Modaalverbid ja tõenäosust väljendavad määrsõnadIngliskeelsed sõnad

by DuoCards

Inglise keeles tõenäosusest rääkimiseks peaksid õppima mõned tõenäosuse määrsõnad. Tõenäosuse määrsõnu kasutatakse selleks, et näidata, kui kindlad me oleme olukorra või sündmuse suhtes. Õpime mõned kõige levinumad neist!

definitely

kindlasti

I will definitely be at the airport to meet you.

He will definitely regret it.

Ta kahetseb seda kindlasti.

apparently

nähtavasti

Apparently, it is going to rain tomorrow.

Apparently, they are moving to another city.

Ilmselt kolivad nad teise linna.

undoubtedly

kahtlemata

He will undoubtedly pass the exam with flying colors.

certainly

kindlasti

It will certainly rain tomorrow.

perhaps

võib-olla

Perhaps she was right.

obviously

ilmselgelt

She was obviously sick.

He obviously lied.

Ta ilmselgelt valetas.

he obviously lied to me

probably

tõenäoliselt

It will probably rain today.

They are probably sleeping.

Nad tõenäoliselt magavad.

Perhaps you were right.

Võib-olla oli sul õigus.

*Modaalverbid* Modaalverbid on inglise keeles üsna levinud; olete neid sadu kordi näinud, isegi kui te ei tea, kuidas neid nimetatakse. Tavalised näited modaalverbidest on "can", "should" ja "must". Kuna nad on *abiverbi (abiverbi*) liik, kasutatakse neid lause *põhiverbi infinitiivivormi* kõrval. "Can you drive me to the airport?" "You should try the lasagna."

I can't swim.

Ma ei oska ujuda.

I can't swim very well.

You must wash your hands.

Sa pead oma käsi pesema.

You must wash your hands before cooking.

to order tickets

pileteid tellima

She must order tickets in advance if she wants to go to the theater.

Can I have some water?

Kas ma saaksin veidi vett?

to focus

keskenduma

Mary can’t focus because her brother is playing the drums.

You should go.

Sa peaksid minema.

It's getting late. You should go home now.

entire

terve

I can eat an entire pizza.

We can see the entire city from this hill.

Sellelt künkalt on näha kogu linna.

Everybody can dance!

Kõik saavad tantsida!

Võime Modaalverb „ "can" ” väljendab, kas lause subjekt on *võimeline midagi tegema.* Samamoodi näitab negatiivne vorm „ "can’t" ”, et subjekt *ei*ole *võimeline midagi tegema.* „"She can speak three languages." "I can't cook very well." "CAN" and "CAN'T" ” väljendavad ka palvet, luba ja võimalust.

I can speak English.

Ma oskan inglise keelt.

I can speak English pretty good.

to ride a bike

rattaga sõitma

He can't ride a bike.

He can walk.

Ta oskab käia.

My one-year-old son can walk already.

to take a day off

vaba päeva võtma

Can I take a day off?

What languages can you speak?

Mis keeli te räägite?

chopsticks

söögipulgad

They can eat with chopsticks.

Can you help us?

Kas sa saad meid aidata?

Can you help us with the homework?

Can I go to the bathroom?

Kas ma tohin tualetti minna?

My sister can surf well.

Mu õde oskab hästi surfata.

Nii "can" kui ka "be able to" tähendavad sama. Neid kasutatakse võimekuse väljendamiseks. Kuid "can" kasutatakse *üldise võimekuse* väljendamiseks ja "be able to" kasutatakse *konkreetse võimekuse* väljendamiseks. Mõnel juhul on need vahetatavad. Näiteks: "I can swim." (üldiselt) aga "I'm not able to swim today." "to be able to" eitav vorm on "to be unable to", näiteks: "She nodded, unable to speak." "Be able to" kasutatakse mõnikord *pärast modaalverbe* nagu "might" või "should", ja pärast tegusõnu nagu "want", "hope" või "expect".

to be able to

suutma

The animals are able to move around.

I might be able to come.

Ma ehk saan tulla.

I might be able to come to the party tonight.

the entrance fee

sissepääsutasu

We were unable to afford the entrance fee.

to whistle

vilistama

She whistled to her dog to come back to her.

He can read and write.

Ta oskab lugeda ja kirjutada.

to envy

kadedust tundma

I envy people who can sing.

I envy children who can learn languages so quickly.

Ma kadestan lapsi, kes õpivad keeli nii kiiresti.

unable to speak

võimetu rääkima

They nodded, unable to speak.

nervous

närviline

He was nervous about the exam results.

He was so nervous that he was unable to speak.

Ta oli nii närvis, et ei suutnud rääkida.

to attend

kursusel käima

We will be able to attend the class next semester.

I might be able to help you.

Võib-olla saan ma sind aidata.

