Govor o prošlostiEngleske riječi

by DuoCards

*Prošlo jednostavno vrijeme* Počnimo s *prošlim jednostavnim vremenom.* Koristimo ga kada govorimo o *dovršenim radnjama koje su se dogodile u vremenskom razdoblju prije sadašnjeg trenutka.* Razlikujemo pravilne i nepravilne glagole, što ćemo kasnije objasniti. *Pravilni glagoli u prošlom jednostavnom vremenu: "-ed"većini glagola dodajemo:* "to talk"- "talked" "to finish"- "finished" "to listen"- "listened" "to relax"- "relaxed" "to knock"- "knocked" "to walk"- "walked"

I finished the school project.

Završio sam školski projekt.

to listen

slušati

We listened to some music.

he relaxed

odmarao se

He relaxed during his vacation.

He listened to my advice and relaxed.

Poslušao je moj savjet i odmorio se.

We talked about our favorite movies.

Razgovarali smo o našim omiljenim filmovima.

to knock

kucati

Who knocked at the door?

he knocked

pokucao je

He knocked at the door.

to walk in

ući

She walked in.

He walked in.

Ušao je.

He knocked on the door and walked in.

Pokucao je na vrata i ušao.

*Udvostruči zadnje slovo* Ako *kratki glagol* završava na *suglasnik-samoglasnik-suglasnik* , udvostručite posljednje slovo, a zatim dodajte -ed. "to stop"- "stopped" "to shop"- "shopped" Međutim, nemojte udvostručiti zadnje slovo ako glagol završava na *w, x* ili *y.* "to play"- "played" "to show"- "showed"

to stop

zaustaviti

The bus driver stopped suddenly.

we stopped

stali smo

We stopped playing soccer when it started to rain.

in the middle

u sredini

She placed the vase in the middle of the table.

the desert

pustinja

The desert is very dry and salty.

We stopped in the middle of the desert.

Stali smo usred pustinje.

to play

igrati

The violinist played beautifully.

She played guitar.

Svirala je gitaru.

She played guitar at the concert.

to shop

kupovati

They shopped a lot.

to show

pokazati

He showed me the way.

*Dulje riječi* U duljim riječima, ako posljednji slog glagola završava suglasnikom-samoglasnikom-suglasnikom i taj je slog naglašen, udvostručujemo posljednji suglasnik, a zatim dodajemo ed. "to prefer"- "preferred" "to travel"- "traveled"(američki engleski) ili "travelled"(britanski engleski) Međutim, nemojte udvostručiti zadnje slovo ako *je prvi slog naglašen.* "to enter"- "entered"

They entered.

Ušli su.

They entered the house.

to prefer

preferirati

I prefer alternative medicine.

to travel

putovati

We traveled a lot as children.

alone

sam

He was alone that evening.

I traveled alone.

Putovao sam sam.

I traveled to the USA alone.

preferred option

povlaštena opcija

Travelling by train would always be my preferred option.

last summer

prošlo ljeto

We met last summer.

He traveled by boat last summer.

Prošlog ljeta putovao je brodom.

*Završetci se mijenjaju* Ako glagol završava na e, samo dodajte *-d.* "to create"- "created" "to live"- "lived" Ako glagol završava na suglasnik + y, *promijenite y u i i dodajte -ed.* "to try"- "tried" "to worry"- "worried" "to carry"- "carried"

to create

stvoriti

He created an environment in which students can learn.

he created

stvorio je

He created his own website.

The company created a new app for learning languages.

Tvrtka je izradila novu aplikaciju za učenje jezika.

to live

živjeti

We lived abroad for six years.

We lived together.

Živjeli smo zajedno.

We lived together for many years.

to worry

brinuti se

She is worried about her interview, even though she did fine.

she worried

brinula se

My mum worried about me last week because I was ill.

to carry

nositi

Let me carry your bags for you.

I carried the bag.

Nosio sam torbu.

*Izrazi - prošlo jednostavno* Postoje određeni izrazi povezani s prošlim jednostavnim vremenom: "yesterday" "last week/month/year/..." "ago"izražava vremensku distancu i uvijek stoji iza vremenske odrednice. npr. "one month ago""two weeks ago""a long time ago""the other day"

I cooked a vegan meal last weekend.

