Rozprávanie o minulostiAnglické slová

by DuoCards

*Minulý jednoduchý čas* Začnime *minulým jednoduchým časom*. Používame ho na rozprávanie o *dokončených činnostiach, ktoré sa stali v predchádzajúcom časovom období.* Rozlišujeme pravidelné a nepravidelné slovesá, ktorým sa budeme venovať neskôr. *Pravidelné slovesá v minulom čase jednoduchom: k väčšine slovies pridávame "-ed":* "to talk" - "talked" "to finish" - "finished" "to listen" - "listened" "to relax" - "relaxed" "to knock" - "knocked" "to walk" - "walked"

I finished the school project.

Dokončil som školský projekt.

to listen

počúvať

We listened to some music.

he relaxed

odpočíval

He relaxed during his vacation.

He listened to my advice and relaxed.

Poslúchol moju radu a oddýchol si.

We talked about our favorite movies.

Rozprávali sme sa o našich obľúbených filmoch.

to knock

klopať

Who knocked at the door?

he knocked

zaklopal

He knocked at the door.

to walk in

vstúpiť

She walked in.

He walked in.

Vošiel dnu.

He knocked on the door and walked in.

Zaklopal na dvere a vošiel dnu.

*Zdvojnásobte posledné písmeno* Ak sa *krátke sloveso* končí na *spoluhlásku-samohlásku*, zdvojte posledné písmeno a potom pridajte -ed. "to stop" - "stopped" "to shop" - "shopped" Posledné písmeno však nezdvojujte, ak sloveso končí na *w, x* alebo *y.* "to play" - "played" "to show" - "showed"

to stop

zastaviť

The bus driver stopped suddenly.

we stopped

zastavili sme, prestali sme

We stopped playing soccer when it started to rain.

in the middle

uprostred

She placed the vase in the middle of the table.

the desert

púšť

The desert is very dry and salty.

We stopped in the middle of the desert.

Zastavili sme uprostred púšte.

to play

hrať

The violinist played beautifully.

She played guitar.

Hrala na gitare.

She played guitar at the concert.

to shop

nakupovať

They shopped a lot.

to show

ukázať

He showed me the way.

*Dlhšie slová* V dlhších slovách, ak posledná slabika slovesa končí na spoluhlásku-samohlásku a táto slabika je zdôraznená, zdvojte poslednú spoluhlásku a potom pridajte ed. "to prefer" - "preferred" "to travel" - "traveled" (americká angličtina) alebo "travelled" (britská angličtina) Posledné písmeno však nezdvojujte, ak *je prvá slabika zdôraznená.* "to enter" - "entered"

They entered.

Vstúpili.

They entered the house.

to prefer

uprednostňovať

I prefer alternative medicine.

to travel

cestovať

We traveled a lot as children.

alone

sám

He was alone that evening.

I traveled alone.

Cestoval som sám.

I traveled to the USA alone.

preferred option

uprednostňovaná možnosť

Travelling by train would always be my preferred option.

last summer

minulé leto

We met last summer.

He traveled by boat last summer.

Minulé leto cestoval loďou.

*Koncovky sa menia* Ak sloveso končí na e, stačí pridať *-d.* "to create" - "created" "to live" -. "lived" Ak sloveso končí na spoluhlásku + y, *zmeníme y na i a pridáme -ed.* "to try" - "tried" "to worry" - "worried" "to carry" - "carried"

to create

tvoriť

He created an environment in which students can learn.

he created

vytvoril

He created his own website.

The company created a new app for learning languages.

Spoločnosť vytvorila novú aplikáciu na učenie sa jazykov.

to live

žiť

We lived abroad for six years.

We lived together.

Žili sme spolu.

We lived together for many years.

to worry

robiť si starosti

She is worried about her interview, even though she did fine.

she worried

obávala sa

My mum worried about me last week because I was ill.

to carry

niesť

Let me carry your bags for you.

I carried the bag.

Niesol som tú tašku.

*Výrazy - minulý čas jednoduchý* Existujú určité výrazy spojené s minulým časom jednoduchým: "yesterday" - včera "last week/month/year/..." - minulý týždeň/mesiac/rok "ago" vyjadruje časovú vzdialenosť a stojí vždy za časovým určením. Napr. "one month ago" "two weeks ago" "a long time ago" "the other day"

I cooked a vegan meal last weekend.

