Hvad startede, og hvad foregår der stadig?engelske ord

by DuoCards

*Passiv participium* Velkommen til kurset, hvor vi vil tale om ting, der startede i fortiden og fortsætter i nutiden! Som opvarmning vil vi gennemgå nogle *uregelmæssige verber*, som du måske allerede kender. De vises normalt i *en liste med tre former: infinitiv, datid og passiv participium.* Lad os se på disse eksempler:"to see" - "saw" - "seen" "to meet" - "met" - "met" "to say" - "said" "said"

to meet

mødes

I have met him before.

I have met...

Jeg har mødt...

I have met this guy before.

We have met before.

Vi har mødt hinanden før.

I thought I recognized you; we have met before at the conference.

before

før

I always brush my teeth before going to bed.

They have not met before.

De har ikke mødt hinanden før.

the influence

indflydelsen

Don't let him influence you!

Travel has influenced my life.

Rejser har påvirket mit liv.

I have said...

Jeg har sagt...

I have said a few words.

I have said this many times before.

Det har jeg sagt mange gange før.

I have seen

Jeg har set

I have seen him before.

Jeg har set ham før.

She has not seen him before.

Hun har ikke set ham før.

*Har du set Memo i dag?* Præsens perfekt dannes af *verbet i præsens ( "HAVE" ) og verbet i participium perfektum **.* Vi bruger præsens perfekt: *1. For noget, der begyndte *i fortiden og fortsætter i nutiden*: "She has lived in Liverpool all her life." 2. Når vi taler om vores *oplevelser indtil nu*:"I have seen that movie before." 3. For noget, der skete *i fortiden, men som er vigtigt i nutiden*: "I can't get in the house. I have lost my keys." Uregelmæssige verber, du lærer i dette afsnit:"to know" - "knew" - "known" "to lose" - "lost" "lost"

Have you seen him?

Har du set ham?

he has seen

han har set

He has seen the movie.

He has seen many things.

Han har set mange ting.

I have lived

Jeg har boet

I have lived in Paris my whole life.

I have lived here all my life.

Jeg har boet her hele mit liv.

to lose

tabe

I've lost the game.

we have lost

vi har tabt

We have lost the keys.

the appetite

appetitten

I have lost my appetite.

my whole life

hele mit liv

My whole life I've been trying to deal with it.

I've known him my whole life.

Jeg har kendt ham hele mit liv.

*Perfektum nutid til spørgsmål* Når man stiller et spørgsmål i perfektum nutid, *kommer hjælpeverbet først*, efterfulgt af subjektet og derefter datidsformen af hovedverbet. "Have you eaten dinner yet?" "Has the party started?" Du kan også stille åbne spørgsmål med perfektum: "Where have you been?" Uregelmæssige verber lærer du i dette afsnit: "to hear" - "heard" - "heard" "to do" - "did" - "done"

Has it started?

Er det startet?

Has the movie started?

Have we met?

Har vi mødt hinanden før?

Have we met before?

to hear

høre

Can you hear me well?

Have you heard of it?

Har du hørt om det?

Have you heard of it before?

to fail a class

at dumpe i et fag

How many times have you failed a class?

Have you visited France?

Har du besøgt Frankrig?

foreign countries

udlande

What foreign countries have you visited?

What have you done?

Hvad har du gjort?

What have you done to me?

*Perfektum i nutid for negativer* For at bruge præsens perfektum i negation skal du blot tilføje det negative ord (som ikke eller aldrig) *efter hjælpeverbet, men før præteritum participium*. "I have not slept well since exams started." Uregelmæssige verber, du vil lære i dette afsnit: "to sleep" - "slept" - "slept" "to speak" - "spoke" - "spoken"

to sleep well

sove godt

I have not slept well since exams started.

I have not slept all night.

Jeg har ikke sovet hele natten.

He has never seen it.

Han har aldrig set det.

My friend has never seen the ocean.

I haven't seen him today.

Jeg har ikke set ham i dag.

to speak

tale

He hasn't spoken to me yet.

She has spoken to the teacher about the problem.

Hun har talt med læreren om problemet.

I have not done it.

Jeg har ikke gjort det.

I have not done it because I was busy with other things.

to reply

svare

She has not replied to my message yet.

We have never been there.

Vi har aldrig været der.

We have never been to Australia.

to reach

nå

The jury has not reached a verdict yet.

to receive an update

at modtage en opdatering

We haven’t received any updates on our project.

*Aldrig nogensinde!* Vi bruger ofte adverbiet "ever" til at tale om *erfaringer frem til nutiden*: "It was the worst day I have ever had." og vi bruger "never" til den *negative form*: "I have never met his wife."

I have never seen you before.

Jeg har aldrig set dig før.

Have you ever heard of it?

Har du nogensinde hørt om det?

a song

sang

I love this song!

I have heard that song before.

Jeg har hørt den sang før.

Have you been here before?

Har du været her før?

You have never been here before.

Du har aldrig været her før.

to say

sige

What did he say about the party?

We have never said that.

Det har vi aldrig sagt.

never ever

aldrig nogensinde

I promise to never ever do it again.

Vi bruger "have/has been" når nogen *er gået til et sted og er vendt tilbage*: A: "Where have you been?" B: "I have just been out to the supermarket." Men når nogen *ikke er vendt tilbage*, bruger vi "have/has gone": A: "Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks." B: "She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow." *Bemærk:* "I have" = "I've" "She has" = "she's" Den simple datid og kort tillægsform af verberne "to be" og "to go": "to be" - "was" / "were" - "been" "to go" - "went" - "gone"

Where have you been?

