What started and is still going on?English words

by DuoCards

*The Past Participle* Welcome to the course where we will talk about things that started in the past and are continuing in the present! As a warm-up, we will go through some *irregular verbs* that you might already know. They are usually shown in *a list of three forms: the infinitive, the past simple, and the past participle.* Let's take a look at these examples: "to see" - "saw" - "seen" "to meet" - "met" - "met" "to say" - "said" - "said"

to meet

I have met him before.

I have met...

I have met this guy before.

before

I always brush my teeth before going to bed.

They have not met before.

the influence

Don't let him influence you!

I have said...

I have said a few words.

I have seen

I have seen him before.

She has not seen him before.

*Have you seen Memo today?* The present perfect is formed from the *present tense of the verb "HAVE" and the *past participle of a verb*. *We use the present perfect:* 1. For something that *started in the past and continues in the present*: "She has lived in Liverpool all her life." 2. 2hen we are talking about *our experience up to the present*: "I have seen that movie before." 3. For something that *happened in the past but is important in the present*: "I can't get in the house. I have lost my keys." Irregular verbs you'll learn in this section: "to know" - "knew" - "known" "to lose" - "lost" - "lost"

Have you seen him?

he has seen

He has seen the movie.

He has seen many things.

I have lived

I have lived in Paris my whole life.

I have lived here all my life.

to lose

I've lost the game.

we have lost

We have lost the keys.

the appetite

I have lost my appetite.

my whole life

My whole life I've been trying to deal with it.

I've known him my whole life.

*The present perfect tense for questions* When asking a question in the present perfect tense, *the auxiliary verb comes first*, followed by the subject, and then the past participle of the main verb. "Have you eaten dinner yet?" "Has the party started?" You can also make open questions with the present perfect: "Where have you been?" Irregular verbs you'll learn in this section: "to hear" - "heard" - "heard" "to do" - "did" - "done"

Has it started?

Has the movie started?

Have we met?

Have we met before?

to hear

Can you hear me well?

Have you heard of it?

Have you heard of it before?

to fail a class

How many times have you failed a class?

Have you visited France?

foreign countries

What foreign countries have you visited?

What have you done?

What have you done to me?

*The present perfect tense for negatives* To use the present perfect tense in the negative, simply add the negative word (like not or never) *after the auxiliary verb but before the past participle.* "I have not slept well since exams started." Irregular verbs you'll learn in this section: "to sleep" - "slept" - "slept" "to speak" - "spoke" - "spoken"

to sleep well

I have not slept well since exams started.

I have not slept all night.

He has never seen it.

My friend has never seen the ocean.

I haven't seen him today.

to speak

He hasn't spoken to me yet.

She has spoken to the teacher about the problem.

I have not done it.

I have not done it because I was busy with other things.

to reply

She has not replied to my message yet.

We have never been there.

We have never been to Australia.

to reach

The jury has not reached a verdict yet.

to receive an update

We haven’t received any updates on our project.

*Never ever!* We often use the adverb "ever" to talk about *experience up to the present*: "It was the worst day I have ever had." and we use "never" for the *negative form*: "I have never met his wife."

I have never seen you before.

Have you ever heard of it?

a song

I love this song!

I have heard that song before.

Have you been here before?

You have never been here before.

to say

What did he say about the party?

We have never said that.

never ever

I promise to never ever do it again.

*"Have been and have gone"* We use "have/has been" when someone *has gone to a place and returned*: A: "Where have you been?" B: "I have just been out to the supermarket." But when someone has *not returned*, we use "have/has gone": A: "Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks." B: "She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow." *Notice:* "I have" = "I've" "She has" = "she's" The simple past and the past participle of the verbs "to be" and "to go": "to be" - "was" / "were" - "been" "to go" - "went" - "gone"

Where have you been?

I've been...

I've been to Germany before.

I've been to the grocery.

I’ve been to the grocery, and I bought some fresh fruits.

I've been here before.

As I entered the museum, I remembered, "I've been here before."

she has been

She has been to Germany before.

Has she been to Australia before?

he has gone

He has gone to work.

He has gone to school.

They've gone too far.

