Bercakap tentang masa laluPerkataan bahasa Inggeris

by DuoCards

*Kala Mudah Lalu* Mari kita mulakan dengan *bentuk lampau mudah.* Kita menggunakannya untuk membincangkan tentang *tindakan yang telah selesai yang berlaku dalam tempoh masa sebelum sekarang.* Kita membezakan antara kata kerja biasa dan tidak sekata, yang akan kita lihat kemudian. *Kata kerja biasa dalam bentuk lampau ringkas: tambah "-ed"pada kebanyakan kata kerja:* "to talk"- "talked" "to finish"- "finished" "to listen"- "listened" "to relax"- "relaxed" "to knock"- "knocked" "to walk"- "walked"

I finished the school project.

Saya telah menyiapkan projek sekolah itu.

to listen

mendengar

We listened to some music.

he relaxed

dia berehat

He relaxed during his vacation.

He listened to my advice and relaxed.

Dia mendengar nasihat saya dan berehat.

We talked about our favorite movies.

Kami telah berbual tentang filem kegemaran kami.

to knock

mengetuk

Who knocked at the door?

he knocked

dia mengetuk

He knocked at the door.

to walk in

masuk

She walked in.

He walked in.

Dia masuk.

He knocked on the door and walked in.

Dia mengetuk pintu lalu masuk ke dalam.

*Huruf terakhir digandakan* Jika *kata kerja pendek* berakhir dengan *konsonan-vokal-konsonan* , gandakan huruf terakhir dan kemudian tambah -ed. "to stop"- "stopped" "to shop"- "shopped" Walau bagaimanapun, jangan gandakan huruf terakhir jika kata kerja berakhir dengan *w, x* atau *y.* "to play"- "played" "to show"- "showed"

to stop

berhenti

The bus driver stopped suddenly.

we stopped

kami berhenti

We stopped playing soccer when it started to rain.

in the middle

di tengah-tengah

She placed the vase in the middle of the table.

the desert

padang pasir

The desert is very dry and salty.

We stopped in the middle of the desert.

Kami berhenti di tengah-tengah padang pasir.

to play

bermain

The violinist played beautifully.

She played guitar.

Dia bermain gitar.

She played guitar at the concert.

to shop

membeli-belah

They shopped a lot.

to show

menunjukkan

He showed me the way.

*Perkataan yang lebih panjang* Dalam perkataan yang lebih panjang, jika suku kata terakhir kata kerja berakhir dengan konsonan-vokal-konsonan dan suku kata tersebut ditekankan, gandakan konsonan terakhir dan kemudian tambahkan ed. "to prefer"- "preferred" "to travel"- "traveled"(Bahasa Inggeris Amerika) atau "travelled"(Bahasa Inggeris British) Walau bagaimanapun, jangan gandakan huruf terakhir jika *suku kata pertama ditekankan.* "to enter"- "entered"

They entered.

Mereka masuk.

They entered the house.

to prefer

mengutamakan

I prefer alternative medicine.

to travel

melancong

We traveled a lot as children.

alone

sendiri

He was alone that evening.

I traveled alone.

Saya mengembara sendirian.

I traveled to the USA alone.

preferred option

pilihan utama

Travelling by train would always be my preferred option.

last summer

musim panas yang lalu

We met last summer.

He traveled by boat last summer.

Dia mengembara dengan bot pada musim panas lalu.

*Pengakhirannya berubah* Jika kata kerja berakhir dengan e, tambahkan sahaja *-d.* "to create"- "created" "to live"- "lived" Jika kata kerja berakhir dengan konsonan + y, *tukar y kepada i dan tambah -ed.* "to try"- "tried" "to worry"- "worried" "to carry"- "carried"

to create

mencipta

He created an environment in which students can learn.

he created

dia telah mencipta

He created his own website.

The company created a new app for learning languages.

Syarikat itu telah mencipta aplikasi baharu untuk mempelajari bahasa.

to live

hidup

We lived abroad for six years.

We lived together.

Kami pernah tinggal bersama.

We lived together for many years.

to worry

risau

She is worried about her interview, even though she did fine.

she worried

dia berasa bimbang

My mum worried about me last week because I was ill.

to carry

membawa

Let me carry your bags for you.

I carried the bag.

Saya membawa beg itu.

*Ungkapan - lepas mudah* Terdapat ungkapan tertentu yang dikaitkan dengan past simple tense: "yesterday" "last week/month/year/..." "ago"menyatakan jarak temporal dan sentiasa berdiri selepas penentuan temporal. cth. "one month ago""two weeks ago""a long time ago""the other day"

I cooked a vegan meal last weekend.

