Govorjenje o preteklostiAngleške besede

by DuoCards

*Pretekli enostavni čas* Začnimo s *preteklim enostavnim časom*. Z njim govorimo o *dokončanih dejanjih, ki so se zgodila v nekem obdobju pred zdajci.* Razlikujemo med pravilnimi in nepravilnimi glagoli, ki si jih bomo ogledali pozneje. *Redni glagoli v pretekliku enostavnem: večini glagolov dodamo "-ed":* "to talk" - "talked" "to finish" - "finished" "to listen" - "listened" "to relax" - "relaxed" "to knock" - "knocked" "to walk" - "walked"

I finished the school project.

Končal sem šolski projekt.

to listen

poslušati

We listened to some music.

he relaxed

počival je

He relaxed during his vacation.

He listened to my advice and relaxed.

Upošteval je moj nasvet in se sprostil.

We talked about our favorite movies.

Pogovarjali smo se o svojih najljubših filmih.

to knock

potrkati

Who knocked at the door?

he knocked

potrkal je

He knocked at the door.

to walk in

vstopiti

She walked in.

He walked in.

Vstopil je.

He knocked on the door and walked in.

Potrkal je na vrata in vstopil.

*Podvoji zadnjo črko* Če se *kratek glagol* konča s *soglasnikom, samoglasnikom in soglasnikom*, podvojite zadnjo črko in dodajte -ed. "to stop" - "stopped" "to shop" - "shopped" Zadnje črke pa ne podvojite, če se glagol konča na *w, x* ali *y.* "to play" - "played" "to show" - "showed"

to stop

ustaviti

The bus driver stopped suddenly.

we stopped

ustavili smo

We stopped playing soccer when it started to rain.

in the middle

na sredi

She placed the vase in the middle of the table.

the desert

puščava

The desert is very dry and salty.

We stopped in the middle of the desert.

Ustavili smo se sredi puščave.

to play

igrati

The violinist played beautifully.

She played guitar.

Igrala je kitaro.

She played guitar at the concert.

to shop

nakupovati

They shopped a lot.

to show

pokazati

He showed me the way.

*Daljše besede* V daljših besedah, če se zadnji zlog glagola konča s soglasnikom, samoglasnikom in soglasnikom in je ta zlog poudarjen, podvojimo zadnji soglasnik in dodamo ed. "to prefer" - "preferred" "to travel" - "traveled" (ameriška angleščina) ali "travelled" (britanska angleščina) Vendar zadnje črke ne podvojite, če *je prvi zlog poudarjen.* "to enter" - "entered"

They entered.

Vstopili so.

They entered the house.

to prefer

dajati prednost

I prefer alternative medicine.

to travel

potovati

We traveled a lot as children.

alone

sam

He was alone that evening.

I traveled alone.

Potoval sem sam.

I traveled to the USA alone.

preferred option

prednostna možnost

Travelling by train would always be my preferred option.

last summer

prejšnje poletje

We met last summer.

He traveled by boat last summer.

Prejšnje poletje je potoval z ladjo.

*Zaključki se spreminjajo* Če se glagol konča na e, dodajte *-d.* "to create" - "created" "to live" - "lived" Če se glagol konča na soglasnik + y, *spremenite y v i in dodajte -ed.* "to try" - "tried" "to worry" - "worried" "to carry" - "carried"

to create

ustvariti

He created an environment in which students can learn.

he created

ustvaril je

He created his own website.

The company created a new app for learning languages.

Podjetje je ustvarilo novo aplikacijo za učenje jezikov.

to live

živeti

We lived abroad for six years.

We lived together.

Živela sva skupaj.

We lived together for many years.

to worry

skrbeti

She is worried about her interview, even though she did fine.

she worried

skrbela se je

My mum worried about me last week because I was ill.

to carry

nositi

Let me carry your bags for you.

I carried the bag.

Nosil sem torbo.

*Izrazi - pretekli enostavni* Nekateri izrazi so povezani s preteklim enostavnim časom: "yesterday" "last week/month/year/..." "ago" izraža časovno oddaljenost in vedno stoji za časovno opredelitvijo. Npr. "one month ago" "two weeks ago" "a long time ago" "the other day"

I cooked a vegan meal last weekend.