Minulý víkend som varil vegánske jedlo.

last weekend

minulý víkend

I went hiking with my friends last weekend.

I studied a lot last night.

Minulú noc som sa veľa učil.

I played

hral som

l played tennis alone.

I played a difficult game yesterday.

Včera som hral náročnú hru.

to borrow

požičať si

Can I borrow your car?

two years ago

pred dvoma rokmi

We moved in two years ago.

He borrowed money from his parents two years ago.

Pred dvoma rokmi si požičal peniaze od svojich rodičov.

to try

skúsiť

She tried to contact her father.

to call

zavolať

I called you ten times!

I tried to call him three hours ago.

Snažil som sa mu dovolať pred tromi hodinami.

*Slovesá zakončené na -d* Pri niektorých slovesách, ktoré sú zakončené na -d, sa koncovka *-d* mení na *-t*. "to build" - "built" "to send" - "sent" "to bend" - "bent" "to spend" - "spent" Príklad: "We built this house a long time ago."

to build

stavať

Who built this house?

We built a house.

Postavili sme dom.

to send

odoslať

I sent an email.

I sent you a message.

Poslal som vám správu.

to bend

ohnúť

The tree branches bend in the wind.

to bend over

zohnúť sa

I bent over and picked up the coin.

The tree bent in the strong wind.

Strom sa v silnom vetre ohýbal.

to spend

minúť

She spent a lot of money.

I spent all night studying.

Celú noc som sa učil.

We spent a lot of money.

Minuli sme veľa peňazí.

We spent a lot of money on the holidays.

*Minulý čas jednoduchý - byť alebo ísť* Nepravidelné slovesá majú *tri špecifické tvary*, ktoré si musíte zapamätať. Zatiaľ čo väčšina anglických pravidelných slovies používa koncovku *-ed* pre tvary minulého času a príčastia, nepravidelné slovesá *majú každý svoj vlastný jedinečný tvar času a minulého príčastia.* Tieto tri tvary sú: 1. *Základný tvar* (sloveso, ktoré nájdete v slovníku) 2. *Minulý tvar jednoduchý* (ten, ktorý sa učíte v tomto kurze) 3. *Tvar minulého príčastia* (naučíme sa ho používať neskôr) Je dôležité a oveľa jednoduchšie naučiť sa všetky tri formy naraz. Začnime s tými najdôležitejšími: "to be" - "was/were" - "been" "to go" - "went" - "gone"

to be

byť

He was sad yesterday. We were happy yesterday.

I was there.

Bol som tam.

I was at the party yesterday.

scared

vystrašený

She was scared to walk alone in the dark.

He was scared.

Bol vystrašený.

He was scared when he heard the loud noise.

a feeling

pocit

I have a feeling that today will be a great day.

He was scared of his feelings.

Bál sa svojich pocitov.

to go

ísť

We went to the cinema last night.

he went

išiel

He went for a walk.

last Monday

minulý pondelok

Last Monday we had an exam.

He went to Prague last Monday.

Minulý pondelok išiel do Prahy.

*Ďalšie nepravidelné slovesá* Pozrime sa teraz na ďalšie nepravidelné slovesá a ich minulé tvary. "to have" - "had" - "had" "to eat" - "ate" - "eaten" "to come" - "came" - "come" "to think" - "thought" - "thought" "to give" - "gave" - "given" "to forget" - "forgot" - "forgotten"

to have

mať

I had no idea.

we had

mali sme

We had a great time last weekend.

We had a great time.

Skvele sme sa bavili.

to eat

jesť

I ate a while ago.

She ate an apple for breakfast.

Na raňajky zjedla jablko.

to come

prísť

I came home very late last night.

to think

premýšľať

I never thought I could do it.

I thought so.

Myslel som si.

I thought of you today.

Dnes som na teba myslel.

I thought of you today during my lunch break and smiled.

to give

dať

She gave him a book for his birthday.

The teacher gave us homework yesterday.

Učiteľ nám včera dal domácu úlohu.

to forget

zabudnúť

She forgot about it.

I forgot my keys.

Zabudol som si kľúče.

to make

robiť

I made it myself.

I made a mistake.

Urobil som chybu.