Saya telah memasak hidangan vegan pada hujung minggu lepas.

last weekend

hujung minggu lepas

I went hiking with my friends last weekend.

I studied a lot last night.

Saya banyak belajar malam tadi.

I played

Saya telah bermain

l played tennis alone.

I played a difficult game yesterday.

Saya bermain permainan yang sukar semalam.

to borrow

meminjam

Can I borrow your car?

two years ago

dua tahun yang lalu

We moved in two years ago.

He borrowed money from his parents two years ago.

Dia meminjam wang daripada ibu bapanya dua tahun yang lalu.

to try

mencuba

She tried to contact her father.

to call

menelefon

I called you ten times!

I tried to call him three hours ago.

Saya cuba menelefonnya tiga jam yang lalu.

*Kata kerja berakhiran -d* Beberapa kata kerja yang berakhir dengan -d, menukar *-d* kepada *-t* . "to build"- "built" "to send"- "sent" "to bend"- "bent" "to spend"- "spent" Contoh: "We built this house a long time ago."

to build

membina

Who built this house?

We built a house.

Kami telah membina sebuah rumah.

to send

menghantar

I sent an email.

I sent you a message.

Saya telah menghantar mesej kepada anda.

to bend

membengkokkan

The tree branches bend in the wind.

to bend over

membongkok

I bent over and picked up the coin.

The tree bent in the strong wind.

Pokok itu melentur ditiup angin kencang.

to spend

membelanjakan

She spent a lot of money.

I spent all night studying.

Saya meluangkan masa sepanjang malam untuk belajar.

We spent a lot of money.

Kami telah membelanjakan banyak wang.

We spent a lot of money on the holidays.

*Past Simple - untuk menjadi atau untuk pergi* Kata kerja tak tetap mempunyai *tiga bentuk khusus* yang perlu anda hafal. Walaupun kebanyakan kata kerja tetap bahasa Inggeris menggunakan akhiran *-ed* untuk bentuk kala lampau dan participle, *setiap kata kerja tak tetap mempunyai bentuk kala dan participle lampau yang unik.* Tiga bentuk tersebut ialah: 1. *Bentuk asas* (kata kerja yang anda temui dalam kamus) 2. *Bentuk lampau ringkas* (yang anda sedang pelajari dalam kursus ini) 3. *Bentuk past participle* (kita akan belajar cara menggunakannya nanti) Adalah penting dan lebih mudah untuk mempelajari ketiga-tiga bentuk pada masa yang sama. Mari kita mulakan dengan yang paling penting: "to be"- "was/were"- "been" "to go"- "went"- "gone"

to be

menjadi

He was sad yesterday. We were happy yesterday.

I was there.

Saya pernah ke sana.

I was at the party yesterday.

scared

takut

She was scared to walk alone in the dark.

He was scared.

Dia ketakutan.

He was scared when he heard the loud noise.

a feeling

perasaan

I have a feeling that today will be a great day.

He was scared of his feelings.

Dia takut akan perasaannya sendiri.

to go

pergi

We went to the cinema last night.

he went

dia pergi

He went for a walk.

last Monday

Isnin lepas

Last Monday we had an exam.

He went to Prague last Monday.

Dia pergi ke Prague pada hari Isnin lepas.

*Lebih banyak kata kerja tidak teratur* Sekarang mari kita lihat beberapa kata kerja tak sekata lain dan bentuk lampaunya. "to have"- "had"- "had" "to eat"- "ate"- "eaten" "to come"- "came"- "come" "to think"- "thought"- "thought" "to give"- "gave"- "given" "to forget"- "forgot"- "forgotten"

to have

mempunyai

I had no idea.

we had

kami mempunyai

We had a great time last weekend.

We had a great time.

Kami telah berseronok.

to eat

makan

I ate a while ago.

She ate an apple for breakfast.

Dia makan sebiji epal untuk sarapan.

to come

datang

I came home very late last night.

to think

berfikir

I never thought I could do it.

I thought so.

Dah agak dah.

I thought of you today.

Saya teringat pada awak hari ini.

I thought of you today during my lunch break and smiled.

to give

memberi

She gave him a book for his birthday.

The teacher gave us homework yesterday.

Guru itu memberi kami kerja sekolah semalam.

to forget

melupakan

She forgot about it.

I forgot my keys.

Saya tertinggal kunci saya.

to make

membuat

I made it myself.

I made a mistake.

Saya telah melakukan kesilapan.

We made it to the end!

Kita berjaya sampai ke penghujungnya!

