کارەواژەکان و کاراوەکانی ئەگەروشەکانی ئینگلیزی

by DuoCards

Ji bo peyva lewma di Îngilîzî de, divê hinek ji zaravayên lewma fêr bibî. *Adverbs of probability* têne bikar anîn da ku nîşan bidin çawa em ji barê yek çêtir in an na. Bila hinek ji yên herî gelekî fêr bibin!

definitely

بێگومان

I will definitely be at the airport to meet you.

He will definitely regret it.

ئەو بێگومان پەشیمان دەبێتەوە.

apparently

بەپێی ئەوەی دەردەکەوێت

Apparently, it is going to rain tomorrow.

Apparently, they are moving to another city.

دیارە ئەوان بۆ شارێکی تر کۆچ دەکەن.

undoubtedly

بێگومان

He will undoubtedly pass the exam with flying colors.

certainly

بێگومان

It will certainly rain tomorrow.

perhaps

ڕەنگە

Perhaps she was right.

obviously

بە ئاشکرایی

She was obviously sick.

He obviously lied.

Ew bi eşkereyî derewan dike.

he obviously lied to me

probably

بە ئەگەرێکی زۆرەوە

It will probably rain today.

They are probably sleeping.

وان دیارە خەوتوون

Perhaps you were right.

ڕەنگە تۆ ڕاست بووبیت.

*Lêkerên modal* Lêkerên modal di Îngilîzî de pir berbelav in; te bi sedan caran wan di çalakiyê de dîtibe jî ku te nizanibe navê wan çi ye. Nimûneyên gelemperî yên lêkerên modal hene "can", "should", û "must". Ji ber ku ew celebek *lêkera alîkar in (lêkera alîkar)* , ew li *kêleka forma lêkera bingehîn* a hevokê têne bikar anîn. "Can you drive me to the airport?" "You should try the lasagna."

I can't swim.

Ez nikarim avjeniyê bikim.

I can't swim very well.

You must wash your hands.

دەبێت دەستەکانی خۆت بشۆیت.

You must wash your hands before cooking.

to order tickets

فەرمانی بلیتی

She must order tickets in advance if she wants to go to the theater.

Can I have some water?

دەتوانم کەمێک ئاو بخۆم؟

to focus

سەرنجدان

Mary can’t focus because her brother is playing the drums.

You should go.

دەبێت بڕۆیت

It's getting late. You should go home now.

entire

تەواو

I can eat an entire pizza.

We can see the entire city from this hill.

Em dikarin ji vê girê hemû bajêr bibînin.

Everybody can dance!

Her kes dikare bireqse!

*Kêrhatî* Lêkera modal "can"diyar dike ka kirdeya hevokê *dikare tiştekî bike an na.* Bi heman awayî, forma neyînî "can’t"nîşan dide ku kirde *nikare tiştekî bike.* "She can speak three languages." "I can't cook very well." "CAN"û "CAN'T"her weha daxwaz, destûr û îmkanê nîşan dide.

I can speak English.

من دەتوانم بە ئینگلیزی قسە بکەم.

I can speak English pretty good.

to ride a bike

pasîlwarîkirin

He can't ride a bike.

He can walk.

ئەو دەتوانێت بڕوات

My one-year-old son can walk already.

to take a day off

ڕۆژێک مۆڵەت وەرگرتن

Can I take a day off?

What languages can you speak?

Tu bi kîjan zimanan dizanî?

chopsticks

çopstîk

They can eat with chopsticks.

Can you help us?

Tu dikarî alîkariya me bikî?

Can you help us with the homework?

Can I go to the bathroom?

دەتوانم بچم بۆ تەوالێت؟

My sister can surf well.

خوشکەکەم دەتوانێت بە باشی شەپۆلسواری بکات

"Can"*an* "be able to?" Herdu jî "can"û "be able to"heman wateyê didin. Ew ji bo axaftina li ser şiyanê têne bikar anîn. Lê "can"ji bo axaftina li ser *şiyana giştî* tê bikar anîn, û "be able to"ji bo axaftina li ser *şiyana taybetî tê bikar anîn.* Di hin rewşan de ew dikarin bi hev re werin guhertin. Bo nimûne: "I can swim."(bi gelemperî) lê "I'm not able to swim today." Forma neyînî ya "to be able to""to be unable to", bo nimûne: "She nodded, unable to speak." "Be able to"carinan *piştî modalên* wek "might", an "should", û piştî lêkerên wek "want", "hope", an jî tê bikaranîn "expect".

to be able to

توانین

The animals are able to move around.

