विगतको बारेमा कुरा गर्दैअंग्रेजी शब्दहरू
by DuoCards
*भूतकाल सरल काल*
सुरु गरौं *भूतकाल सरल कालबाट।* हामी यसलाई *पहिलेको समय अवधिमा भएका पूरा भएका कार्यहरूको बारेमा कुरा गर्न प्रयोग गर्छौं।*
हामी नियमित र अनियमित क्रियाहरू बीचको भिन्नता छुट्याउँछौं, जुन हामी पछि हेर्नेछौं।
*विगतका नियमित क्रियाहरू सरल: "-ed"धेरैजसो क्रियाहरूमा थप्नुहोस्:*
"to talk"- "talked"
"to finish"- "finished"
"to listen"- "listened"
"to relax"- "relaxed"
"to knock"- "knocked"
"to walk"- "walked"।
I finished the school project.
मैले विद्यालयको परियोजना पूरा गरें।
to listen
सुन्नु
We listened to some music.
he relaxed
उनी आराम गरे
He relaxed during his vacation.
He listened to my advice and relaxed.
उसले मेरो सल्लाह मान्यो र आराम गर्यो।
We talked about our favorite movies.
हामीले हाम्रा मनपर्ने चलचित्रहरूबारे कुरा गर्यौँ।
to knock
ढोका ढकढक्याउनु
Who knocked at the door?
he knocked
उसले ढोका ढक्ढक्यायो
He knocked at the door.
to walk in
भित्र पस्नु
She walked in.
He walked in.
उनी भित्र पसे।
He knocked on the door and walked in.
उसले ढोका ढक्ढक्यायो र भित्र पस्यो।
*अन्तिम अक्षर दोब्बर गर्नुहोस्*
यदि *छोटो क्रिया* *व्यञ्जन-स्वर-व्यंजन* मा समाप्त हुन्छ भने, अन्तिम अक्षरलाई दोब्बर गर्नुहोस् र त्यसपछि -ed थप्नुहोस्।
"to stop"- "stopped"
"to shop"- "shopped"
यद्यपि, यदि क्रियापद *w, x* वा *y मा समाप्त हुन्छ भने अन्तिम अक्षरलाई दोब्बर नगर्नुहोस्।*
"to play"- "played"
"to show"- "showed"।
to stop
रोक्नु
The bus driver stopped suddenly.
we stopped
हामी रोकियौँ
We stopped playing soccer when it started to rain.
in the middle
बिचमा
She placed the vase in the middle of the table.
the desert
मरुभूमि
The desert is very dry and salty.
We stopped in the middle of the desert.
हामी मरुभूमिको बीचमा रोकियौँ।
to play
खेल्नु
The violinist played beautifully.
She played guitar.
उसले गितार बजाइन्।
She played guitar at the concert.
to shop
किनमेल गर्नु
They shopped a lot.
to show
देखाउनु
He showed me the way.
*लामो शब्दहरू*
लामो शब्दहरूमा, यदि क्रियाको अन्तिम अक्षर व्यञ्जन-स्वर-व्यंजनवर्णमा समाप्त हुन्छ र त्यो अक्षर जोडिएको छ भने, अन्तिम व्यञ्जनवर्णलाई दोब्बर गर्नुहोस् र त्यसपछि ed थप्नुहोस्।
"to prefer"- "preferred"
"to travel"- "traveled"(अमेरिकी अंग्रेजी) वा "travelled"(ब्रिटिश अंग्रेजी)
यद्यपि, यदि *पहिलो अक्षरमा जोड दिइएको छ भने अन्तिम अक्षरलाई दोब्बर नगर्नुहोस्।*
"to enter"- "entered"।
They entered.
तिनीहरू भित्र पसे।
They entered the house.
to prefer
प्राथमिकता दिनु
I prefer alternative medicine.
to travel
यात्रा गर्नु
We traveled a lot as children.
alone
एक्लै
He was alone that evening.
I traveled alone.
म एक्लै यात्रामा गएको थिएँ।
I traveled to the USA alone.
preferred option
प्राथमिक विकल्प
Travelling by train would always be my preferred option.
last summer
गत गर्मी
We met last summer.
He traveled by boat last summer.
