Vitenzi vya kusaidia na vielezi vya uwezekanoManeno ya Kiingereza

by DuoCards

*Kuna uwezekano kiasi gani?* Ili kuzungumzia uwezekano katika lugha ya Kiingereza, unapaswa kujifunza baadhi ya vielezi vya uwezekano. *Vielezi vya uwezekano* hutumika kuonyesha jinsi tunavyokuwa na uhakika kuhusu hali au tukio fulani. Hebu tujifunze baadhi ya vile vinavyotumika sana!

definitely

bila shaka

I will definitely be at the airport to meet you.

He will definitely regret it.

Atajuta kwa hakika.

apparently

inaonekana

Apparently, it is going to rain tomorrow.

Apparently, they are moving to another city.

Inaonekana wanahamia mji mwingine.

undoubtedly

bila shaka

He will undoubtedly pass the exam with flying colors.

certainly

bila shaka

It will certainly rain tomorrow.

perhaps

labda

Perhaps she was right.

obviously

bila shaka

She was obviously sick.

He obviously lied.

Ni dhahiri kuwa alidanganya.

he obviously lied to me

probably

labda

It will probably rain today.

They are probably sleeping.

Pengine wamelala.

Perhaps you were right.

Labda ulikuwa sahihi.

*Vitenzi vya modali* Vitenzi vya Modal ni vya kawaida sana kwa Kiingereza; umewaona wakitenda mara mia hata kama hukujua wanaitwaje. Mifano ya kawaida ya vitenzi vya modali ni pamoja na "can", "should", na "must". Kwa sababu ni aina ya *kitenzi kisaidizi (kitenzi kisaidizi)* , hutumiwa pamoja na *fomu isiyo na kikomo ya kitenzi kikuu* cha sentensi. "Can you drive me to the airport?" "You should try the lasagna."

I can't swim.

Siwezi kuogelea.

I can't swim very well.

You must wash your hands.

Lazima unawa mikono yako.

You must wash your hands before cooking.

to order tickets

kuagiza tiketi

She must order tickets in advance if she wants to go to the theater.

Can I have some water?

Naweza kupata maji kidogo?

to focus

kuzingatia

Mary can’t focus because her brother is playing the drums.

You should go.

Unapaswa kuondoka.

It's getting late. You should go home now.

entire

zima

I can eat an entire pizza.

We can see the entire city from this hill.

Tunaweza kuona jiji zima kutoka kwenye kilima hiki.

Everybody can dance!

Kila mtu anaweza kucheza!

*Uwezo* Kitenzi cha kawaida "can"huonyesha kama kiima cha sentensi *kinaweza kufanya jambo fulani.* Vile vile, umbo la hasi "can’t"huonyesha kwamba kiima *hakiwezi kufanya jambo fulani.* "She can speak three languages." "I can't cook very well." "CAN"na "CAN'T"pia kuonyesha ombi, ruhusa, na uwezekano.

I can speak English.

Ninaweza kuzungumza Kiingereza.

I can speak English pretty good.

to ride a bike

kuendesha baiskeli

He can't ride a bike.

He can walk.

Anaweza kutembea.

My one-year-old son can walk already.

to take a day off

kuchukua siku ya mapumziko

Can I take a day off?

What languages can you speak?

Unazungumza lugha gani?

chopsticks

vijiti vya kulia chakula

They can eat with chopsticks.

Can you help us?

Je, unaweza kutusaidia?

Can you help us with the homework?

Can I go to the bathroom?

Je, ninaweza kwenda chooni?

My sister can surf well.

Dada yangu anajua kuteleza kwenye mawimbi vizuri.

"Can"*au* "be able to?" Zote mbili "can"na "be able to"zina maana sawa. Zinatumika kuzungumzia uwezo. Lakini "can"hutumika kuzungumzia *uwezo wa jumla* , na "be able to"hutumika kuzungumzia *uwezo maalum.* Katika baadhi ya matukio zinaweza kubadilishwa. Kwa mfano: "I can swim."(kwa ujumla) lakini "I'm not able to swim today." "to be able to""to be unable to"Kwa mfano, umbo hasi la ni , kama ifuatavyo: "She nodded, unable to speak." "Be able to"wakati mwingine hutumika *baada ya vitenzi* kama vile "might"au "should", na baada ya vitenzi kama vile "want", "hope", au "expect".

to be able to

kuweza

The animals are able to move around.

I might be able to come.

Huenda nikaweza kuja.

I might be able to come to the party tonight.

the entrance fee

ada ya kuingilia

We were unable to afford the entrance fee.

to whistle

kupiga mluzi

She whistled to her dog to come back to her.

He can read and write.

Anajua kusoma na kuandika.

to envy

husudu

I envy people who can sing.

I envy children who can learn languages so quickly.

Ninawaonea wivu watoto wanaoweza kujifunza lugha kwa haraka sana.

unable to speak

hawawezi kuzungumza

They nodded, unable to speak.

nervous

mwenye wasiwasi

He was nervous about the exam results.

He was so nervous that he was unable to speak.