I might be able to come.

لەوانەیە بتوانم بێم

I might be able to come to the party tonight.

the entrance fee

کرێی چوونەژوورەوە

We were unable to afford the entrance fee.

to whistle

fîk lêdan

She whistled to her dog to come back to her.

He can read and write.

ئەو دەتوانێت بخوێنێتەوە و بنووسێت.

to envy

حەسودی بردن

I envy people who can sing.

I envy children who can learn languages so quickly.

حەسوودی بەو منداڵانە دەبەم کە بەو خێراییە فێری زمان دەبن.

unable to speak

نەتوانینی قسەکردن

They nodded, unable to speak.

nervous

دڵەخورپێ

He was nervous about the exam results.

He was so nervous that he was unable to speak.

ئەو ئەوەندە شڵەژابوو کە نەیدەتوانی قسە بکات.

to attend

بەشداریکردن لە خولێک

We will be able to attend the class next semester.

I might be able to help you.

Dibe ku ez bikaribim alîkariya te bikim.

*Demjimêra borî ya sade* Lêkerên modal "can"û "will"formên taybetî yên dema borî hene: "can"→ "could" "will"→ "would" Piştî "could"an "would", em her tim *forma bingehîn a lêkera sereke* (infinîtîv bêyî "to") bi kar tînin. "Would"ji bo adetên berê tê bikar anîn. Mînak: "I could do a handstand when I was a kid."(= Di demên berê de min ev şiyan hebû) "During exam season in college, I would not sleep much."(= ev berê adeta min bû)

a handstand

rawestan li ser destan

I could do a handstand when I was a kid.

barely

bi zehmetî

He could barely walk.

When I was a student, I would study late at night.

کاتێک قوتابی بووم، شەوان تا درەنگانم دەخوێند.

a countryside

گوندەوار

Every summer, we would visit my grandparents in the countryside.

Her havîn me serdana bapîr û dapîra xwe ya li gund dikir.

to smell

bêhnkirin

I could smell something burning.

When I was a kid, I could run very fast.

Dema ez zarok bûm, min dikarî pir bi lez bireviyam.

"Would"û "could"*ji bo exlaqê* Em "could"*daxwaz an pêşniyarên bi nezaket dikin* (ji jî bi nezakettir "can"). "Could you help me, please?" "I could lend you some money if you need it." Em "would"*ji bo pêşniyarên bi nezaket* an jî *ji bo ku kêmtir rasterast deng bidin bi kar tînin.* "I would like a coffee."(= ji bi nezakettir "I want a coffee.") "Would you like to join us?"

Could you help me, please?

دەتوانیت یارمەتیم بدەیت، تکایە؟

Excuse me, could you help me, please? I'm lost.

Could I ... ?

ئایا دەتوانم...؟

Could I have some tea, please?

Would you ...?

Tu dixwazî...?

Would you like to go?

Would you like some coffee?

Qehweyek vedixwî?

That would be great!

ئەوە زۆر باش دەبێت!

Would it be possible?

gelo ev mimkun e?

Would it be possible to see him?

Could you repeat it?

دەتوانیت دووبارەی بکەیتەوە؟

Could you please repeat what you just said?

Could you open the window, please?

دەتوانیت پەنجەرەکە بکەیتەوە، تکایە؟

I would like a cup of tea.

دەمەوێت پیاڵەیەک چا بخۆم.

Would you like some help?