*"Already" or "yet" ?* "Already" used with the present perfect* means *before now*. We use it to emphasise that *something happened before something else* or earlier than expected. "The train has left already!" "Yet" used with the present perfect* means *at any time up to now*. We use it to emphasise that we expect something to happen soon. Yet (in this context) is only used in *negative sentences and questions.* "I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner." Irregular verbs you'll learn in this section: "to leave" - "left" - "left" "to win" - "won" - "won" "to sell" - "sold" - "sold"

He has already left.

He hasn't left yet.

to win

We haven't won yet.

They have won the game today.

We've met already.

We haven't met yet.

Have you met Ted?

to sell

Have you sold your car already?

to finish

Have you finished your homework yet?

I've already been here.

I’ve already been here, so I know the way to the park.

We have sold our old car.

*Present Perfect Continuous* The present perfect continuous is formed with "have/has been" and the "-ing" form of the verb. We normally use this tense to emphasise that *something is still continuing in the present*: "It's been raining for hours." "I've been working all day." Notice: "it has" = "it's" "I have"= "I've"

I've been studying for hours.

all day

It's been raining all day.

My father has been working all day.

to talk

Are you talking to me?

You've been talking too much.

lately

She hasn't been looking too well lately.

I haven't been feeling well lately.

recently

She has recently started a new job.

She has been helping us recently.

Have you been seeing her?

She has been seeing him for weeks now.

*How to use Present Perfect Continuous tense?* We use the "Present Perfect Continuous tense" to talk about action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now. "I'm tired because I've been running." Irregular verbs you'll learn in this section: "to understand" - "understood" - "understood" "to run" - "ran" - "run" "to think" - "thought" - "thought"

It's been raining.

wet

My clothes are wet from water.

the grass

Dogs wallowed on the grass.

The grass is wet because it's been raining.

Have you been listening?

Have you been listening to the lesson?

to understand

You don't understand because you haven't been listening.

They have understood the rules of the game.

a face

She has such a nice face.

to run

The dogs run across the road.

He has run three marathons in his life.

Her face is red because she's been running.

to think

I have thought about this recently.

I've been thinking about you.

I've been thinking about you since our last conversation.

*"For" and "since"* We often use FOR and SINCE with perfect tenses: We use for to talk about a period of time: "for three hours" "for two months" We use since to talk about a point in past time: "since yesterday" "since 9 o'clock"

I have been studying for three hours.

since March

I've been seeing him since March.

She has been visiting us since March.

since then

I moved to a new city last year, and since then, I have made many new friends.

I have been watching TV since 7pm.

for a long time

She's been living in New York for a long time now.

He has been playing football for a long time.

since I left school

I have been unemployed since I left school.

I've been living in Berlin since I left school.

since yesterday

I have been tired since yesterday.

It's been raining since yesterday.

*Present perfect simple or continuous?* We use both the *present perfect simple ("have" or "has" + past participle)* and the "present perfect continuous" ("have" or "has" + "been" + "-ing" form)* to talk about past actions or states that are still *connected to the present.* The present perfect simple usually focuses on the result of the activity. "You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely!" The present perfect continuous usually focuses on the activity itself. "I've been gardening. It's so nice out there." Irregular verbs you'll learn in this section: "to write" - "wrote" - "written" "to read" - "read" - "read" "to have" - "had" - "had" "to grow" - "grew" - "grown"

I've been writing e-mails.

I've been writing emails the whole day.

to write an email

I've written you an email.

I have written my homework, so now I can play outside.

Has it been raining?

The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?

to read a book

She's read ten books this summer.

lovely

The children have cleaned the kitchen. It looks lovely!

I have had

I have had a great time at the party.

We have had this car for five years.

I've had three coffees already today!

to grow

My cousin has grown so much since I saw her two years ago.

you have grown

You have grown so much since I last saw you!

I've been waiting for you.

They've been waiting for hours.

*When not to use the present perfect tense* Do not use the present perfect tense with a specific time. This might be confusing, however, because *you can use the present perfect tense with a broad time period.* The present perfect tense is only *incorrect if used with one specific time.* Using the present perfect tense with a general time range is perfectly acceptable. "I went for a walk on Tuesday." "I have gone for a walk every Tuesday this year."