Què va començar i encara continua?Paraules en anglès

by DuoCards

*El participi passat* Benvinguts al curs on parlarem de coses que van començar en el passat i que continuen en el present! Com a escalfament, repassarem alguns *verbs irregulars* que potser ja coneixeu. Normalment es mostren en *una llista de tres formes: l'infinitiu, el passat simple i el participi passat.* Fem una ullada a aquests exemples: "to see"- "saw"- "seen" "to meet"- "met"- "met" "to say"- "said"- "said"

to meet

trobar-se

I have met him before.

I have met...

He conegut...

I have met this guy before.

We have met before.

Ja ens hem vist abans.

I thought I recognized you; we have met before at the conference.

before

abans

I always brush my teeth before going to bed.

They have not met before.

Encara no s'han conegut.

the influence

la influència

Don't let him influence you!

Travel has influenced my life.

Els viatges han influït en la meva vida.

I have said...

He dit...

I have said a few words.

I have said this many times before.

Ja ho he dit moltes vegades abans.

I have seen

He vist

I have seen him before.

Ja l'havia vist abans.

She has not seen him before.

Ella no l'havia vist mai abans.

*Has vist Memo avui?* El present perfet es forma a partir del *present del verb "HAVE"i del* participi passat d'un verb *. * Fem servir el present perfecte: * 1. Per a alguna cosa que* va començar en el passat i continua en el present *: "She has lived in Liverpool all her life." 2. Quan parlem de* la nostra experiència fins al present *: "I have seen that movie before." 3. Per a alguna cosa que* va passar en el passat però que és important en el present*: "I can't get in the house. I have lost my keys." Verbs irregulars que aprendràs en aquesta secció: "to know"- "knew"- "known" "to lose"- "lost"- "lost"

Have you seen him?

L'has vist?

he has seen

ha vist

He has seen the movie.

He has seen many things.

Ja ha vist moltes coses.

I have lived

He viscut

I have lived in Paris my whole life.

I have lived here all my life.

He viscut aquí tota la meva vida.

to lose

perdre

I've lost the game.

we have lost

hem perdut

We have lost the keys.

the appetite

la gana

I have lost my appetite.

my whole life

tota la meva vida

My whole life I've been trying to deal with it.

I've known him my whole life.

El conec de tota la vida.

*El present perfecte per a preguntes* Quan es fa una pregunta en present perfecte, *el verb auxiliar ve primer* , seguit del subjecte i després el participi passat del verb principal. "Have you eaten dinner yet?" "Has the party started?" També podeu fer preguntes obertes amb el present perfect: "Where have you been?" Els verbs irregulars que aprendràs en aquesta secció: "to hear""heard"-- "heard" "to do""did"-- "done"

Has it started?

Ja ha començat?

Has the movie started?

Have we met?

Ens hem conegut?

Have we met before?

to hear

sentir

Can you hear me well?

Have you heard of it?

N'heu sentit a parlar?

Have you heard of it before?

to fail a class

suspendre una assignatura

How many times have you failed a class?

Have you visited France?

Heu visitat França?

foreign countries

països estrangers

What foreign countries have you visited?

What have you done?

Què has fet?

What have you done to me?

*El present perfecte per als negatius* Per utilitzar el present perfecte en negatiu, simplement afegiu la paraula negativa (com no o mai) *després del verb auxiliar però abans del participi passat.* "I have not slept well since exams started." Els verbs irregulars que aprendràs en aquesta secció: "to sleep""slept"-- "slept" "to speak""spoke"-- "spoken"

to sleep well

dormir bé

I have not slept well since exams started.

I have not slept all night.

No he dormit en tota la nit.

He has never seen it.

Mai no ho ha vist.

My friend has never seen the ocean.

I haven't seen him today.

Avui no l'he vist.

to speak

parlar

He hasn't spoken to me yet.

She has spoken to the teacher about the problem.

Ha parlat amb el mestre sobre el problema.

I have not done it.

No ho he fet.

I have not done it because I was busy with other things.

to reply

respondre

She has not replied to my message yet.

We have never been there.

Mai no hi hem estat.

