Snakke om fortidenengelske ord

by DuoCards

*Fortid enkel tid* La oss starte med *preteritum.* Vi bruker den til å snakke om *fullførte handlinger som skjedde i en tidsperiode før nå.* Vi skiller mellom regelmessige og uregelmessige verb, som vi skal se på senere. *Regelmessige verb i fortiden enkelt: legge "-ed"til de fleste verb:* "to talk"- "talked" "to finish"- "finished" "to listen"- "listened" "to relax"- "relaxed" "to knock"- "knocked" "to walk"- "walked"

I finished the school project.

Jeg ble ferdig med skoleprosjektet.

to listen

høre på

We listened to some music.

he relaxed

han hvilte

He relaxed during his vacation.

He listened to my advice and relaxed.

Han fulgte rådet mitt og slappet av.

We talked about our favorite movies.

Vi snakket om favorittfilmene våre.

to knock

banke

Who knocked at the door?

he knocked

han banket

He knocked at the door.

to walk in

å gå inn

She walked in.

He walked in.

Han kom inn.

He knocked on the door and walked in.

Han banket på døren og gikk inn.

*Doble den siste bokstaven* Hvis et *kort verb* ender med en *konsonant-vokal-konsonant* , dobles den siste bokstaven og deretter legges til -ed. "to stop"- "stopped" "to shop"- "shopped" Du må imidlertid ikke doble den siste bokstaven hvis verbet ender på *w, x* eller *y.* "to play"- "played" "to show"- "showed"

to stop

stoppe

The bus driver stopped suddenly.

we stopped

vi stoppet

We stopped playing soccer when it started to rain.

in the middle

i midten

She placed the vase in the middle of the table.

the desert

ørken

The desert is very dry and salty.

We stopped in the middle of the desert.

Vi stoppet midt i ørkenen.

to play

spille

The violinist played beautifully.

She played guitar.

Hun spilte gitar.

She played guitar at the concert.

to shop

handle

They shopped a lot.

to show

vise

He showed me the way.

*Lengre ord* I lengre ord, hvis den siste stavelsen av verbet slutter med en konsonant-vokal-konsonant og den stavelsen er betont, dobles den siste konsonanten og deretter legges til ed. "to prefer"- "preferred" "to travel"- "traveled"(amerikansk engelsk) eller "travelled"(britisk engelsk) Ikke doble den siste bokstaven hvis den *første stavelsen er betont.* "to enter"- "entered"

They entered.

De gikk inn.

They entered the house.

to prefer

foretrekke

I prefer alternative medicine.

to travel

reise

We traveled a lot as children.

alone

alene

He was alone that evening.

I traveled alone.

Jeg reiste alene.

I traveled to the USA alone.

preferred option

foretrukket alternativ

Travelling by train would always be my preferred option.

last summer

i fjor sommer

We met last summer.

He traveled by boat last summer.

Han reiste med båt i fjor sommer.

*Sluttene endres* Hvis verbet ender på e, legg bare til *-d.* "to create"- "created" "to live"- "lived" Hvis verbet ender på en konsonant + y, *endre y til i og legg til -ed.* "to try"- "tried" "to worry"- "worried" "to carry"- "carried"

to create

skape

He created an environment in which students can learn.

he created

han skapte

He created his own website.

The company created a new app for learning languages.

Selskapet har laget en ny app for språklæring.

to live

leve

We lived abroad for six years.

We lived together.

Vi bodde sammen.

We lived together for many years.

to worry

bekymre seg

She is worried about her interview, even though she did fine.

she worried

hun bekymret seg

My mum worried about me last week because I was ill.

to carry

bære

Let me carry your bags for you.

I carried the bag.

Jeg bar vesken.

*Uttrykk - forbi enkle* Det er visse uttrykk assosiert med enkel fortid: "yesterday" "last week/month/year/..." "ago"uttrykker tidsmessig avstand og står alltid etter en tidsbestemmelse. f.eks. "one month ago""two weeks ago""a long time ago""the other day"

I cooked a vegan meal last weekend.

Jeg laget et vegansk måltid forrige helg.

last weekend

forrige helg

I went hiking with my friends last weekend.

I studied a lot last night.

Jeg studerte mye i går kveld.

I played

Jeg spilte

l played tennis alone.

I played a difficult game yesterday.

Jeg spilte et vanskelig spill i går.

to borrow

låne

Can I borrow your car?

two years ago

to år siden

We moved in two years ago.

He borrowed money from his parents two years ago.

Han lånte penger av foreldrene sine for to år siden.

to try

prøve

She tried to contact her father.

to call

ringe

I called you ten times!

I tried to call him three hours ago.

Jeg prøvde å ringe ham for tre timer siden.

*Verb som slutter på -d* Noen verb som slutter på -d, endrer *-d* til *-t* . "to build"- "built" "to send"- "sent" "to bend"- "bent" "to spend"- "spent" Eksempel: "We built this house a long time ago."

to build

bygge

Who built this house?

We built a house.

Vi bygde et hus.

to send

sende

I sent an email.

I sent you a message.

Jeg har sendt deg en melding.

to bend

bøye

The tree branches bend in the wind.

to bend over

å bøye seg

I bent over and picked up the coin.

The tree bent in the strong wind.

Treet bøyde seg i den sterke vinden.

to spend

bruke

She spent a lot of money.

I spent all night studying.

Jeg brukte hele natten på å studere.

We spent a lot of money.

Vi brukte mye penger.

We spent a lot of money on the holidays.