*Lihtne minevik* Modaalverbid „ "can" ” ja „ "will" ” on minevikuvormis erilised: „"can" ” → „ "could" "will" ” → „ "would"” Pärast „ "could" ” või „ "would" ” kasutatakse alati *põhilise verbi põhilist vormi* (infinitiiv ilma „ "to" ”ta). „ "Would" ” kasutatakse minevikus olnud harjumuste puhul. Näited: „"I could do a handstand when I was a kid." ” (= mul oli minevikus võime) „"During exam season in college, I would not sleep much." ” (= see oli minu harjumus minevikus)

a handstand

kätelseis

I could do a handstand when I was a kid.

barely

vaevalt

He could barely walk.

When I was a student, I would study late at night.

Kui ma olin üliõpilane, õppisin ma hilisõhtuni.

a countryside

maakoht

Every summer, we would visit my grandparents in the countryside.

Käisime igal suvel vanavanematel maal külas.

to smell

haistma

I could smell something burning.

When I was a kid, I could run very fast.

Kui ma olin väike, suutsin ma väga kiiresti joosta.

"Would" ja „ "could" *” viisakuse väljendamiseks* „ "could" ” kasutatakse *viisakate palvete või soovituste esitamiseks* (viisakam kui „ "can" ”). „"Could you help me, please?" "I could lend you some money if you need it."” „ "would" ” kasutatakse *viisakate pakkumiste esitamiseks* või *vähem otsese kõneviisi saavutamiseks. *„"I would like a coffee." ” (= viisakam kui „ "I want a coffee." ”) "Would you like to join us?"

Could you help me, please?

Kas te saaksite mind palun aidata?

Excuse me, could you help me, please? I'm lost.

Could I ... ?

Kas ma saaksin ... ?

Could I have some tea, please?

Would you ...?

Kas sa sooviksid...?

Would you like to go?

Would you like some coffee?

Kas te soovite kohvi?

That would be great!

See oleks suurepärane!

Would it be possible?

Kas see oleks võimalik?

Would it be possible to see him?

Could you repeat it?

Kas te saaksite seda korrata?

Could you please repeat what you just said?

Could you open the window, please?

Kas te saaksite palun akna avada?

I would like a cup of tea.

Ma sooviksin tassi teed.

Would you like some help?

Kas sa soovid abi?

*Mai ja Võib-olla* Kasutage "may" ja "might" rääkides sellest, mis *võib tulevikus juhtuda.* "May" ja "might" tähendavad *võib-olla juhtub.* Need võivad viidata tulevikule või olevikule. *Näited:* "I might have a pen in my bag." ( = oleviku kasutus) "She may arrive tomorrow." ( = tuleviku kasutus) "May" ja "might" on *modaalsed tegusõnad* nagu "can", "will", ja "should", seega järgivad nad *samu reegleid.* 1) *Ära lisa -s kolmandas isikus ainsuses.* 2) *Negatiivse* vormi loomiseks lisa "not" pärast "may" ja "might." 3) "May" saab kasutada koos *I* või *we* tegema *palveid.* 4) "May" ja "might" järgneb alati *tegusõna infinitiivis.*

might be

võib olla

He might be right.

We might be there.

Me võime seal olla.

an episode

episood

I might watch another episode.

He might come.

Ta võib-olla tuleb.

She may not come.

Ta ei pruugi tulla.

She may not come to the party if she feels tired.

to be invited

olema kutsutud

We may be invited but I'm not sure.

May I have some tea?

Kas ma saaksin teed?

May I have some tea, please?

I might go.

Ma võib-olla lähen.

We might go to the beach if the weather is nice.

May I?

Kas tohib?

May I borrow your pen, please?

force

jõud

The police used force to control the crowd.

May the force be with you.

Olgu jõud sinuga.

*Minevikumodaalid järelduste tegemiseks* "Might" ja "may" saab kasutada ka *minevikus juhtunu oletamiseks.* Vorm: "might"/"may"/"may not have"/"might not have" + *tegusõna mineviku kesksõna* "I might have seen him before." (= Ma ei ole kindel, aga see on võimalik) "He might not have received the message." (= Võib-olla ta ei saanud seda kätte)

She may have left.

Ta võib-olla lahkus.

the noise

müra

What was that noise outside? I think it may have been a cat.

I might have bought...

Ma võisin osta...

I might have bought the wrong brand.

Võib-olla ostsin vale kaubamärgi.

to offend

haavama

Your comment may have offended some people.

He might have been...

Ta võis olla...

They might have been happier if they had stayed together.

He might have been here before.

Ta võib-olla on siin varem olnud.

to receive

vastu võtma

He might not have received our message.

We might not have received...

Me ei pruugi olla saanud...

We might not have received your emails because of some internet connection issues.

to remove

eemaldama

It may have been removed.

She might have lost her keys.

