Verbos modales y adverbios de probabilidadlas palabras inglesas
by DuoCards
Para hablar sobre la probabilidad en inglés, debes aprender algunos de los adverbios de probabilidad. Los *adverbios de probabilidad* se utilizan para mostrar cuán seguros estamos sobre una situación o evento.
¡Aprendamos algunos de los más comunes!
definitely
definitivamente
I will definitely be at the airport to meet you.

He will definitely regret it.
Definitivamente se arrepentirá.
apparently
aparentemente
Apparently, it is going to rain tomorrow.

Apparently, they are moving to another city.
Al parecer, se mudan a otra ciudad.

undoubtedly
indudablemente
He will undoubtedly pass the exam with flying colors.
certainly
seguramente, ciertamente
It will certainly rain tomorrow.
perhaps
quizás, tal vez
Perhaps she was right.
obviously
obviamente
She was obviously sick.
He obviously lied.
Él obviamente mintió.
he obviously lied to me
probably
probablemente
It will probably rain today.
They are probably sleeping.
Probablemente están durmiendo.

Perhaps you were right.
Tal vez tenías razón
*Verbos modales*
Los verbos modales son bastante comunes en inglés; los habrás visto en acción cientos de veces aunque no supieras cómo se llaman. Algunos ejemplos comunes de verbos modales son "can", "should" y "must".
Como son un tipo de *verbo auxiliar*, se usan junto al *infinitivo del verbo principal* de la frase.
"Can you drive me to the airport?"
"You should try the lasagna."

I can't swim.
No sé nadar.
I can't swim very well.
You must wash your hands.
Tienes que lavarte las manos.
You must wash your hands before cooking.

to order tickets
pedir entradas
She must order tickets in advance if she wants to go to the theater.
Can I have some water?
¿Me das un poco de agua?
to focus
concentrarse
Mary can’t focus because her brother is playing the drums.
You should go.
Deberías irte.
It's getting late. You should go home now.
entire
completo, todo
I can eat an entire pizza.

We can see the entire city from this hill.
Desde esta colina se puede ver toda la ciudad.
Everybody can dance!
¡Cualquiera puede bailar!
*Capacidad*
El verbo modal "can" expresa si el sujeto de una frase es *capaz de hacer algo.* Del mismo modo, la forma negativa "can’t" muestra que el sujeto es *incapaz de hacer algo.*
"She can speak three languages."
"I can't cook very well."
"CAN" and "CAN'T" también muestran petición, permiso y posibilidad.

I can speak English.
Sé hablar inglés.
I can speak English pretty good.
to ride a bike
montar en bicicleta
He can't ride a bike.

He can walk.
Él puede caminar.
My one-year-old son can walk already.
to take a day off
tomarse un día libre
Can I take a day off?
What languages can you speak?
¿Qué idiomas hablas?
chopsticks
los palillos
They can eat with chopsticks.
Can you help us?
¿Puedes ayudarnos?
Can you help us with the homework?
Can I go to the bathroom?
¿Puedo ir al baño?

My sister can surf well.
Mi hermana sabe surfear bien.
"Can" *o* "be able to?"
Tanto "can" como "be able to" tienen el mismo significado. Se utilizan para hablar de capacidad. Pero "can" se utiliza para hablar de *capacidad general* y "be able to" para hablar de *capacidad específica.* En algunos casos son intercambiables.
Por ejemplo: "I can swim." (en general) pero "Hoy no soy capaz de nadar."
La forma negativa de "ser capaz de" es "ser incapaz de", por ejemplo: "Ella asintió, incapaz de hablar."
"Be able to" se utiliza a veces *después de modales* como "might" o "should", y después de verbos como "want", "hope", o "expect".
to be able to
poder
The animals are able to move around.
I might be able to come.
Quizás pueda venir.
I might be able to come to the party tonight.
the entrance fee
la cuota de entrada
We were unable to afford the entrance fee.

to whistle
silbar
She whistled to her dog to come back to her.
He can read and write.
Sabe leer y escribir.
to envy
envidiar
I envy people who can sing.

I envy children who can learn languages so quickly.
Envidio a los niños que aprenden idiomas tan rápido.
unable to speak
incapaz de hablar
They nodded, unable to speak.
nervous
nervioso
He was nervous about the exam results.