Prošlog vikenda sam kuhao vegansko jelo.

last weekend

prošli vikend

I went hiking with my friends last weekend.

I studied a lot last night.

Sinoć sam puno učio.

I played

Igrao sam

l played tennis alone.

I played a difficult game yesterday.

Jučer sam igrao tešku igru.

to borrow

posuditi

Can I borrow your car?

two years ago

prije dvije godine

We moved in two years ago.

He borrowed money from his parents two years ago.

Posudio je novac od svojih roditelja prije dvije godine.

to try

pokušati

She tried to contact her father.

to call

nazvati

I called you ten times!

I tried to call him three hours ago.

Pokušao sam ga nazvati prije tri sata.

*Glagoli koji završavaju na -d* Neki glagoli koji završavaju na -d mijenjaju *-d* u *-t* . "to build"- "built" "to send"- "sent" "to bend"- "bent" "to spend"- "spent" Primjer: "We built this house a long time ago."

to build

graditi

Who built this house?

We built a house.

Izgradili smo kuću.

to send

poslati

I sent an email.

I sent you a message.

Poslao sam vam poruku.

to bend

saviti

The tree branches bend in the wind.

to bend over

sagnuti se

I bent over and picked up the coin.

The tree bent in the strong wind.

Stablo se savilo na jakom vjetru.

to spend

potrošiti

She spent a lot of money.

I spent all night studying.

Cijelu noć sam proveo učeći.

We spent a lot of money.

Potrošili smo puno novca.

We spent a lot of money on the holidays.

Nepravilni glagoli imaju *tri specifična oblika* koje trebate zapamtiti. Dok većina engleskih pravilnih glagola koristi nastavak *-ed* za prošlo vrijeme i oblike participa, nepravilni glagoli *svaki imaju svoje jedinstvene oblike vremena i prošle participe.* Tri oblika su: 1. *Osnovni oblik* (glagol koji nalazite u rječniku) 2. *Oblik prošlog jednostavnog vremena* (onaj koji učite u ovom tečaju) 3. *Oblik prošlog participa* (naučit ćemo kako ga koristiti kasnije) Važno je i mnogo lakše naučiti sva tri oblika istovremeno. Počnimo s najvažnijima: "to be" - "was/were" - "been" "to go" - "went" - "gone"

to be

biti

He was sad yesterday. We were happy yesterday.

I was there.

Bio sam tamo.

I was at the party yesterday.

scared

prestrašen

She was scared to walk alone in the dark.

He was scared.

Bio je uplašen.

He was scared when he heard the loud noise.

a feeling

osjećaj

I have a feeling that today will be a great day.

He was scared of his feelings.

Bojao se svojih osjećaja.

to go

ići

We went to the cinema last night.

he went

išao je

He went for a walk.

last Monday

prošli ponedjeljak

Last Monday we had an exam.

He went to Prague last Monday.

Prošlog je ponedjeljka išao u Prag.

*Više nepravilnih glagola* Sada pogledajmo neke druge nepravilne glagole i njihove oblike prošlosti. "to have"- "had"- "had" "to eat"- "ate"- "eaten" "to come"- "came"- "come" "to think"- "thought"- "thought" "to give"- "gave"- "given" "to forget"- "forgot"- "forgotten"

to have

imati

I had no idea.

we had

imali smo

We had a great time last weekend.

We had a great time.

Odlično smo se proveli.

to eat

jesti

I ate a while ago.

She ate an apple for breakfast.

Pojela je jabuku za doručak.

to come

doći

I came home very late last night.

to think

razmišljati

I never thought I could do it.

I thought so.

Tako sam i mislio.

I thought of you today.

Danas sam mislio na tebe.

I thought of you today during my lunch break and smiled.

to give

dati

She gave him a book for his birthday.

The teacher gave us homework yesterday.

Učitelj nam je jučer dao domaću zadaću.

to forget

zaboraviti

She forgot about it.

I forgot my keys.

Zaboravio sam ključeve.

to make

raditi

I made it myself.

