "will" har specielle former i datid: "can" → "could" "will" → "would" Efter "could" eller "would", bruger vi altid *grundformen af hovedverbet* (infinitiv uden "to"). "Would" bruges til vaner i fortiden. Eksempler: "I could do a handstand when I was a kid." (= jeg havde evnen i fortiden) "During exam season in college, I would not sleep much." (= dette var min vane i fortiden)

a handstand

håndstand

I could do a handstand when I was a kid.

barely

knap

He could barely walk.

When I was a student, I would study late at night.

Da jeg var studerende, læste jeg tit sent om aftenen.

a countryside

landskab

Every summer, we would visit my grandparents in the countryside.

Hver sommer besøgte vi mine bedsteforældre på landet.

to smell

lugte

I could smell something burning.

When I was a kid, I could run very fast.

Da jeg var barn, kunne jeg løbe meget stærkt.

"Would" og "could" *for høflighed* Vi bruger "could" *til at lave høflige anmodninger eller forslag* (mere høfligt end "can"). "Could you help me, please?" "I could lend you some money if you need it." Vi bruger "would" *til høflige tilbud* eller *for at lyde mindre direkte.* "I would like a coffee." (= mere høfligt end "I want a coffee.") "Would you like to join us?"

Could you help me, please?

Vil du være sød at hjælpe mig?

Excuse me, could you help me, please? I'm lost.

Could I ... ?

Må jeg... ?

Could I have some tea, please?

Would you ...?

Vil du...?

Would you like to go?

Would you like some coffee?

Vil du have en kop kaffe?

That would be great!

Det ville være fantastisk!

Would it be possible?

Ville det være muligt?

Would it be possible to see him?

Could you repeat it?

Kan du gentage det?

Could you please repeat what you just said?

Could you open the window, please?

Vil du være sød at åbne vinduet?

I would like a cup of tea.

Jeg vil gerne have en kop te.

Would you like some help?

Vil du have hjælp?

*Maj og Måske* Brug "may" og "might" til at tale om, hvad der *muligvis vil ske* i fremtiden. "May" og "might" betyder *måske vil.* De kan referere til fremtiden eller nutiden. *Eksempler:* "I might have a pen in my bag." ( = nutidig brug) "She may arrive tomorrow." ( = fremtidig brug) "May" og "might" er *modalverber* ligesom "can", "will", og "should", så de følger *de samme regler.* 1) *Tilføj ikke -s til tredje person ental.* 2) For at danne en *negativ*, tilføj "not" efter "may" og "might." 3) "May" kan bruges med *I* eller *we* til at lave *anmodninger.* 4) "May" og "might" efterfølges altid af et *verbum i infinitiv form.*

might be

kan være

He might be right.

We might be there.

Vi er der måske.

an episode

episode

I might watch another episode.

He might come.

Han kommer måske.

She may not come.

Det kan være, hun ikke kommer.

She may not come to the party if she feels tired.

to be invited

at blive inviteret

We may be invited but I'm not sure.

May I have some tea?

Må jeg bede om noget te?

May I have some tea, please?

I might go.

Jeg tager måske afsted.

We might go to the beach if the weather is nice.

May I?

Må jeg?

May I borrow your pen, please?

force

styrke

The police used force to control the crowd.

May the force be with you.

Må kraften være med dig.

*Modale verber til deduktion* "Might" og "may" kan også bruges til *at gætte, hvad der skete i fortiden.* Form: "might"/"may"/"may not have"/"might not have" + *past participle*verb"I might have seen him before." (= Jeg er ikke sikker, men det er muligt)"He might not have received the message." (= Måske modtog han det ikke)

She may have left.

Hun er måske gået.

the noise

støjen

What was that noise outside? I think it may have been a cat.

I might have bought...

Jeg er kommet til at købe...

I might have bought the wrong brand.

Jeg er måske kommet til at købe det forkerte mærke.

to offend

fornærme

Your comment may have offended some people.

He might have been...

Han kunne have været...

They might have been happier if they had stayed together.

He might have been here before.

Han har måske været her før.

to receive

modtage

He might not have received our message.

We might not have received...

Vi har måske ikke modtaget...

We might not have received your emails because of some internet connection issues.

to remove

fjerne

It may have been removed.

She might have lost her keys.

Hun har måske mistet sine nøgler.

I might have seen him before.

Jeg har måske set ham før.