Prejšnji vikend sem kuhal vegansko jed.

last weekend

prejšnji konec tedna

I went hiking with my friends last weekend.

I studied a lot last night.

Sinoči sem se veliko učil.

I played

Igral sem

l played tennis alone.

I played a difficult game yesterday.

Včeraj sem igral težko igro.

to borrow

izposoditi si

Can I borrow your car?

two years ago

pred dvema letoma

We moved in two years ago.

He borrowed money from his parents two years ago.

Pred dvema letoma si je izposodil denar od svojih staršev.

to try

poskusiti

She tried to contact her father.

to call

poklicati

I called you ten times!

I tried to call him three hours ago.

Pred tremi urami sem ga poskusil poklicati.

*Glagoli, ki se končajo na -d* Pri nekaterih glagolih, ki se končajo na -d, spremenite *-d* v *-t*. "to build" - "built" "to send" - "sent" "to bend" - "bent" "to spend" - "spent" Primer: "We built this house a long time ago."

to build

graditi

Who built this house?

We built a house.

Zgradili smo hišo.

to send

poslati

I sent an email.

I sent you a message.

Poslal sem vam sporočilo.

to bend

upogniti

The tree branches bend in the wind.

to bend over

skloniti se

I bent over and picked up the coin.

The tree bent in the strong wind.

Drevo se je v močnem vetru upognilo.

to spend

porabiti

She spent a lot of money.

I spent all night studying.

Vso noč sem preštudiral.

We spent a lot of money.

Porabili smo veliko denarja.

We spent a lot of money on the holidays.

Nepravilni glagoli imajo *tri specifične oblike*, ki jih morate zapomniti. Medtem ko večina angleških pravilnih glagolov uporablja končnico *-ed* za preteklik in deležnik, imajo nepravilni glagoli *vsak svoje edinstvene oblike časa in pretekle deležnike.* Tri oblike so: 1. *Osnovna oblika* (glagol, ki ga najdete v slovarju) 2. *Pretekla enostavna oblika* (tista, ki se jo učite v tem tečaju) 3. *Pretekli deležnik* (naučili se bomo, kako ga uporabiti kasneje) Pomembno je in veliko lažje se je naučiti vse tri oblike hkrati. Začnimo z najpomembnejšimi: "to be" - "was/were" - "been" "to go" - "went" - "gone"

to be

biti

He was sad yesterday. We were happy yesterday.

I was there.

Bil sem tam.

I was at the party yesterday.

scared

prestrašen

She was scared to walk alone in the dark.

He was scared.

Bil je prestrašen.

He was scared when he heard the loud noise.

a feeling

občutek

I have a feeling that today will be a great day.

He was scared of his feelings.

Bal se je svojih čustev.

to go

iti

We went to the cinema last night.

he went

šel je

He went for a walk.

last Monday

prejšnji ponedeljek

Last Monday we had an exam.

He went to Prague last Monday.

Prejšnji ponedeljek je odšel v Prago.

*Več nepravilnih glagolov* Oglejmo si še nekatere druge nepravilne glagole in njihove pretekle oblike. "to have" - "had" - "had" "to eat" - "ate" - "eaten" "to come" - "came" - "come" "to think" - "thought" - "thought" "to give" - "gave" - "given" "to forget" - "forgot" - "forgotten"

to have

imeti

I had no idea.

we had

imeli smo

We had a great time last weekend.

We had a great time.

Imeli smo se lepo.

to eat

jesti

I ate a while ago.

She ate an apple for breakfast.

Za zajtrk je pojedla jabolko.

to come

priti

I came home very late last night.

to think

razmišljati

I never thought I could do it.

I thought so.

Saj sem si mislil.

I thought of you today.

Danes sem mislil nate.

I thought of you today during my lunch break and smiled.

to give

dati

She gave him a book for his birthday.

The teacher gave us homework yesterday.

Učitelj nam je včeraj dal domačo nalogo.

to forget

pozabiti

She forgot about it.

I forgot my keys.

Pozabil sem ključe.

to make

narediti

I made it myself.

I made a mistake.

Naredil sem napako.

We made it to the end!

Uspelo nam je priti do konca!