गएको गर्मीमा उहाँले डुङ्गाबाट यात्रा गर्नुभयो।
*अन्त्यहरू परिवर्तन हुन्छन्*
यदि क्रिया e मा समाप्त हुन्छ भने, केवल *-d थप्नुहोस्।*
"to create"- "created"
"to live"- "lived"
यदि क्रियापद व्यञ्जन + y मा समाप्त हुन्छ भने, *y लाई i मा बदल्नुहोस् र -ed थप्नुहोस्।*
"to try"- "tried"
"to worry"- "worried"
"to carry"- "carried"।
to create
बनाउनु
He created an environment in which students can learn.
he created
उसले सिर्जना गर्यो
He created his own website.
The company created a new app for learning languages.
कम्पनीले भाषा सिक्नका लागि एउटा नयाँ एप बनाएको छ।
to live
बाँच्नु
We lived abroad for six years.
We lived together.
हामी सँगै बस्थ्यौँ।
We lived together for many years.
to worry
चिन्ता गर्नु
She is worried about her interview, even though she did fine.
she worried
उनी चिन्तित थिइन्
My mum worried about me last week because I was ill.
to carry
बोक्नु
Let me carry your bags for you.
I carried the bag.
मैले झोला बोकेको थिएँ।
*अभिव्यक्ति - अतीत सरल*
भूतकालको सरल कालसँग सम्बन्धित केही अभिव्यक्तिहरू छन्:
"yesterday"
"last week/month/year/..."
"ago"अस्थायी दूरी व्यक्त गर्दछ र सधैं अस्थायी दृढता पछि खडा हुन्छ।
जस्तै "one month ago""two weeks ago""a long time ago""the other day"।
I cooked a vegan meal last weekend.
मैले गत सप्ताहन्तमा शाकाहारी खाना पकाएँ।
last weekend
गत सप्ताहन्त
I went hiking with my friends last weekend.
I studied a lot last night.
गएराति मैले धेरै पढें।
I played
मैले खेलेँ
l played tennis alone.
I played a difficult game yesterday.
मैले हिजो एउटा गाह्रो खेल खेलेको थिएँ।
to borrow
सापटी लिनु
Can I borrow your car?
two years ago
दुई वर्ष अघि
We moved in two years ago.
He borrowed money from his parents two years ago.
उसले दुई वर्षअघि आफ्ना आमाबुबासँग पैसा सापटी लिएको थियो।
to try
प्रयास गर्नु
She tried to contact her father.
to call
कल गर्नु
I called you ten times!
I tried to call him three hours ago.
मैले उसलाई तीन घण्टा अगाडि फोन गर्ने प्रयास गरेको थिएँ।
*-d मा अन्त्य हुने क्रियाहरू*
-d मा अन्त्य हुने केही क्रियाहरू, *-d* लाई *-t* मा परिवर्तन गर्नुहोस्।
"to build"- "built"
"to send"- "sent"
"to bend"- "bent"
"to spend"- "spent"
उदाहरण "We built this house a long time ago.":।
to build
निर्माण गर्नु
Who built this house?
We built a house.
हामीले एउटा घर बनायौं।
to send
पठाउनु
I sent an email.
I sent you a message.
मैले तपाईंलाई एउटा सन्देश पठाएको छु।
to bend
बंग्याउनु
The tree branches bend in the wind.
to bend over
निहुरिनु
I bent over and picked up the coin.
The tree bent in the strong wind.
हुरीबतासले गर्दा रुख ढल्कियो।
to spend
खर्च गर्नु
She spent a lot of money.
I spent all night studying.
मैले रातभरि पढिरहें।
We spent a lot of money.
हामीले धेरै पैसा खर्च गर्यौं।
We spent a lot of money on the holidays.
*विगत सरल - हुनु वा जानु*
अनियमित क्रियाहरूका *तीन विशिष्ट रूपहरू* हुन्छन् जुन तपाईंले सम्झनु पर्छ। धेरैजसो अंग्रेजी नियमित क्रियाहरूले भूतकाल र कृदन्त रूपहरूको लागि अन्त्य *-ed* प्रयोग गर्छन्, अनियमित क्रियाहरू *प्रत्येकको आफ्नै अद्वितीय काल रूपहरू र भूतकाल कृदन्त रूपहरू हुन्छन्।*
तीन रूपहरू यस प्रकार छन्:
१. *आधारभूत रूप* (शब्दकोशमा तपाईंले फेला पार्नुहुने क्रिया)
२. *विगतको सरल रूप* (तपाईंले यस पाठ्यक्रममा सिकिरहनुभएको रूप)
३. *भूतकालको कृदन्त रूप* (हामी यसलाई पछि कसरी प्रयोग गर्ने भनेर सिक्नेछौं)
एकै समयमा तीनवटै रूपहरू सिक्नु महत्त्वपूर्ण र धेरै सजिलो छ। सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण रूपहरूबाट सुरु गरौं:
"to be"- "was/were"- "been"
"to go"- "went"- "gone"।
to be
हुनु
He was sad yesterday.