We have never been to Australia.

to reach

arribar

The jury has not reached a verdict yet.

to receive an update

rebre una actualització

We haven’t received any updates on our project.

*Mai més!* Sovint fem servir l'adverbi "ever"per parlar de *l'experiència fins al present* : "It was the worst day I have ever had." i fem servir "never"per a la *forma negativa* : "I have never met his wife."

I have never seen you before.

No t'havia vist mai abans.

Have you ever heard of it?

N'heu sentit a parlar mai?

a song

una cançó

I love this song!

I have heard that song before.

Ja he sentit aquesta cançó abans.

Have you been here before?

Has estat aquí abans?

You have never been here before.

Mai abans no havies estat aquí.

to say

dir

What did he say about the party?

We have never said that.

Mai no hem dit això.

never ever

mai de la vida

I promise to never ever do it again.

*"Have been and have gone"* Fem servir "have/has been"quan algú *ha anat a un lloc i ha tornat* : A: "Where have you been?" B: "I have just been out to the supermarket." Però quan algú *no ha tornat* , fem servir "have/has gone": A: "Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks." B: "She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow." *Avís:* "I have"= "I've" "She has"= "she's" El passat simple i el participi passat dels verbs "to be"i "to go": "to be"- "was"/ "were"- "been" "to go"- "went"- "gone"

Where have you been?

On has estat?

I've been...

He estat...

I've been to Germany before.

I've been to the grocery.

He estat a la botiga.

I’ve been to the grocery, and I bought some fresh fruits.

I've been here before.

Ja he estat aquí abans.

As I entered the museum, I remembered, "I've been here before."

she has been

ella ha estat

She has been to Germany before.

Has she been to Australia before?

Ha estat mai a Austràlia?

he has gone

ha marxat

He has gone to work.

He has gone to school.

Ha anat a l'escola.

They've gone too far.

Han anat massa lluny.

*"Already" o "yet" ?* "Already" utilitzat amb el present perfecte* significa *abans d'ara*. L'utilitzem per emfatitzar que *alguna cosa va passar abans d'una altra cosa* o abans del que s'esperava. "The train has left already!" "Yet" utilitzat amb el present perfecte* significa *en qualsevol moment fins ara*. L'utilitzem per emfatitzar que esperem que alguna cosa passi aviat. Yet (en aquest context) només s'utilitza en *frases negatives i preguntes.* "I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner." Verbs irregulars que aprendràs en aquesta secció: "to leave" - "left" - "left" "to win" - "won" - "won" "to sell" - "sold" - "sold"

He has already left.

Ja ha marxat.

He hasn't left yet.

Encara no ha marxat.

to win

guanyar

We haven't won yet.

They have won the game today.

Avui han guanyat el partit.

We've met already.

Ja ens coneixem.

We haven't met yet.

Encara no ens hem conegut.

Have you met Ted?

Coneixes en Ted?

to sell

vendre

Have you sold your car already?

to finish

acabar

Have you finished your homework yet?

I've already been here.

Ja hi he estat.

I’ve already been here, so I know the way to the park.

We have sold our old car.

Hem venut el nostre cotxe vell.

*Present perfecte continu* El present perfect continuum es forma amb "have/has been"i la "-ing"forma del verb. Normalment fem servir aquest temps verbal per emfatitzar que *alguna cosa continua en el present* : "It's been raining for hours." "I've been working all day." Avís: "it has"= "it's" "I have"= "I've"

I've been studying for hours.

Fa hores que estudio.

all day

tot el dia

It's been raining all day.

My father has been working all day.

El meu pare ha estat treballant tot el dia.

to talk

parlar

Are you talking to me?

You've been talking too much.

Has estat parlant massa.

lately

darrerament

She hasn't been looking too well lately.

I haven't been feeling well lately.

No m'he trobat gaire bé últimament.

recently

recentment

She has recently started a new job.

She has been helping us recently.

Ella ens ha estat ajudant últimament.

Have you been seeing her?

Has estat quedant amb ella?

She has been seeing him for weeks now.

Fa setmanes que el veu.