*Det må have været kærlighed!* Når du taler om noget i fortiden, der måske er sket, og du er *næsten sikker på, at din gæt er korrekt*, skal du bruge "must have + past participle verb." "It must have been him!" Når du taler om noget, der *ikke skete* i fortiden, og du er næsten sikker på det, skal du bruge "couldn't"/"can't have" + *participium.* "Han kunne ikke have glemt det!"

You must have seen it.

Du må have set det.

You must have seen the new movie that just came out.

I must have been here before.

Jeg må have været her før.

As I walked through the park, I realized I must have been here before.

to forget

glemme

I've forgotten about it.

He couldn't have forgotten.

Han kunne ikke have glemt det.

He couldn't have forgotten about the appointment.

to be exhausted

at være udkørt

I'm totally exhausted!

You must have been exhausted.

Du må have været udmattet.

After running the marathon, you must have been exhausted.

She must have left it there.

Hun må have efterladt det der.

She must have left the toy in the garden.

to get stuck

at sidde fast

He could have gotten stuck in traffic.

It couldn't have been her.

Det kunne ikke have været hende.

When the teacher asked who broke the window, I said, "It couldn't have been her; she was with me the whole time."

It must have been love!

Det må have været kærlighed!

When I saw her smile, I knew it must have been love.

*Brug af modalverber til anbefalinger* Du ved allerede, at *modalverber* udtrykker *mulighed, hensigt, evne eller nødvendighed.* Lad os se på nogle modalverber, der kan bruges til *at give anbefalinger.* "Must" kan bruges til at give en stærk anbefaling. Du kan også bruge "have to" til anbefalinger, men "must" er mere almindeligt. ("Have to" bruges generelt til at tale om regler og ting, der er uden for din kontrol.) "Should" og "ought to" bruges til at give et forslag."Could" bruges til at give et valg."Don’t have to" bruges til at sige, at noget ikke er nødvendigt. "Shouldn't" bruges til at advare nogen på en blid måde mod at gøre noget. "Mustn’t" bruges til at advare nogen kraftigt mod at gøre noget.

You must see it!

Det er du nødt til at se!

You shouldn't ...

Du bør ikke ...

You shouldn’t walk home alone after dark.

to be alone

at være alene

She shouldn't be alone.

to retake (an exam)

at gå til reeksamen

She has failed her exam. She has to retake it.

I don't have to do this.

Jeg behøver ikke at gøre det.

less

mindre

You ought to drink less.

He could stay...

Han kunne blive...

He could stay at my place.

to make an appointment

at bestille en tid

You have to make an appointment to see him.

You don't have to drive.

Du behøver ikke at køre.

Do you have to go?

Er du nødt til at gå?

*Burde have* "Should have" kan bruges til at *udtrykke beklagelse over for* tiden - til at ønske, at noget i fortiden var sket på en anden måde: "I should have studied for my exam!" (Jeg læste ikke op til mine eksamener. Jeg dumpede. Nu ville jeg ønske, at fortiden var anderledes). Should have kan også bruges til at *tale om noget, man forventede ville ske*, men som ikke skete (eller som først skete senere). "The letter should have arrived by now, but it hasn’t come yet." (Jeg forventede et brev, men det er her ikke).

You should have been here.

Du skulle have været her.

to let (someone) know

at give besked

I should have let you know.

You should have called.

Du skulle have ringet.

to stay awake

at holde sig vågen

I'm really tired today. I should not have stayed awake so late last night.

We should have studied more.

Vi burde have læst mere.

to shout at

at råbe ad

I shouldn't have shouted at her.

They should have stayed.

De skulle være blevet.

They should have stayed in the bunker.

to take advice

at tage imod råd

You should have taken advice.

I should have known better.

Det burde jeg have vidst.

by now

indtil nu

He should be married by now.

I should have never let you go.

Jeg skulle aldrig have ladet dig gå.

to renew

forny

I should have renewed my travel insurance.

You should have done that.

Det burde du have gjort.

*Will + adverbier om sandsynlighed* Lad os nu øve os på de sandsynlighedsadverbier, som vi lærte i begyndelsen af dette kursus! Du kan bruge "will" og "won’t" sammen med forskellige adverbier for at vise, *hvor sandsynligt en fremtidig begivenhed er.* "I’ll maybe go to the party." "I’ll probably go to the party." "I’ll definitely go to the party." "I’ll certainly go to the party."