We made it to the end!

Zvládli sme to až do konca!

*Minulý čas - otázka* Otázka sa tvorí v minulom čase pridaním pomocného slovesa "did" (minulý čas "do") na začiatok vety. Toto pomocné sloveso preberá všetky gramatické funkcie, takže významové sloveso už bude v prítomnom čase. "did" + predmet + sloveso (infinitív bez "TO") + zvyšok vety*. "Did you like the concert?" Pozrime sa na ďalšie nepravidelné slovesá: "to know" - "knew" - "known" "to pay" - "paid" - "paid" "to sleep" - "slept" - "slept" "to keep" - "kept" - "kept" "to mean" - "meant" - "meant"

Did you know that?

Vedel si to?

Did you know that the Eiffel Tower can be 15 cm taller in the summer?

I knew it.

Vedel som to.

I knew it was true.

to pay

zaplatiť

Did you pay the bills last month?

He paid for me.

Zaplatil za mňa.

He paid for me at the restaurant.

to sleep

spať

Did you sleep well?

He slept for ten hours last night.

Včera spal desať hodín.

Did he study?

Učil sa?

Did he study before the exam?

to keep

zachovať

Did you keep my secret?

Did she go there?

Išla tam?

to mean

znamenať

Did they mean it?

I meant it.

Myslel som to vážne.

When I complimented your work, I meant it.

*Minulý čas - negácia* Keď chceme vyjadriť negáciu v minulom čase, použijeme za predmetom frázu "did not" a významové sloveso (sloveso, ktoré vyjadruje dej alebo udalosť) zostáva v základnom tvare. *Predmet + "did not" + sloveso (infinitív) + zvyšok vety* "He did not do it." "We did not go there." *Všimnite si, že "didn't" je skrátená forma "did not".* Pozrime sa na ďalšie nepravidelné slovesá: "to feel" - "felt" - "felt" "to tell" - "told" - "told" "to wear" - "wore" - "worn"

I did not work yesterday.

Včera som nepracoval.

He didn't do it.

On to neurobil.

He didn't do his homework.

We did not go there.

Nešli sme tam.

to feel

cítiť

I feel tired after the long day.

I did not feel it.

Necítil som to.

I did not feel pain.

to tell

povedať

I told her you were coming.

She didn't tell me.

Nepovedala mi.

She didn't tell me the truth.

the truth

pravda

You should tell the truth.

to wear

nosiť

I didn't wear a school uniform.

I did not sleep well.

Nespalo sa mi dobre.

*Rovnaký formulár* Niekedy je tvar minulého času rovnaký ako tvar infinitívu. Pozrime sa na tieto slovesá, aby ste sa nepomýlili! "to let" - "let" - "let" "to set" - "set" - "set" "to put" - "put" - "put" "to cut" - "cut" - "cut" "to cost" - "cost" - "cost" Všimnite si, že tieto slovesá môžu mať rôzny význam v závislosti od toho, ako sú použité. Niektoré z nich sa teraz naučíme.

to let

nechať

She let her friend use her phone.

Let it be.

Nechaj to tak.

She was upset about the argument, but I told her to let it be.

He let his dog sleep on the bed.

Nechal svojho psa spať na posteli.

to set

umiestniť

He set the ladder against the wall.

to set the table

prestrieť stôl

Can you help me set the table for dinner?

to set an example

ísť príkladom

The teacher always tries to set an example for her students.

She set the table for dinner.

Prestrela stôl na večeru.

to put

dať

He put his arms around her and held her tight.

I put the milk back in the fridge.

Vrátil som mlieko do chladničky.

to cut

strihať, rezať

I cut myself while shaving.

I cut my hair yesterday.

Včera som sa dala ostrihať.

Cut it out!

Prestaň s tým!

to cost

stáť

This book costs ten dollars.

I bought a new phone, and it cost a lot of money.

Kúpil som si nový telefón a stál veľa peňazí.

*Let's wrap up this course!* Ukončíme tento kurz s ďalšími *často používanými nepravidelnými slovesami*, ktoré vám pomôžu rozšíriť slovnú zásobu. "to choose" - "chose" - "chosen" "to write" - "wrote" - "written" "to take" - "took" - "taken" "to see" - "saw" - "seen" "to buy" - "bought" - "bought"