*Com s'utilitza el temps present perfect continu?* Fem servir el verb "Present Perfect Continuous tense"per parlar d'una acció que va començar en el passat i que s'ha aturat recentment. Normalment hi ha un resultat ara. "I'm tired because I've been running." Verbs irregulars que aprendràs en aquesta secció: "to understand"- "understood"- "understood" "to run"- "ran"- "run" "to think"- "thought"- "thought"

It's been raining.

Ha estat plovent.

wet

mullat

My clothes are wet from water.

the grass

l'herba

Dogs wallowed on the grass.

The grass is wet because it's been raining.

L'herba està molla perquè ha plogut.

Have you been listening?

Has estat escoltant?

Have you been listening to the lesson?

to understand

entendre

You don't understand because you haven't been listening.

They have understood the rules of the game.

Han entès les regles del joc.

a face

una cara

She has such a nice face.

to run

córrer

The dogs run across the road.

He has run three marathons in his life.

Ha corregut tres maratons a la seva vida.

Her face is red because she's been running.

Té la cara vermella perquè ha estat corrent.

to think

pensar

I have thought about this recently.

I've been thinking about you.

He estat pensant en tu.

I've been thinking about you since our last conversation.

*"For" i "since"* Sovint fem servir FOR i SINCE amb els temps perfectes: Fem servir for per parlar d'un període de temps: "for three hours" "for two months" Fem servir since per parlar d'un moment en el passat: "since yesterday" "since 9 o'clock"

I have been studying for three hours.

Fa tres hores que estudio.

since March

des del març

I've been seeing him since March.

She has been visiting us since March.

Ens visita des del març.

since then

des d'aleshores

I moved to a new city last year, and since then, I have made many new friends.

I have been watching TV since 7pm.

He estat mirant la televisió des de les set del vespre.

for a long time

durant molt de temps

She's been living in New York for a long time now.

He has been playing football for a long time.

Fa molt de temps que juga a futbol.

since I left school

des de que vaig deixar l'escola

I have been unemployed since I left school.

I've been living in Berlin since I left school.

Visc a Berlín des que vaig acabar els estudis.

since yesterday

des d'ahir

I have been tired since yesterday.

It's been raining since yesterday.

Plou des d'ahir.

*Present perfecte simple o continu?* Fem servir tant el *present perfect simple ( "have"or "has"+ participi passat)* com la "present perfect continuous""have""has""been""-ing"forma (or + +) *per parlar d'accions o estats passats que encara estan* connectats al present.* El present perfect simple normalment se centra en el resultat de l'activitat. "You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely!" El present perfect continuous normalment se centra en l'activitat en si mateixa. "I've been gardening. It's so nice out there." Verbs irregulars que aprendràs en aquesta secció: "to write"- "wrote"- "written" "to read"- "read"- "read" "to have"- "had"- "had" "to grow"- "grew"- "grown"

I've been writing e-mails.

He estat escrivint correus electrònics.

I've been writing emails the whole day.

to write an email

escriure un correu electrònic

I've written you an email.

I have written my homework, so now I can play outside.

Ja he fet els deures, així que ara puc sortir a jugar.

Has it been raining?

Ha estat plovent?

The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?

to read a book

llegir un llibre

She's read ten books this summer.

lovely

encantador

The children have cleaned the kitchen. It looks lovely!

I have had

he tingut

I have had a great time at the party.

We have had this car for five years.

Fa cinc anys que tenim aquest cotxe.

I've had three coffees already today!

Avui ja m'he begut tres cafès!

to grow

créixer

My cousin has grown so much since I saw her two years ago.

you have grown

has crescut

You have grown so much since I last saw you!

Has crescut tant des de l'última vegada que et vaig veure!

I've been waiting for you.

T'he estat esperant.

They've been waiting for hours.

*Quan no s'ha d'utilitzar el present perfecte* No utilitzeu el present perfect amb un temps específic. Això podria ser confús, però, perquè *podeu utilitzar el present perfect amb un període de temps ampli.* El present perfect només és *incorrecte si s'utilitza amb un temps específic.* L'ús del present perfect amb un rang de temps general és perfectament acceptable. "I went for a walk on Tuesday." "I have gone for a walk every Tuesday this year."