Alikuwa na wasiwasi sana kiasi kwamba hakuweza kusema.

to attend

kuhudhuria kozi

We will be able to attend the class next semester.

I might be able to help you.

Huenda nikaweza kukusaidia.

*Zamani rahisi* Vitenzi vya modali "can"na "will"vina umbo maalum la wakati uliopita: "can"→ "could" "will"→ "would" Baada ya "could"au "would", sisi hutumia *umbo la msingi la kitenzi kikuu* (kitenzi kisicho na kitenzi "to") kila wakati "Would"hutumika kwa tabia za zamani. Mifano: "I could do a handstand when I was a kid."(= Nilikuwa na uwezo hapo awali) "During exam season in college, I would not sleep much."(= hii ilikuwa tabia yangu hapo awali)

a handstand

kusimama kwa mikono

I could do a handstand when I was a kid.

barely

karibu

He could barely walk.

When I was a student, I would study late at night.

Nilipokuwa mwanafunzi, nilikuwa nikisoma hadi usiku sana.

a countryside

mashambani

Every summer, we would visit my grandparents in the countryside.

Kila msimu wa joto, tulikuwa tukiwatembelea babu na bibi yangu kijijini.

to smell

kunusa

I could smell something burning.

When I was a kid, I could run very fast.

Nilipokuwa mtoto, niliweza kukimbia haraka sana.

"Would"na "could"*kwa adabu* Tunatumia "could"*kutoa maombi au mapendekezo ya heshima* (ya heshima zaidi kuliko "can"). "Could you help me, please?" "I could lend you some money if you need it." Tunatumia "would"*kwa ofa za heshima* au *kutosikika moja kwa moja.* "I would like a coffee."(= mpole zaidi kuliko "I want a coffee.") "Would you like to join us?"

Could you help me, please?

Je, unaweza kunisaidia, tafadhali?

Excuse me, could you help me, please? I'm lost.

Could I ... ?

Je, naweza...?

Could I have some tea, please?

Would you ...?

Je, ungependa...?

Would you like to go?

Would you like some coffee?

Je, ungependa kahawa?

That would be great!

Hilo litakuwa jambo zuri sana!

Would it be possible?

Je, ingewezekana?

Would it be possible to see him?

Could you repeat it?

Unaweza kurudia tafadhali?

Could you please repeat what you just said?

Could you open the window, please?

Je, unaweza kufungua dirisha, tafadhali?

I would like a cup of tea.

Ningependa kikombe cha chai.

Would you like some help?

Je, unahitaji msaada?

*Mei na Mei* Tumia "may"na "might"kuzungumzia kile *kitakachotokea* katika siku zijazo. "May"na "might"kumaanisha *labda kitatokea.* Wanaweza kurejelea wakati ujao au wa sasa. *Mifano:* "I might have a pen in my bag."(= matumizi ya sasa) "She may arrive tomorrow."(= matumizi ya baadaye) "May"na "might"ni *vitenzi vya kawaida* kama vile "can", "will", na "should", kwa hivyo hufuata *sheria zile zile.* 1) *Usiongeze -s kwenye nafsi ya tatu umoja.* 2) Ili kuunda *hasi* , ongeza "not"baada ya "may"na "might." 3) "May"inaweza kutumika na *mimi* au *sisi* kutoa *maombi.* 4) "May"na "might"hufuatwa kila mara na *kitenzi katika umbo la kitenzi kisicho na kikomo*

might be

inaweza kuwa

He might be right.

We might be there.

Huenda tukawa hapo.

an episode

kipindi

I might watch another episode.

He might come.

Anaweza kuja.

She may not come.

Huenda asije.

She may not come to the party if she feels tired.

to be invited

kualikwa

We may be invited but I'm not sure.

May I have some tea?

Je, naweza kupata chai?

May I have some tea, please?

I might go.

Huenda nikaenda.

We might go to the beach if the weather is nice.

May I?

Naweza?

May I borrow your pen, please?

force

nguvu

The police used force to control the crowd.

May the force be with you.

Nguvu na iwe pamoja nawe.

*Mifumo ya Zamani ya Kupunguza* "Might"na "may"pia inaweza kutumika *kukisia kilichotokea hapo awali.* Umbo: "might"/ "may"/ "may not have"/ "might not have"+ *kitenzi kishirikishi kilichopita* "I might have seen him before."(= Sina uhakika, lakini inawezekana) "He might not have received the message."(= Labda hakuipokea)

She may have left.

Huenda ameondoka.

the noise

kelele

What was that noise outside? I think it may have been a cat.

I might have bought...

Huenda nimenunua...

I might have bought the wrong brand.

Huenda nimenunua chapa isiyo sahihi.

to offend

kukwaza

Your comment may have offended some people.

He might have been...

Ingekuwa huenda alikuwa...

They might have been happier if they had stayed together.

He might have been here before.

Huenda alishawahi kufika hapa hapo awali.

to receive

kupokea

He might not have received our message.

We might not have received...

Huenda hatukupokea...

We might not have received your emails because of some internet connection issues.

to remove

kuondoa

It may have been removed.