We were happy yesterday.
I was there.
म त्यहाँ थिएँ।
I was at the party yesterday.
scared
डराएको
She was scared to walk alone in the dark.
He was scared.
उनी डराएका थिए।
He was scared when he heard the loud noise.
a feeling
एउटा अनुभव
I have a feeling that today will be a great day.
He was scared of his feelings.
उनी आफ्ना भावनाहरूसँग डराएका थिए।
to go
जानु
We went to the cinema last night.
he went
उनी गए
He went for a walk.
last Monday
गएको सोमबार
Last Monday we had an exam.
He went to Prague last Monday.
उनी गएको सोमबार प्राग गएका थिए।
*थप अनियमित क्रियाहरू*
अब केही अन्य अनियमित क्रियाहरू र तिनीहरूका विगतका रूपहरू हेरौं।
"to have"- "had"- "had"
"to eat"- "ate"- "eaten"
"to come"- "came"- "come"
"to think"- "thought"- "thought"
"to give"- "gave"- "given"
"to forget"- "forgot"- "forgotten"।
to have
हुनु
I had no idea.
we had
हामीसँग थियो
We had a great time last weekend.
We had a great time.
हामीले धेरै रमाइलो गर्यौँ।
to eat
खानु
I ate a while ago.
She ate an apple for breakfast.
उसले खाजामा स्याउ खाई।
to come
आउनु
I came home very late last night.
to think
सोच्नु
I never thought I could do it.
I thought so.
मैले पनि त्यही सोचेको थिएँ।
I thought of you today.
आज मैले तिमीलाई सम्झिएँ।
I thought of you today during my lunch break and smiled.
to give
दिनु
She gave him a book for his birthday.
The teacher gave us homework yesterday.
शिक्षकले हिजो हामीलाई गृहकार्य दिनुभयो।
to forget
बिर्सनु
She forgot about it.
I forgot my keys.
मैले मेरो साँचो बिर्सिएँ।
to make
गर्नु
I made it myself.
I made a mistake.
मैले गल्ती गरेँ।
We made it to the end!
हामी अन्तसम्म आइपुग्यौँ!
*भूतकाल - प्रश्न*
"did""do"वाक्यको सुरुमा सहायक क्रिया (भूतकाल) थपेर भूतकालमा प्रश्न बनाइन्छ। यो सहायक क्रियाले सबै व्याकरणीय कार्यहरू लिन्छ, त्यसैले अर्थपूर्ण क्रिया पहिले नै वर्तमान कालमा हुनेछ।
"did"+ कर्ता + क्रिया (बिना अनन्त "TO") + बाँकी वाक्य*
"Did you like the concert?"
केही थप अनियमित क्रियाहरू हेरौं:
"to know"- "knew"- "known"
"to pay"- "paid"- "paid"
"to sleep"- "slept"- "slept"
"to keep"- "kept"- "kept"
"to mean"- "meant"- "meant"।
Did you know that?
के तिमीलाई यो थाहा थियो?
Did you know that the Eiffel Tower can be 15 cm taller in the summer?
I knew it.
मलाई थाहा थियो।
I knew it was true.
to pay
तिर्नु
Did you pay the bills last month?
He paid for me.
उसले मेरो लागि पैसा तिरिदियो।
He paid for me at the restaurant.
to sleep
सुत्नु
Did you sleep well?
He slept for ten hours last night.
गएराति उनी दस घण्टा सुते।
Did he study?
के उसले अध्ययन गर्यो?
Did he study before the exam?
to keep
राख्नु
Did you keep my secret?
Did she go there?
के उनी त्यहाँ गइन्?
to mean
अर्थ लगाउनु
Did they mean it?
I meant it.
मैले त्यो साँच्चै भनेको थिएँ।
When I complimented your work, I meant it.
*भूतकाल - नकार*
जब हामी भूतकालमा नकारात्मकता व्यक्त गर्न चाहन्छौं, हामी "did not"कर्ता पछि वाक्यांश प्रयोग गर्छौं, र अर्थपूर्ण क्रिया (क्रिया वा घटना देखाउने क्रिया) यसको आधारभूत रूपमा रहन्छ।
*कर्ता + "did not"+ क्रिया (अनन्त) + बाँकी वाक्य*
"He did not do it."