*Pretekli čas - vprašanje* Vprašanje v pretekliku tvorimo tako, da na začetek stavka dodamo pomožni glagol "did" (pretekli čas "do"). Ta pomožni glagol prevzame vse slovnične funkcije, tako da bo pomensko glagol že v sedanjiku. "did" + predmet + glagol (nedoločnik brez "TO") + preostali del stavka* "Did you like the concert?" Oglejmo si še nekaj nepravilnih glagolov: "to know" - "knew" - "known" "to pay" - "paid" - "paid" "to sleep" - "slept" - "slept" "to keep" - "kept" - "kept" "to mean" - "meant" - "meant"

Did you know that?

Si vedel to?

Did you know that the Eiffel Tower can be 15 cm taller in the summer?

I knew it.

Vedel sem.

I knew it was true.

to pay

plačati

Did you pay the bills last month?

He paid for me.

Plačal je zame.

He paid for me at the restaurant.

to sleep

spati

Did you sleep well?

He slept for ten hours last night.

Včeraj ponoči je spal deset ur.

Did he study?

Ali je študiral?

Did he study before the exam?

to keep

ohraniti

Did you keep my secret?

Did she go there?

Je šla tja?

to mean

pomeniti

Did they mean it?

I meant it.

Resno sem mislil.

When I complimented your work, I meant it.

*Pretekli čas - zanikanje* Kadar želimo izraziti zanikanje v pretekliku, uporabimo stavek "did not" za predmetom, pomenski glagol (glagol, ki kaže dejanje ali dogodek) pa ostane v svoji osnovni obliki. *predmet + "did not" + glagol (nedoločnik) + preostali del stavka* "He did not do it." "We did not go there." *Upoštevajte, da je "didn't" kratka oblika "did not".* Oglejmo si še nekaj nepravilnih glagolov: "to feel" - "felt" - "felt" "to tell" - "told" - "told" "to wear" - "wore" - "worn"

I did not work yesterday.

Včeraj nisem delal.

He didn't do it.

On tega ni storil.

He didn't do his homework.

We did not go there.

Nismo šli tja.

to feel

čutiti

I feel tired after the long day.

I did not feel it.

Nisem tega občutil.

I did not feel pain.

to tell

reči

I told her you were coming.

She didn't tell me.

Ni mi povedala.

She didn't tell me the truth.

the truth

resnica

You should tell the truth.

to wear

nositi

I didn't wear a school uniform.

I did not sleep well.

Nisem dobro spal.

*Enak obrazec* Včasih je oblika preteklika enaka obliki nedoločnika. Oglejmo si te glagole, da vas ne bo zmotilo! "to let" - "let" - "let" "to set" - "set" - "set" "to put" - "put" - "put" "to cut" - "cut" - "cut" "to cost" - "cost" - "cost" Opazite, da imajo ti glagoli lahko različne pomene, odvisno od tega, kako so uporabljeni. Nekatere izmed njih se bomo naučili.

to let

pustiti

She let her friend use her phone.

Let it be.

Naj bo.

She was upset about the argument, but I told her to let it be.

He let his dog sleep on the bed.

Pustil je svojega psa spati na postelji.

to set

nastaviti

He set the ladder against the wall.

to set the table

pogrniti mizo

Can you help me set the table for dinner?

to set an example

biti zgled

The teacher always tries to set an example for her students.

She set the table for dinner.

Pripravila je mizo za večerjo.

to put

dati

He put his arms around her and held her tight.

I put the milk back in the fridge.

Mleko sem pospravil nazaj v hladilnik.

to cut

rezati

I cut myself while shaving.

I cut my hair yesterday.

Včeraj sem se postrigla.

Cut it out!

Nehaj s tem!

to cost

stati

This book costs ten dollars.

I bought a new phone, and it cost a lot of money.

Kupil sem nov telefon in stal je veliko denarja.

*Zaključimo ta tečaj!* Zaključimo ta tečaj z nekaterimi *pogosteje uporabljenimi nepravilnimi glagoli*, ki vam bodo pomagali razširiti besedišče. "to choose" - "chose" - "chosen" "to write" - "wrote" - "written" "to take" - "took" - "taken" "to see" - "saw" - "seen" "to buy" - "bought" - "bought"