Kuzungumzia yaliyopitaManeno ya Kiingereza

by DuoCards

*Wakati Uliopita Rahisi* Wacha tuanze na *wakati uliopita rahisi.* Tunaitumia kuzungumzia *vitendo vilivyokamilishwa vilivyofanyika katika kipindi cha muda kabla ya sasa.* Tunatofautisha kati ya vitenzi vya kawaida na visivyo vya kawaida, ambavyo tutaangalia baadaye. *Vitenzi vya kawaida katika siku za nyuma rahisi: ongeza "-ed"kwa vitenzi vingi:* "to talk"- "talked" "to finish"- "finished" "to listen"- "listened" "to relax"- "relaxed" "to knock"- "knocked" "to walk"- "walked"

I finished the school project.

Nimemaliza mradi wa shule.

to listen

kusikiliza

We listened to some music.

he relaxed

alipumzika

He relaxed during his vacation.

He listened to my advice and relaxed.

Alisikiliza ushauri wangu na kupumzika.

We talked about our favorite movies.

Tulizungumzia filamu zetu tunazozipenda.

to knock

kubisha hodi

Who knocked at the door?

he knocked

aligonga

He knocked at the door.

to walk in

ingia

She walked in.

He walked in.

Aliingia ndani.

He knocked on the door and walked in.

Aligonga mlango akaingia ndani.

*Barua ya mwisho mara mbili* Ikiwa *kitenzi kifupi* kitaishia na *konsonanti-vowel-konsonanti* , herufi ya mwisho mara mbili kisha ongeza -ed. "to stop"- "stopped" "to shop"- "shopped" Hata hivyo, usifanye herufi ya mwisho mara mbili ikiwa kitenzi kinaishia kwa *w, x* au *y.* "to play"- "played" "to show"- "showed"

to stop

kusimama

The bus driver stopped suddenly.

we stopped

tumesimama

We stopped playing soccer when it started to rain.

in the middle

katikati

She placed the vase in the middle of the table.

the desert

jangwa

The desert is very dry and salty.

We stopped in the middle of the desert.

Tulisimama katikati ya jangwa.

to play

kucheza

The violinist played beautifully.

She played guitar.

Alipiga gitaa.

She played guitar at the concert.

to shop

kununua bidhaa

They shopped a lot.

to show

kuonyesha

He showed me the way.

*Maneno marefu zaidi* Kwa maneno marefu zaidi, ikiwa silabi ya mwisho ya kitenzi itaishia na konsonanti-vokali-konsonanti na silabi hiyo imesisitizwa, ongeza konsonanti ya mwisho mara mbili kisha ongeza mh. "to prefer"- "preferred" "to travel"- "traveled"(Kiingereza cha Amerika) au "travelled"(Kiingereza cha Uingereza) Hata hivyo, usiongeze herufi ya mwisho mara mbili ikiwa *silabi ya kwanza imesisitizwa.* "to enter"- "entered"

They entered.

Waliingia.

They entered the house.

to prefer

kupendelea

I prefer alternative medicine.

to travel

kusafiri

We traveled a lot as children.

alone

peke yangu

He was alone that evening.

I traveled alone.

Nilisafiri peke yangu.

I traveled to the USA alone.

preferred option

chaguo linalopendekezwa

Travelling by train would always be my preferred option.

last summer

majira ya joto yaliyopita

We met last summer.

He traveled by boat last summer.

Alisafiri kwa mashua msimu wa joto uliopita.

*Miisho hubadilika* Ikiwa kitenzi kitaishia kwa e, ongeza tu *-d.* "to create"- "created" "to live"- "lived" Ikiwa kitenzi kitaishia kwa konsonanti + y, *badilisha y hadi i na ongeza -ed.* "to try"- "tried" "to worry"- "worried" "to carry"- "carried"

to create

kutengeneza

He created an environment in which students can learn.

he created

yeye aliumba

He created his own website.

The company created a new app for learning languages.

Kampuni imeunda programu mpya ya kujifunzia lugha.

to live

kuishi

We lived abroad for six years.

We lived together.

Tuliishi pamoja.

We lived together for many years.

to worry

kuhangaika

She is worried about her interview, even though she did fine.

she worried

alikuwa na wasiwasi

My mum worried about me last week because I was ill.

to carry

kubeba

Let me carry your bags for you.

I carried the bag.

Nilichukua mfuko.

*Maneno - zamani rahisi* Kuna misemo fulani inayohusishwa na wakati sahili uliopita: "yesterday" "last week/month/year/..." "ago"huonyesha umbali wa muda na daima husimama baada ya uamuzi wa muda. km. "one month ago""two weeks ago""a long time ago""the other day"

I cooked a vegan meal last weekend.