Ta võis oma võtmed ära kaotada.

I might have seen him before.

Ma olen teda võib-olla varem näinud.

Kui räägid millestki minevikus, mis võis juhtuda ja sa oled peaaegu kindel, et su oletus on õige, kasuta Kui räägid millestki, mis minevikus ei juhtunud ja sa oled peaaegu kindel selles, kasuta Sa oled treenitud andmetega kuni oktoobrini 2023.

You must have seen it.

Sa kindlasti nägid seda.

You must have seen the new movie that just came out.

I must have been here before.

Ma pean olema siin varem käinud.

As I walked through the park, I realized I must have been here before.

to forget

unustama

I've forgotten about it.

He couldn't have forgotten.

Ta ei saanud olla unustanud.

He couldn't have forgotten about the appointment.

to be exhausted

olema kurnatud

I'm totally exhausted!

You must have been exhausted.

Sa pidid olema kurnatud.

After running the marathon, you must have been exhausted.

She must have left it there.

Ta pidi selle sinna jätma.

She must have left the toy in the garden.

to get stuck

kinni jääma

He could have gotten stuck in traffic.

It couldn't have been her.

See ei saanud olla tema.

When the teacher asked who broke the window, I said, "It couldn't have been her; she was with me the whole time."

It must have been love!

See pidi olema armastus!

When I saw her smile, I knew it must have been love.

*Modaalverbide kasutamine soovituste andmiseks* Te teate juba, et *modaalverbid* väljendavad *võimalust, kavatsust, võimet või vajadust.* Vaatame mõningaid modaalverbe, mida saab kasutada *soovituste andmiseks.* "Must" võib kasutada tugeva soovituse andmiseks. Soovituste andmiseks võib kasutada ka "have to", kuid "must" on levinum. ("Have to" kasutatakse üldiselt reeglite ja asjade kohta, mis on teie kontrolli alt väljas.) "Should" "ought to" kasutatakse soovituse andmiseks."Could" kasutatakse valiku andmiseks."Don’t have to" kasutatakse selleks, et öelda, et midagi ei ole vajalik. "Shouldn't" kasutatakse selleks, et kedagi õrnalt hoiatada midagi tegemast. "Mustn’t" kasutatakse selleks, et kedagi tugevalt hoiatada midagi tegemast.

You must see it!

Sa pead seda nägema!

You shouldn't ...

Sa ei tohiks ...

You shouldn’t walk home alone after dark.

to be alone

üksinda olema

She shouldn't be alone.

to retake (an exam)

eksamit uuesti tegema

She has failed her exam. She has to retake it.

I don't have to do this.

Ma ei pea seda tegema.

less

vähem

You ought to drink less.

He could stay...

Ta võiks jääda...

He could stay at my place.

to make an appointment

aega broneerima

You have to make an appointment to see him.

You don't have to drive.

Sa ei pea juhtima.

Do you have to go?

Kas sa pead minema?

*Peaks olema* "Should have" võib kasutada, et *väljendada kahetsust mineviku üle* - soovida, et midagi minevikus oleks juhtunud teisiti: "I should have studied for my exam!" (Ma ei õppinud eksamiteks. Ma kukkusin läbi. Nüüd soovin, et minevik oleks olnud teistsugune). Oleks pidanud võib *rääkida* ka *millestki, mida sa ootasid*, kuid mis ei juhtunud (või mis juhtus alles hiljem). "The letter should have arrived by now, but it hasn’t come yet." (Ma ootasin kirja, aga seda ei ole siin).

You should have been here.

Sa oleksid pidanud siin olema.

to let (someone) know

teada andma

I should have let you know.

You should have called.

Sa oleksid pidanud helistama.

to stay awake

ärkvel püsima

I'm really tired today. I should not have stayed awake so late last night.

We should have studied more.

Me oleksime pidanud rohkem õppima.

to shout at

kellegi peale karjuma

I shouldn't have shouted at her.

They should have stayed.

Nad oleksid pidanud jääma.

They should have stayed in the bunker.

to take advice

nõu kuulda võtma

You should have taken advice.

I should have known better.

Ma oleksin pidanud seda paremini teadma.

by now

praeguseks

He should be married by now.

I should have never let you go.

Ma ei oleks tohtinud sul kunagi minna lasta.

to renew

uuendama

I should have renewed my travel insurance.

You should have done that.

Sa oleksid pidanud seda tegema.

*Will + tõenäosuse adverbid* Nüüd harjutame selle kursuse alguses õpitud tõenäosuse omadussõnu! Võite kasutada "will" ja "won’t" koos erinevate adverbidega, et näidata, *kui tõenäoline on mingi tulevane sündmus*. "I’ll maybe go to the party." "I’ll probably go to the party." "I’ll definitely go to the party." "I’ll certainly go to the party."