Uregelmessige verb har *tre spesifikke former* som du må memorere. Mens de fleste engelske regelmessige verb bruker endelsen *-ed* for fortid og partisippformer, har uregelmessige verb *hver sine unike tidsformer og partisipper.* De tre formene er: 1. *Grunnform* (verbet du finner i ordboken) 2. *Preteritumsform* (den du lærer i dette kurset) 3. *Perfektum partisippform* (vi vil lære hvordan vi bruker denne senere) Det er viktig og mye lettere å lære alle tre formene samtidig. La oss starte med de viktigste: "to be" - "was/were" - "been" "to go" - "went" - "gone"

to be

være

He was sad yesterday. We were happy yesterday.

I was there.

Jeg var der.

I was at the party yesterday.

scared

skremt

She was scared to walk alone in the dark.

He was scared.

Han var redd.

He was scared when he heard the loud noise.

a feeling

følelse

I have a feeling that today will be a great day.

He was scared of his feelings.

Han var redd for følelsene sine.

to go

gå

We went to the cinema last night.

he went

han gikk

He went for a walk.

last Monday

forrige mandag

Last Monday we had an exam.

He went to Prague last Monday.

Han dro til Praha forrige mandag.

*Mer uregelmessige verb* La oss nå ta en titt på noen andre uregelmessige verb og deres tidligere former. "to have""had"-- "had" "to eat""ate"-- "eaten" "to come""came"-- "come" "to think""thought"-- "thought" "to give""gave"-- "given" "to forget"- "forgot"- "forgotten"

to have

I had no idea.

we had

vi hadde

We had a great time last weekend.

We had a great time.

Vi hadde det kjempefint.

to eat

spise

I ate a while ago.

She ate an apple for breakfast.

Hun spiste et eple til frokost.

to come

komme

I came home very late last night.

to think

tenke

I never thought I could do it.

I thought so.

Jeg tenkte det.

I thought of you today.

Jeg tenkte på deg i dag.

I thought of you today during my lunch break and smiled.

to give

She gave him a book for his birthday.

The teacher gave us homework yesterday.

Læreren ga oss lekser i går.

to forget

glemme

She forgot about it.

I forgot my keys.

Jeg glemte nøklene mine.

to make

gjøre

I made it myself.

I made a mistake.

Jeg gjorde en feil.

We made it to the end!

Vi klarte det!

Et spørsmål dannes i fortid ved å legge til hjelpeverbet "did" (fortid av "do") i begynnelsen av setningen. Dette hjelpeverbet tar over alle grammatiske funksjoner, så det semantiske verbet vil allerede være i presens. "did" + subjekt + verb (infinitiv uten "TO") + resten av setningen* "Did you like the concert?" La oss se på noen flere uregelmessige verb: "to know" - "knew" - "known" "to pay" - "paid" - "paid" "to sleep" - "slept" - "slept" "to keep" - "kept" - "kept" "to mean" - "meant" - "meant"

Did you know that?

Visste du det?

Did you know that the Eiffel Tower can be 15 cm taller in the summer?

I knew it.

Jeg visste det.

I knew it was true.

to pay

betale

Did you pay the bills last month?

He paid for me.

Han betalte for meg.

He paid for me at the restaurant.

to sleep

sove

Did you sleep well?

He slept for ten hours last night.

Han sov i ti timer i natt.

Did he study?

Studerte han?

Did he study before the exam?

to keep

beholde

Did you keep my secret?

Did she go there?

Dro hun dit?

to mean

bety

Did they mean it?

I meant it.

Jeg mente det.

When I complimented your work, I meant it.

Når vi ønsker å uttrykke en negasjon i fortid, bruker vi uttrykket "did not" etter subjektet, og det semantiske verbet (et verb som viser en handling eller hendelse) forblir i sin grunnform. Merk at "didn't" er en kortform av "did not". La oss se på noen flere uregelmessige verb:

I did not work yesterday.

Jeg jobbet ikke i går.

He didn't do it.

Han gjorde det ikke.

He didn't do his homework.

We did not go there.

Vi dro ikke dit.

to feel

føle

I feel tired after the long day.

I did not feel it.

Jeg kjente det ikke.

I did not feel pain.

to tell

I told her you were coming.

She didn't tell me.

Hun sa det ikke til meg.

She didn't tell me the truth.

the truth

sannheten

You should tell the truth.

to wear

ha på seg

I didn't wear a school uniform.

I did not sleep well.

Jeg sov ikke godt.

*The same form* Noen ganger er fortidsformen den samme som infinitivsformen. La oss se på disse verbene slik at du ikke blir forvirret! Merk at disse verbene kan ha forskjellige betydninger avhengig av hvordan de brukes. Vi skal lære noen av dem.

to let

She let her friend use her phone.

Let it be.

La det være.

She was upset about the argument, but I told her to let it be.

He let his dog sleep on the bed.

Han lot hunden sin sove i sengen.

to set

plassere

He set the ladder against the wall.

to set the table

å dekke bordet

Can you help me set the table for dinner?

to set an example

å gå foran som et godt eksempel

The teacher always tries to set an example for her students.

She set the table for dinner.

Hun dekket bordet til middag.

to put

legge

He put his arms around her and held her tight.

I put the milk back in the fridge.

Jeg satte melken tilbake i kjøleskapet.

to cut

skjære

I cut myself while shaving.

I cut my hair yesterday.

Jeg klippet meg i går.

Cut it out!

Slutt med det!

to cost

koste

This book costs ten dollars.

I bought a new phone, and it cost a lot of money.

Jeg kjøpte en ny telefon, og den kostet mye penger.

*La oss avslutte dette kurset!* La oss avslutte dette kurset med noen mer *vanlige uregelmessige verb* som vil hjelpe deg å utvide ordforrådet ditt. "to choose""chose"-- "chosen" "to write""wrote"-- "written" "to take""took"-- "taken" "to see""saw"-- "seen" "to buy"- "bought"- "bought"