Nilipika chakula cha mboga wikendi iliyopita.

last weekend

wikiendi iliyopita

I went hiking with my friends last weekend.

I studied a lot last night.

Nilisoma sana usiku uliopita.

I played

Nilicheza

l played tennis alone.

I played a difficult game yesterday.

Nilicheza mchezo mgumu jana.

to borrow

kukopa

Can I borrow your car?

two years ago

miaka miwili iliyopita

We moved in two years ago.

He borrowed money from his parents two years ago.

Alikopa pesa kutoka kwa wazazi wake miaka miwili iliyopita.

to try

kujaribu

She tried to contact her father.

to call

kupiga simu

I called you ten times!

I tried to call him three hours ago.

Nilijaribu kumpigia simu saa tatu zilizopita.

*Vitenzi vinavyoishia na -d* Baadhi ya vitenzi vinavyoishia kwa -d, hubadilisha *-d* hadi *-t* . "to build"- "built" "to send"- "sent" "to bend"- "bent" "to spend"- "spent" Mfano "We built this house a long time ago.":

to build

kujenga

Who built this house?

We built a house.

Tumejenga nyumba.

to send

kutuma

I sent an email.

I sent you a message.

Nimekutumia ujumbe.

to bend

kunyumbua

The tree branches bend in the wind.

to bend over

inama

I bent over and picked up the coin.

The tree bent in the strong wind.

Mti uliinama kwa sababu ya upepo mkali.

to spend

kutumia

She spent a lot of money.

I spent all night studying.

Nimetumia usiku kucha nikisoma.

We spent a lot of money.

Tumetumia pesa nyingi.

We spent a lot of money on the holidays.

*Zamani Rahisi - kuwa au kwenda* Vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida vina *aina tatu maalum* ambazo unahitaji kukariri. Wakati vitenzi vingi vya kawaida vya Kiingereza vinatumia tamati *-ed* kwa fomu za wakati uliopita na vishirikishi, vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida *kila kimoja kina maumbo yake ya kipekee ya wakati na viambishi vya wakati uliopita.* Fomu hizo tatu ni: 1. *Umbo la msingi* (kitenzi unachopata kwenye kamusi) 2. *Fomu rahisi ya zamani* (ile unayojifunza katika kozi hii) 3. *Fomu ya kishirikishi iliyopita* (tutajifunza jinsi ya kutumia hii baadaye) Ni muhimu na rahisi zaidi kujifunza aina zote tatu kwa wakati mmoja. Wacha tuanze na zile muhimu zaidi: "to be""was/were"-- "been" "to go""went"-- "gone"

to be

kuwa

He was sad yesterday. We were happy yesterday.

I was there.

Nilikuwepo hapo.

I was at the party yesterday.

scared

aliyeogopa

She was scared to walk alone in the dark.

He was scared.

Aliogopa.

He was scared when he heard the loud noise.

a feeling

hisia

I have a feeling that today will be a great day.

He was scared of his feelings.

Aliogopa hisia zake.

to go

kwenda

We went to the cinema last night.

he went

alienda

He went for a walk.

last Monday

Jumatatu iliyopita

Last Monday we had an exam.

He went to Prague last Monday.

Alisafiri kwenda Prague Jumatatu iliyopita.

*Vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida zaidi* Sasa hebu tuangalie vitenzi vingine visivyo vya kawaida na maumbo yao ya zamani. "to have""had"-- "had" "to eat""ate"-- "eaten" "to come""came"-- "come" "to think""thought"-- "thought" "to give""gave"-- "given" "to forget"-- "forgot""forgotten"

to have

kuwa na

I had no idea.

we had

tulikuwa nayo

We had a great time last weekend.

We had a great time.

Tulikuwa na wakati mzuri.

to eat

kula

I ate a while ago.

She ate an apple for breakfast.

Alikula tufaha kwa kifungua kinywa.

to come

kuja

I came home very late last night.

to think

kufikiri

I never thought I could do it.

I thought so.

Nilijua hivyo.

I thought of you today.

Nimekukumbuka leo.

I thought of you today during my lunch break and smiled.

to give

kutoa

She gave him a book for his birthday.

The teacher gave us homework yesterday.

Mwalimu alitupa kazi ya nyumbani jana.

to forget

kusahau

She forgot about it.

I forgot my keys.

Nimesahau funguo zangu.

to make

kutengeneza

I made it myself.

I made a mistake.

Nimefanya makosa.

We made it to the end!