I made a mistake.

Pogriješio sam.

We made it to the end!

Uspjeli smo do kraja!

Pitanje se u prošlom vremenu oblikuje dodavanjem pomoćnog glagola "did" (prošlo vrijeme od "do") na početak rečenice. Ovaj pomoćni glagol preuzima sve gramatičke funkcije, tako da će semantički glagol već biti u sadašnjem vremenu. "did" + subjekt + glagol (infinitiv bez "TO") + ostatak rečenice* "Did you like the concert?" Pogledajmo još neke nepravilne glagole: "to know" - "knew" - "known" "to pay" - "paid" - "paid" "to sleep" - "slept" - "slept" "to keep" - "kept" - "kept" "to mean" - "meant" - "meant"

Did you know that?

Jesi li to znao?

Did you know that the Eiffel Tower can be 15 cm taller in the summer?

I knew it.

Znao sam.

I knew it was true.

to pay

platiti

Did you pay the bills last month?

He paid for me.

Platio je za mene.

He paid for me at the restaurant.

to sleep

spavati

Did you sleep well?

He slept for ten hours last night.

Sinoć je spavao deset sati.

Did he study?

Je li učio?

Did he study before the exam?

to keep

sačuvati

Did you keep my secret?

Did she go there?

Je li otišla tamo?

to mean

značiti

Did they mean it?

I meant it.

Mislio sam ozbiljno.

When I complimented your work, I meant it.

*Prošlo vrijeme - negacija* Kada želimo izraziti negaciju u prošlom vremenu, koristimo izraz "did not" nakon subjekta, a semantički glagol (glagol koji pokazuje radnju ili događaj) ostaje u svom osnovnom obliku. *subjekt + "did not" + glagol (infinitiv) + ostatak rečenice* "He did not do it." "We did not go there." *Napominjemo da je "didn't" skraćeni oblik od "did not".* Pogledajmo još neke nepravilne glagole: "to feel" - "felt" - "felt" "to tell" - "told" - "told" "to wear" - "wore" - "worn"

I did not work yesterday.

Jučer nisam radio.

He didn't do it.

On to nije učinio.

He didn't do his homework.

We did not go there.

Nismo išli tamo.

to feel

osjećati

I feel tired after the long day.

I did not feel it.

Nisam to osjetio.

I did not feel pain.

to tell

reći

I told her you were coming.

She didn't tell me.

Nije mi rekla.

She didn't tell me the truth.

the truth

istina

You should tell the truth.

to wear

nositi

I didn't wear a school uniform.

I did not sleep well.

Nisam dobro spavao.

*The same form* Ponekad je oblik prošlog vremena isti kao oblik infinitiva. Pogledajmo ove glagole kako se ne biste zbunili! Primijetite da ovi glagoli mogu imati različita značenja ovisno o tome kako se koriste. Naučit ćemo neka od njih.

to let

pustiti

She let her friend use her phone.

Let it be.

Pusti to.

She was upset about the argument, but I told her to let it be.

He let his dog sleep on the bed.

Pustio je svog psa da spava na krevetu.

to set

postaviti

He set the ladder against the wall.

to set the table

postaviti stol

Can you help me set the table for dinner?

to set an example

pružiti primjer

The teacher always tries to set an example for her students.

She set the table for dinner.

Postavila je stol za večeru.

to put

staviti

He put his arms around her and held her tight.

I put the milk back in the fridge.

Vratio sam mlijeko u hladnjak.

to cut

rezati

I cut myself while shaving.

I cut my hair yesterday.

Jučer sam se ošišala.

Cut it out!

Prestani s tim!

to cost

koštati

This book costs ten dollars.

I bought a new phone, and it cost a lot of money.

Kupio sam novi telefon i koštao je puno novca.

*Završimo ovaj tečaj!* Završimo ovaj tečaj s nekim *češće korištenim nepravilnim glagolima* koji će vam pomoći da proširite svoj vokabular. "to choose"- "chose"- "chosen" "to write"- "wrote"- "written" "to take"- "took"- "taken" "to see"- "saw"- "seen" "to buy"- "bought"- "bought"