"We did not go there."
*ध्यान दिनुहोस् कि यो "didn't"को छोटो रूप हो "did not"।*
केही थप अनियमित क्रियाहरू हेरौं:
"to feel"- "felt"- "felt"
"to tell"- "told"- "told"
"to wear"- "wore"- "worn"।
I did not work yesterday.
म हिजो काममा थिइनँ।
He didn't do it.
उसले यो गरेन।
He didn't do his homework.
We did not go there.
हामी त्यहाँ गएनौँ।
to feel
महसुस गर्नु
I feel tired after the long day.
I did not feel it.
मैले त्यो महसुस गरिनँ।
I did not feel pain.
to tell
भन्नु
I told her you were coming.
She didn't tell me.
उसले मलाई भनिन।
She didn't tell me the truth.
the truth
सत्य
You should tell the truth.
to wear
लगाउनु
I didn't wear a school uniform.
I did not sleep well.
म राम्ररी सुत्न सकिन।
*उही रूप*
कहिलेकाहीँ भूतकालको रूप अनन्त रूप जस्तै हुन्छ। यी क्रियापदहरूलाई हेरौं ताकि तपाईं अलमल्लमा नपरोस्!
"to let"- "let"- "let"
"to set"- "set"- "set"
"to put"- "put"- "put"
"to cut"- "cut"- "cut"
"to cost"- "cost"- "cost"
ध्यान दिनुहोस् कि यी क्रियापदहरूको प्रयोग कसरी गरिन्छ भन्ने आधारमा फरक-फरक अर्थ हुन सक्छन्। हामी तिनीहरूमध्ये केही सिक्दैछौं।
to let
दिनु
She let her friend use her phone.
Let it be.
त्यस्तै हुन देउ।
She was upset about the argument, but I told her to let it be.
He let his dog sleep on the bed.
उसले आफ्नो कुकुरलाई ओछ्यानमा सुत्न दियो।
to set
राख्नु
He set the ladder against the wall.
to set the table
खाना खान टेबल सजाउनु
Can you help me set the table for dinner?
to set an example
उदाहरण प्रस्तुत गर्नु
The teacher always tries to set an example for her students.
She set the table for dinner.
उनले बेलुकाको खानाका लागि टेबल मिलाइन्।
to put
राख्नु
He put his arms around her and held her tight.
I put the milk back in the fridge.
मैले दूध फ्रिजमा फिर्ता राखिदिएँ।
to cut
काट्नु
I cut myself while shaving.
I cut my hair yesterday.
मैले हिजो कपाल कटाएँ।
Cut it out!
यो बन्द गर!
to cost
मूल्य पर्नु
This book costs ten dollars.
I bought a new phone, and it cost a lot of money.
मैले एउटा नयाँ फोन किनेँ र त्यसको धेरै पैसा पर्यो।
*यो पाठ्यक्रम समेटौं!*
यस पाठ्यक्रमलाई केही अधिक *सामान्य रूपमा प्रयोग हुने अनियमित क्रियाहरूसँग* लपेटौं जसले तपाईंलाई आफ्नो शब्दावली विस्तार गर्न मद्दत गर्नेछ।
"to choose"- "chose"- "chosen"
"to write"- "wrote"- "written"
"to take"- "took"- "taken"
"to see"- "saw"- "seen"
"to buy"- "bought"- "bought"।
to choose
छान्नु
He chose a seat facing the door.
They chose a movie to watch together.
तिनीहरूले सँगै हेर्नका लागि एउटा चलचित्र रोजे।
to write
लेख्नु
I wrote my name on the paper.
She wrote a letter to her friend.
उसले आफ्नी साथीलाई चिठी लेखिन्।
to take
लिनु
It took us more than an hour to get there.
I took care of it.
मैले त्यो मिलाइदिएँ।
It took me an hour to finish my homework.
मलाई मेरो गृहकार्य पूरा गर्न एक घण्टा लाग्यो।
to take a shower
नुहाउनु
I took a shower and went to work.
to buy
किन्नु
She bought a dress for the party.
I bought a new laptop.
मैले एउटा नयाँ ल्यापटप किनेँ।
to see
हेर्नु
Jack saw Peter last weekend.
I saw you.
मैले तिमीलाई देखें।
I saw you at the park yesterday.
Choose wisely.
बुझेर छान्नुहोस्।
Choose wisely your next course.