She might have lost her keys.

Huenda amepoteza funguo zake.

I might have seen him before.

Huenda nilishawahi kumwona hapo awali.

*Lazima ilikuwa upendo!* Unapozungumzia jambo fulani lililopita ambalo huenda lilitokea na una *uhakika kwamba nadhani yako ni sahihi* , tumia "must have + past participle verb." "It must have been him!" Unapozungumzia jambo ambalo *halikutokea* hapo awali na una uhakika nalo, tumia "couldn't""can't have"*kitenzi cha / + past participle.* "He couldn't have forgotten about it!"

You must have seen it.

Ni lazima uwe uliiona.

You must have seen the new movie that just came out.

I must have been here before.

Lazima niwe nimekuwa hapa kabla.

As I walked through the park, I realized I must have been here before.

to forget

kusahau

I've forgotten about it.

He couldn't have forgotten.

Hakuweza kusahau.

He couldn't have forgotten about the appointment.

to be exhausted

kuchoka sana

I'm totally exhausted!

You must have been exhausted.

Lazima ulikuwa umechoka sana.

After running the marathon, you must have been exhausted.

She must have left it there.

Lazima awe ameacha huko.

She must have left the toy in the garden.

to get stuck

kukwama

He could have gotten stuck in traffic.

It couldn't have been her.

Hakuweza kuwa yeye.

When the teacher asked who broke the window, I said, "It couldn't have been her; she was with me the whole time."

It must have been love!

Ni lazima ilikuwa ni mapenzi!

When I saw her smile, I knew it must have been love.

*Kutumia Moduli kwa Mapendekezo* Tayari unajua kwamba *vitenzi vya modali* huonyesha *uwezekano, nia, uwezo, au ulazima.* Hebu tuangalie baadhi ya modali zinazoweza kutumika *kutoa mapendekezo.* "Must"inaweza kutumika kutoa pendekezo kali. Unaweza pia kutumia "have to"kwa mapendekezo, lakini "must"ni kawaida zaidi. ( "Have to"kwa kawaida hutumika kuzungumzia sheria na mambo ambayo hayako nje ya uwezo wako.) "Should"na "ought to"hutumika kutoa pendekezo. "Could"hutumika kutoa chaguo. "Don’t have to"hutumika kusema kwamba kitu si lazima. "Shouldn't"hutumika kumwonya mtu kwa upole dhidi ya kufanya jambo fulani. "Mustn’t"hutumika kumwonya mtu vikali dhidi ya kufanya jambo fulani.

You must see it!

Ni lazima uone hii!

You shouldn't ...

Hupaswi...

You shouldn’t walk home alone after dark.

to be alone

kuwa peke yako

She shouldn't be alone.

to retake (an exam)

kurudia mtihani

She has failed her exam. She has to retake it.

I don't have to do this.

Sihitaji kufanya hivi.

less

kidogo

You ought to drink less.

He could stay...

Angeweza kubaki...

He could stay at my place.

to make an appointment

kupanga miadi

You have to make an appointment to see him.

You don't have to drive.

Huna haja ya kuendesha gari.

Do you have to go?

Je, ni lazima uondoke?

*Inapaswa kuwa* "Should have"inaweza kutumika *kuonyesha majuto juu ya siku za nyuma* - kutamani kwamba kitu cha zamani kingetokea kwa njia tofauti: "I should have studied for my exam!" (Sikusoma kwa ajili ya mitihani yangu. Nilifeli. Sasa natamani kwamba zamani zingekuwa tofauti.) Lazima pia inaweza kutumika *kuzungumza juu ya jambo ambalo ulitarajia kutokea* , lakini halikufanyika (au halikufanyika hadi baadaye). "The letter should have arrived by now, but it hasn’t come yet." (Nilitarajia barua, lakini haipo).

You should have been here.

Ungepaswa kuwa hapa.

to let (someone) know

kutaarifu

I should have let you know.

You should have called.

Ungepaswa kupiga simu.

to stay awake

kukaa macho

I'm really tired today. I should not have stayed awake so late last night.

We should have studied more.

Tungepaswa kusoma zaidi.

to shout at

kumfokea

I shouldn't have shouted at her.

They should have stayed.

Ilibidi wawe wamebaki.

They should have stayed in the bunker.

to take advice

kufuata ushauri

You should have taken advice.

I should have known better.

Ngelipaswa kujua vyema zaidi.

by now

kufikia sasa

He should be married by now.

I should have never let you go.

Sikupaswa kamwe kukuacha uende.

to renew

kuhuisha

I should have renewed my travel insurance.

You should have done that.

Ungepaswa kufanya hivyo.

*Mapenzi + vielezi vya uwezekano* Sasa hebu tufanye mazoezi ya vielezi vya uwezekano ambavyo tumejifunza mwanzoni mwa kozi hii! Unaweza kutumia "will"na "won’t"vielezi tofauti ili kuonyesha *jinsi tukio la baadaye linavyowezekana.* "I’ll maybe go to the party." "I’ll probably go to the party." "I’ll definitely go to the party." "I’ll certainly go to the party."