*Kata kerja lampau - soalan* Satu soalan dibentuk dalam bentuk lampau dengan menambah kata kerja bantu "did"(bentuk lampau bagi "do") pada permulaan ayat. Kata kerja bantu ini mengambil alih semua fungsi tatabahasa, jadi kata kerja semantik akan berada dalam bentuk kini. "did"+ subjek + kata kerja (infinitif tanpa "TO") + seluruh ayat* "Did you like the concert?" Mari kita lihat beberapa lagi kata kerja tidak teratur: "to know"- "knew"- "known" "to pay"- "paid"- "paid" "to sleep"- "slept"- "slept" "to keep"- "kept"- "kept" "to mean"- "meant"- "meant"

Did you know that?

Tahukah anda tentang perkara itu?

Did you know that the Eiffel Tower can be 15 cm taller in the summer?

I knew it.

Dah agak dah.

I knew it was true.

to pay

membayar

Did you pay the bills last month?

He paid for me.

Dia belanja saya.

He paid for me at the restaurant.

to sleep

tidur

Did you sleep well?

He slept for ten hours last night.

Dia tidur selama sepuluh jam malam tadi.

Did he study?

Adakah dia sudah belajar?

Did he study before the exam?

to keep

mengekalkan

Did you keep my secret?

Did she go there?

Adakah dia pergi ke sana?

to mean

bermaksud

Did they mean it?

I meant it.

Saya benar-benar maksudkannya.

When I complimented your work, I meant it.

*Kata kerja lampau - penafian* Apabila kita ingin menyatakan penafian dalam bentuk lampau, kita menggunakan frasa "did not"selepas subjek, dan kata kerja semantik (kata kerja yang menunjukkan tindakan atau peristiwa) kekal dalam bentuk asasnya. *subjek + "did not"+ kata kerja (infinitif) + baki ayat* "He did not do it." "We did not go there." *Perhatikan bahawa itu "didn't"adalah bentuk pendek bagi "did not".* Mari kita lihat beberapa lagi kata kerja tidak teratur: "to feel"- "felt"- "felt" "to tell"- "told"- "told" "to wear"- "wore"- "worn"

I did not work yesterday.

Saya tidak bekerja semalam.

He didn't do it.

Dia tidak melakukannya.

He didn't do his homework.

We did not go there.

Kami tidak pergi ke sana.

to feel

merasa

I feel tired after the long day.

I did not feel it.

Saya tidak merasakannya.

I did not feel pain.

to tell

memberitahu

I told her you were coming.

She didn't tell me.

Dia tidak memberitahu saya.

She didn't tell me the truth.

the truth

kebenaran

You should tell the truth.

to wear

memakai

I didn't wear a school uniform.

I did not sleep well.

Saya tidak tidur dengan nyenyak.

*Bentuk yang sama* Kadangkala bentuk lampau adalah sama dengan bentuk infinitif. Mari kita lihat kata kerja ini supaya anda tidak keliru! "to let"- "let"- "let" "to set"- "set"- "set" "to put"- "put"- "put" "to cut"- "cut"- "cut" "to cost"- "cost"- "cost" Perhatikan bahawa kata kerja ini boleh mempunyai makna yang berbeza bergantung pada cara penggunaannya. Kita akan mempelajari sebahagian daripadanya.

to let

membiarkan

She let her friend use her phone.

Let it be.

Biarkan ia berlalu.

She was upset about the argument, but I told her to let it be.

He let his dog sleep on the bed.

Dia membiarkan anjingnya tidur di atas katil.

to set

meletakkan

He set the ladder against the wall.

to set the table

menghidang meja

Can you help me set the table for dinner?

to set an example

menunjukkan teladan

The teacher always tries to set an example for her students.

She set the table for dinner.

Dia menghidangkan meja untuk makan malam.

to put

meletakkan

He put his arms around her and held her tight.

I put the milk back in the fridge.

Saya letak semula susu itu ke dalam peti sejuk.

to cut

memotong

I cut myself while shaving.

I cut my hair yesterday.

Saya telah memotong rambut saya semalam.

Cut it out!

Berhentilah!

to cost

berharga

This book costs ten dollars.

I bought a new phone, and it cost a lot of money.

Saya telah membeli telefon baru, dan harganya sangat mahal.

*Mari kita akhiri kursus ini!* Mari kita akhiri kursus ini dengan beberapa *kata kerja tak tetap yang lebih biasa digunakan* yang akan membantu anda mengembangkan perbendaharaan kata anda. "to choose"- "chose"- "chosen" "to write"- "wrote"- "written" "to take"- "took"- "taken" "to see"- "saw"- "seen" "to buy"- "bought"- "bought"