He was so nervous that he was unable to speak.
Estaba tan nervioso que no podía hablar.

to attend
asistir
We will be able to attend the class next semester.
I might be able to help you.
Quizás pueda ayudarte.
*Pasado simple*
Los verbos modales "can" y "will" tienen formas especiales en pasado:
"can" → "could"
"will" → "would"
Después de "could" o "would", se utiliza siempre *la forma base del verbo principal* (el infinitivo sin "to"). "Would" se utiliza para los hábitos pasados.
Ejemplos:
"I could do a handstand when I was a kid." (= tenía la habilidad en el pasado)
"During exam season in college, I would not sleep much." (= este era mi hábito en el pasado)
a handstand
vertical
I could do a handstand when I was a kid.

barely
apenas
He could barely walk.

When I was a student, I would study late at night.
Cuando era estudiante, estudiaba hasta tarde por la noche.
a countryside
campo

Every summer, we would visit my grandparents in the countryside.
Cada verano íbamos a visitar a mis abuelos al campo.
to smell
oler
I could smell something burning.

When I was a kid, I could run very fast.
Cuando era niño, podía correr muy rápido.
"Would" y "could" *por educación*
Utilizamos "could" *para hacer peticiones o sugerencias corteses* (más corteses que "can").
"Could you help me, please?"
"I could lend you some money if you need it."
Utilizamos "would" *para hacer ofertas corteses* o *para sonar menos directos.*
"I would like a coffee." (= más cortés que "I want a coffee.")
"Would you like to join us?"

Could you help me, please?
¿Podría ayudarme, por favor?
Excuse me, could you help me, please? I'm lost.
Could I ... ?
¿Podría...?
Could I have some tea, please?
Would you ...?
¿Te gustaría...?
Would you like to go?
Would you like some coffee?
¿Quieres un café?
That would be great!
¡Eso sería genial!
Would it be possible?
¿Sería posible?
Would it be possible to see him?
Could you repeat it?
¿Podrías repetirlo?
Could you please repeat what you just said?
Could you open the window, please?
¿Podría abrir la ventana, por favor?

I would like a cup of tea.
Me gustaría una taza de té.
Would you like some help?
¿Quieres que te ayude?
*Mayo y Poder*
Utilice "may" y "might" para hablar de lo que *posiblemente ocurrirá* en el futuro. "May" y "might" significan *tal vez ocurrirá.* Pueden referirse al futuro o al presente.
*Ejemplos*:
"I might have a pen in my bag." ( = uso presente)
"She may arrive tomorrow." ( = uso futuro)
"May" y "might" son *verbos modales* como "can", "will", y "should", por lo que siguen *las mismas reglas.*
1) *No añada -s a la tercera persona del singular.*
2) Para formar un *negativo*, añada "not" después de "may" y "might."
3) "May" puede usarse con *yo* o *nosotros* para hacer *peticiones.*
4) "May" y "might" siempre van seguidos de un *verbo en infinitivo.*
might be
puede ser
He might be right.
We might be there.
Puede que estemos allí.
an episode
episodio
I might watch another episode.
He might come.
Tal vez venga.

She may not come.
Puede que no venga.
She may not come to the party if she feels tired.
to be invited
ser invitado
We may be invited but I'm not sure.
May I have some tea?
¿Me das un té?
May I have some tea, please?
I might go.
Quizás vaya.
We might go to the beach if the weather is nice.
May I?
¿Puedo?
May I borrow your pen, please?
force
la fuerza
The police used force to control the crowd.
May the force be with you.
Que la fuerza te acompañe.
*Modales pasados de deducción*
"Might" y "may" también pueden utilizarse para *adivinar lo que ocurrió en el pasado.*
Forma: "might"/"may"/"may not have"/"might not have" + *verbo en participio pasado*
"I might have seen him before." (= No estoy seguro, pero es posible)
"He might not have received the message." (= Quizá no lo recibió)

She may have left.
Puede que se haya ido.
the noise
ruido
What was that noise outside? I think it may have been a cat.
I might have bought...
Puede que haya comprado...

I might have bought the wrong brand.
Puede que haya comprado la marca equivocada.
to offend
ofender
Your comment may have offended some people.
He might have been...
Podría haber sido...
They might have been happier if they had stayed together.
He might have been here before.
Puede que ya haya estado aquí antes.
to receive
recibir
He might not have received our message.

We might not have received...
Puede que no hayamos recibido...
We might not have received your emails because of some internet connection issues.
to remove
eliminar
It may have been removed.

She might have lost her keys.
Puede que haya perdido sus llaves.

I might have seen him before.
Puede que lo haya visto antes.
*¡Debe haber sido amor!*
Cuando hables de algo que podría haber ocurrido en el pasado y estés *casi seguro de que tu suposición es correcta*, utiliza "must have + past participle verb."
"It must have been him!"
Cuando hablas de algo que *no* ocurrió en el pasado y estás casi seguro de ello, utiliza "couldn't"/"can't have" + *verbo en participio pasado.*
"¡No puede haberlo olvidado!"
You must have seen it.
Seguro que lo has visto.
You must have seen the new movie that just came out.