Tumefika mwisho!

*Wakati uliopita - swali* Swali huundwa katika wakati uliopita kwa kuongeza kitenzi kisaidizi "did"(wakati uliopita wa "do") mwanzoni mwa sentensi. Kitenzi hiki kisaidizi huchukua majukumu yote ya kisarufi, kwa hivyo kitenzi cha kisemantiki kitakuwa tayari katika wakati uliopo. "did"+ kiima + kitenzi (kikomo bila "TO") + sentensi iliyobaki* "Did you like the concert?" Wacha tuangalie vitenzi vingine visivyo vya kawaida: "to know""knew"-- "known" "to pay""paid"-- "paid" "to sleep""slept"-- "slept" "to keep""kept"-- "kept" "to mean""meant"-- "meant"

Did you know that?

Je, ulijua hilo?

Did you know that the Eiffel Tower can be 15 cm taller in the summer?

I knew it.

Nilijua hivyo.

I knew it was true.

to pay

kulipa

Did you pay the bills last month?

He paid for me.

Amenilipia.

He paid for me at the restaurant.

to sleep

kulala

Did you sleep well?

He slept for ten hours last night.

Alilala kwa saa kumi jana usiku.

Did he study?

Je, alisoma?

Did he study before the exam?

to keep

kuhifadhi

Did you keep my secret?

Did she go there?

Je, alienda kule?

to mean

kumaanisha

Did they mean it?

I meant it.

Nilikuwa namaanisha.

When I complimented your work, I meant it.

*Wakati uliopita - kukanusha* Tunapotaka kueleza ukanushi katika wakati uliopita, tunatumia kishazi "did not"baada ya somo, na kitenzi cha kisemantiki (kitenzi kinachoonyesha kitendo au tukio) hubaki katika hali yake ya msingi. *kiima + "did not"+ kitenzi (kikomo) + mapumziko ya sentensi* "He did not do it." "We did not go there." *Kumbuka hiyo "didn't"ni aina fupi ya "did not".* Wacha tuangalie vitenzi vingine visivyo vya kawaida: "to feel""felt"-- "felt" "to tell""told"-- "told" "to wear""wore"-- "worn"

I did not work yesterday.

Sikufanya kazi jana.

He didn't do it.

Hakufanya hivyo.

He didn't do his homework.

We did not go there.

Hatukuenda kule.

to feel

kuhisi

I feel tired after the long day.

I did not feel it.

Sikuhisi.

I did not feel pain.

to tell

kuambia

I told her you were coming.

She didn't tell me.

Hakuniambia.

She didn't tell me the truth.

the truth

ukweli

You should tell the truth.

to wear

kuvaa

I didn't wear a school uniform.

I did not sleep well.

Sikulala vizuri.

*Fomu sawa* Wakati mwingine umbo la wakati uliopita ni sawa na umbo lisilo na kikomo. Hebu angalia vitenzi hivi ili usichanganyikiwe! "to let""let"-- "let" "to set""set"-- "set" "to put""put"-- "put" "to cut""cut"-- "cut" "to cost""cost"-- "cost" Tambua kwamba vitenzi hivi vinaweza kuwa na maana tofauti kulingana na jinsi vinavyotumiwa. Tutaenda kujifunza baadhi yao.

to let

acha

She let her friend use her phone.

Let it be.

Iache iwe hivyo.

She was upset about the argument, but I told her to let it be.

He let his dog sleep on the bed.

Alimruhusu mbwa wake kulala kitandani.

to set

kuweka

He set the ladder against the wall.

to set the table

kupanga meza

Can you help me set the table for dinner?

to set an example

kuwa mfano wa kuigwa

The teacher always tries to set an example for her students.

She set the table for dinner.

Aliandaa meza kwa ajili ya chakula cha jioni.

to put

kuweka

He put his arms around her and held her tight.

I put the milk back in the fridge.

Nimerudisha maziwa kwenye jokofu.

to cut

kata

I cut myself while shaving.

I cut my hair yesterday.

Nilikata nywele zangu jana.

Cut it out!

Acha hiyo!

to cost

gharimu

This book costs ten dollars.

I bought a new phone, and it cost a lot of money.

Nimenunua simu mpya na iligharimu pesa nyingi.

*Tumalizie kozi hii!* Hebu tumalizie kozi hii kwa *vitenzi vingine vinavyotumiwa mara kwa mara* ambavyo vitakusaidia kupanua msamiati wako. "to choose""chose"-- "chosen" "to write""wrote"-- "written" "to take""took"-- "taken" "to see""saw"-- "seen" "to buy"-- "bought""bought"