ئایا پێویستت بە یارمەتییە؟

Bikaran "may" û "might" bikar bînin da ku li ser tiştên ku *di pêşerojê de dibe ku bibe* axiv bikin. "May" û "might" wateya *dibe ku bibin.* Ew dikarin ji bo pêşerojê an jî niha referans bikin. *Mînak:* "I might have a pen in my bag." ( = bikaranîna niha) "She may arrive tomorrow." ( = bikaranîna pêşerojê) "May" û "might" *verba modal* in wek "can", "will", û "should", ji ber vê yekê ew *rêzên heman* dipeyvin. 1) *Ne zêde bikin -s ji bo yekemîn kesê singular.* 2) Ji bo çêkirina *nepositîf*, "not" lê zêde bikin piştî "may" û "might." 3) "May" dikare bi *I* an *we* re ji bo çêkirina *daxwazên* bikar bîne. 4) "May" û "might" her gav piştî wan *verb di forma infinitive de* têne.

might be

لەوانەیە

He might be right.

We might be there.

لەوانەیە ئێمە لەوێ بین.

an episode

ئەڵقەیەک

I might watch another episode.

He might come.

لەوانەیە بێت

She may not come.

لەوانەیە نەیەت

She may not come to the party if she feels tired.

to be invited

بانگهێشت کران

We may be invited but I'm not sure.

May I have some tea?

دەتوانم چایەک بخۆم؟

May I have some tea, please?

I might go.

لەوانەیە بڕۆم

We might go to the beach if the weather is nice.

May I?

دەتوانم؟

May I borrow your pen, please?

force

هێز

The police used force to control the crowd.

May the force be with you.

هێز لەگەڵ تۆ بێت.

*Modalên Borî ji bo Kêmkirinê* "Might"û "may"her weha dikare ji bo *texmînkirina tiştên ku di demên berê de qewimîne jî were bikar anîn.* Form: "might"/ "may"/ "may not have"/ "might not have"+ *lêkera radera borî* "I might have seen him before."(= Ez ne bawer im, lê mimkun e) "He might not have received the message."(= Dibe ku wî ew negirtibe)

She may have left.

لەوانەیە ڕۆشتبێت

the noise

دەنگەدەنگەکە

What was that noise outside? I think it may have been a cat.

I might have bought...

لەوانەیە کڕیبێتم...

I might have bought the wrong brand.

ڕەنگە مارکەی هەڵەم کڕیبێت.

to offend

heqaret kirin

Your comment may have offended some people.

He might have been...

Dibe ku ew bûbe...

They might have been happier if they had stayed together.

He might have been here before.

لەوانەیە پێشتر لێرە بووبێت.

to receive

وەرگرتن

He might not have received our message.

We might not have received...

لەوانەیە ئێمە وەرنەگرتبێت...

We might not have received your emails because of some internet connection issues.

to remove

سڕینەوە

It may have been removed.

She might have lost her keys.

Dibe ku wê kilîtên xwe winda kiribin.

I might have seen him before.

لەوانەیە پێشتر بینیبێتم.

*Divê evîn bûya!* Dema ku hûn li ser tiştekî ku di demên berê de dibe ku qewimîbe diaxivin û hûn *hema hema piştrast in ku texmîna we rast e* , bi kar bînin "must have + past participle verb." "It must have been him!" Dema ku hûn li ser tiştekî ku di demên berê de *neqewimiye* diaxivin û hûn hema hema ji vê yekê piştrast in, lêkera "couldn't"/ "can't have"+ *raweya borî bi kar bînin.* "He couldn't have forgotten about it!"

You must have seen it.

بێگومان تۆ دیتووتە.

You must have seen the new movie that just came out.

I must have been here before.

دەبێت پێشتر لێرە بووبێتم.

As I walked through the park, I realized I must have been here before.

to forget

بیرچوون

I've forgotten about it.

He couldn't have forgotten.

نەدەبوو لەبیری کردبێت

He couldn't have forgotten about the appointment.

to be exhausted

ماندووبوون

I'm totally exhausted!

You must have been exhausted.

Divê tu gelekî westiyayî bûbî.

After running the marathon, you must have been exhausted.

She must have left it there.

دەبێت لەوێ بەجێی هێشتبێت.

She must have left the toy in the garden.

to get stuck

têketin

He could have gotten stuck in traffic.

It couldn't have been her.

نەدەبوو ئەو بێت

When the teacher asked who broke the window, I said, "It couldn't have been her; she was with me the whole time."