I must have been here before.
Debo haber estado aquí antes.
As I walked through the park, I realized I must have been here before.
to forget
olvidar
I've forgotten about it.
He couldn't have forgotten.
No pudo haberlo olvidado.
He couldn't have forgotten about the appointment.

to be exhausted
estar agotado
I'm totally exhausted!
You must have been exhausted.
Debiste de haber estado agotado.
After running the marathon, you must have been exhausted.

She must have left it there.
Ella debe haberlo dejado allí.
She must have left the toy in the garden.
to get stuck
quedarse atascado
He could have gotten stuck in traffic.

It couldn't have been her.
No pudo haber sido ella.
When the teacher asked who broke the window, I said, "It couldn't have been her; she was with me the whole time."
It must have been love!
¡Debió de ser amor!
When I saw her smile, I knew it must have been love.
*Uso de los modales en las recomendaciones*
Ya sabe que *los verbos modales* indican *posibilidad, intención, capacidad o necesidad.*
Veamos algunos modales que pueden utilizarse para *dar recomendaciones.*
"Must" puede usarse para dar una recomendación fuerte.
También se puede usar "have to" para dar recomendaciones, pero "must" es más común. ("Have to" se utiliza generalmente para hablar de reglas y cosas que escapan a tu control).
"Should" y "ought to" se utilizan para dar una sugerencia.
"Could" se utiliza para dar una opción.
"Don’t have to" se utiliza para decir que algo no es necesario.
"Shouldn't" se utiliza para advertir amablemente a alguien de que no haga algo.
"Mustn't" se utiliza para advertir a alguien de que no debe hacer algo.
You must see it!
¡Tienes que verlo!
You shouldn't ...
No deberías...
You shouldn’t walk home alone after dark.
to be alone
estar solo
She shouldn't be alone.
to retake (an exam)
volver a examinarse
She has failed her exam. She has to retake it.
I don't have to do this.
No tengo que hacer esto.
less
menos
You ought to drink less.
He could stay...
Él podría quedarse...
He could stay at my place.
to make an appointment
pedir una cita
You have to make an appointment to see him.
You don't have to drive.
No tienes que conducir.
Do you have to go?
¿Te tienes que ir?
*Should have*
"Should have" puede usarse para *expresar pesar por el pasado* - desear que algo en el pasado hubiera sucedido de otra manera:
"I should have studied for my exam!"
(No estudié para los exámenes. Suspendí. Ahora desearía que el pasado hubiera sido diferente).
Should have también puede usarse para hablar *de algo que esperabas que ocurriera*, pero no ocurrió (o no ocurrió hasta más tarde).
"The letter should have arrived by now, but it hasn’t come yet."
(Esperaba una carta, pero no ha llegado).
You should have been here.
Deberías haber estado aquí.

to let (someone) know
avisar a alguien
I should have let you know.

You should have called.
Deberías haber llamado.

to stay awake
mantenerse despierto
I'm really tired today. I should not have stayed awake so late last night.
We should have studied more.
Deberíamos haber estudiado más.
to shout at
gritar
I shouldn't have shouted at her.
They should have stayed.
Deberían haberse quedado.
They should have stayed in the bunker.
to take advice
aceptar consejos
You should have taken advice.
I should have known better.
Debería haberlo sabido.
by now
a estas alturas
He should be married by now.

I should have never let you go.
Nunca debí dejarte ir.
to renew
renovar
I should have renewed my travel insurance.
You should have done that.
Deberías haber hecho eso.
*Will + adverbios de probabilidad*
Ahora vamos a practicar los adverbios de probabilidad que hemos aprendido al principio de este curso.
Puedes utilizar "will" y "won’t" con diferentes adverbios para mostrar *la probabilidad de un evento futuro.*
"I’ll maybe go to the party."
"I’ll probably go to the party."
"I’ll definitely go to the party."
"I’ll certainly go to the party."
I'll probably be there.
Probablemente estaré allí.
It'll probably rain on Sunday

to take place
tener lugar
It will probably take place at midnight.
He'll maybe call her.
Tal vez la llame.
to disturb
molestar
I definitely won't disturb you.

They will certainly know.
Seguro que lo sabrán.
to pass an exam
aprobar un examen
You'll probably pass the exam.
I probably won't do it.
Probablemente no lo haga.
on time
a tiempo
I will finish it on time!
I’ll probably see you later.
Probablemente te veo más tarde.