It must have been love!

دەبێ ئەوە خۆشەویستی بووبێت!

When I saw her smile, I knew it must have been love.

*Bikaranîna Modalan ji bo Pêşniyaran* Tu jixwe dizanî ku *lêkerên modal* *îmkan, niyet, şiyan, an jî pêwîstiyê nîşan didin.* Werin em li hin awayên modalî binêrin ku dikarin ji bo *pêşniyaran werin bikar anîn.* "Must"dikare ji bo pêşniyarek bihêz were bikar anîn. Her weha hûn dikarin "have to"ji bo pêşniyaran bikar bînin, lê "must"gelempertir e. ( "Have to"bi gelemperî ji bo axaftina li ser qaîdeyan û tiştên ku ji derveyî kontrola we ne tê bikar anîn.) "Should"û "ought to"ji bo pêşniyaran tê bikar anîn. "Could"ji bo dayîna vebijarkekê tê bikar anîn. "Don’t have to"tê bikaranîn ji bo ku bêje tiştek ne pêwîst e. "Shouldn't"ji bo hişyarkirina kesekî bi nermî li hember kirina tiştekî tê bikar anîn. "Mustn’t"Ji bo hişyarkirina bi tundî ya kesekî li dijî kirina tiştekî tê bikaranîn.

You must see it!

دەبێت ئەمە ببینیت!

You shouldn't ...

نابێت تۆ ...

You shouldn’t walk home alone after dark.

to be alone

تەنیا بوون

She shouldn't be alone.

to retake (an exam)

دووبارە ئەنجامدانی تاقیکردنەوە

She has failed her exam. She has to retake it.

I don't have to do this.

پێویست ناکات ئەمە بکەم.

less

کەمتر

You ought to drink less.

He could stay...

ئەو دەیتوانی بمێنێتەوە...

He could stay at my place.

to make an appointment

دانانی کاتێکی دیاریکراو بۆ چاوپێکەوتن

You have to make an appointment to see him.

You don't have to drive.

پێویست ناکات شۆفێری بکەیت.

Do you have to go?

دەبێت بڕۆیت؟

*Divê hebe* "Should have"dikare ji bo *îfadekirina poşmaniya li ser paşerojê* were bikar anîn - ji bo ku bixwaze tiştek di paşerojê de bi rengekî din qewimiye: "I should have studied for my exam!" (Min ji bo îmtîhanên xwe nexwend. Ez têk çûm. Niha xwezî ku berê cuda bûya.) Divê hebe jî dikare were bikar anîn ji bo *axaftina li ser tiştek ku we hêvî dikir ku biqewime* , lê ew çênebû (an jî heya paşê çênebû). "The letter should have arrived by now, but it hasn’t come yet." (Ez li benda nameyekê bûm, lê ew ne li vir e).

You should have been here.

Divê tu li vir bûya.

to let (someone) know

ئاگادارکردنەوە

I should have let you know.

You should have called.

دەبوو تەلەفۆنت بکردایە

to stay awake

بەخەبەر مانەوە

I'm really tired today. I should not have stayed awake so late last night.

We should have studied more.

Divê me zêdetir bixwenda.

to shout at

هاوار کردن بەسەر

I shouldn't have shouted at her.

They should have stayed.

دەبوو بمێننەوە

They should have stayed in the bunker.

to take advice

وەرگرتنی ئامۆژگاری

You should have taken advice.

I should have known better.

دەبوو باشتر بزانم.

by now

تا ئێستا

He should be married by now.

I should have never let you go.

Divya min tu carî nehîşta tu biçî.

to renew

نوێکردنەوە

I should have renewed my travel insurance.

You should have done that.

دەبوو ئەوەت بکردایە

*Dê + lêkerên îhtimalê* Naha werin em lêkerên îhtîmala ku em di destpêka vê qursê de fêr bûne pratîk bikin! Hûn dikarin "will"û "won’t"bi lêkerên cihêreng bikar bînin da ku nîşan bidin *ku bûyerek pêşerojê çiqas gengaz e.* "I’ll maybe go to the party." "I’ll probably go to the party." "I’ll definitely go to the party." "I’ll certainly go to the party."