Hvor har du været?

I've been...

jeg har været...

I've been to Germany before.

I've been to the grocery.

Jeg har været i supermarkedet.

I’ve been to the grocery, and I bought some fresh fruits.

I've been here before.

Jeg har været her før.

As I entered the museum, I remembered, "I've been here before."

she has been

hun har været

She has been to Germany before.

Has she been to Australia before?

Har hun været i Australien før?

he has gone

han er gået

He has gone to work.

He has gone to school.

Han er gået i skole.

They've gone too far.

De er gået for vidt.

*"Already" eller "yet"?* "Already", der bruges sammen med nutid perfekt*, betyder før *nu*. Vi bruger det for at understrege, at noget *skete før noget andet* eller tidligere end forventet."The train has left already!" "Yet", der bruges sammen med nutid perfekt*, betyder *på et hvilket som helst tidspunkt indtil nu*. Vi bruger det for at understrege, at vi forventer, at noget snart vil ske. Yet (i denne sammenhæng) bruges kun i *negative sætninger og spørgsmål.* "I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner." Uregelmæssige verber, du lærer i dette afsnit:"to leave" - "left" - "left" "to win" - "won" - "won" "to sell" - "sold" - "sold"

He has already left.

Han er allerede gået.

He hasn't left yet.

Han er ikke gået endnu.

to win

vinde

We haven't won yet.

They have won the game today.

De har vundet kampen i dag.

We've met already.

Vi har allerede mødt hinanden.

We haven't met yet.

Vi har ikke mødt hinanden endnu.

Have you met Ted?

Kender du Ted?

to sell

sælge

Have you sold your car already?

to finish

færdiggøre

Have you finished your homework yet?

I've already been here.

Jeg har allerede været her.

I’ve already been here, so I know the way to the park.

We have sold our old car.

Vi har solgt vores gamle bil.

*Præsens perfektum kontinuerlig* Præsens perfektum kontinuerlig dannes med "have/has been" og "-ing" formen af verbet. Vi bruger normalt denne tid til at understrege, at *noget stadig fortsætter i nutiden*: "It's been raining for hours." "I've been working all day." Bemærk: "it has" = "it's" "I have"= "I've"

I've been studying for hours.

Jeg har studeret i timevis.

all day

hele dagen

It's been raining all day.

My father has been working all day.

Min far har arbejdet hele dagen.

to talk

tale

Are you talking to me?

You've been talking too much.

Du har snakket for meget.

lately

på det seneste

She hasn't been looking too well lately.

I haven't been feeling well lately.

Jeg har ikke haft det så godt på det sidste.

recently

for nylig

She has recently started a new job.

She has been helping us recently.

Hun har hjulpet os for nylig.

Have you been seeing her?

Har du set hende?

She has been seeing him for weeks now.

Hun har set ham i ugevis nu.

Hvordan bruger man nutid perfektum kontinuerlig tid? Vi bruger "Present Perfect Continuous tense" til at tale om en handling, der startede i fortiden og stoppede for nylig. Der er normalt et resultat nu. "I'm tired because I've been running." Uregelmæssige verber, du vil lære i dette afsnit: "to understand" - "understood" - "understood" "to run" - "ran" - "run" "to think" - "thought" - "thought"

It's been raining.

Det har regnet.

wet

våd

My clothes are wet from water.

the grass

græsset

Dogs wallowed on the grass.

The grass is wet because it's been raining.

Græsset er vådt, fordi det har regnet.

Have you been listening?

Har du lyttet?

Have you been listening to the lesson?

to understand

forstå

You don't understand because you haven't been listening.

They have understood the rules of the game.

De har forstået spillereglerne.

a face

ansigt

She has such a nice face.

to run

løbe

The dogs run across the road.

He has run three marathons in his life.

Han har løbet tre maratonløb i sit liv.

Her face is red because she's been running.

Hendes ansigt er rødt, fordi hun har løbet.

to think

tænke

I have thought about this recently.

I've been thinking about you.

Jeg har tænkt på dig.

I've been thinking about you since our last conversation.

*"For" og "since"* Vi bruger ofte FOR og SINCE med perfektum: Vi bruger for til at tale om en periode:"for three hours" "for two months" Vi bruger since til at tale om et tidspunkt i fortiden:"since yesterday""since 9 o'clock"

I have been studying for three hours.

Jeg har studeret i tre timer.

since March

siden marts

I've been seeing him since March.

She has been visiting us since March.

Hun har besøgt os siden marts.

since then

siden da

I moved to a new city last year, and since then, I have made many new friends.

I have been watching TV since 7pm.

Jeg har set TV siden klokken 19.

for a long time

i lang tid

She's been living in New York for a long time now.

He has been playing football for a long time.

Han har spillet fodbold i lang tid.

since I left school

siden jeg forlod skolen

I have been unemployed since I left school.

I've been living in Berlin since I left school.

Jeg har boet i Berlin, siden jeg gik ud af skolen.

since yesterday

siden i går

I have been tired since yesterday.

It's been raining since yesterday.

Det har regnet siden i går.

*Præsens perfektum simpel eller kontinuerlig?* Vi bruger både *præsens perfektum simpel ("have" eller "has" + kort tillægsform)* og "præsens perfektum kontinuerlig" ("have" eller "has" + "been" + "-ing" form)* til at tale om fortidige handlinger eller tilstande, der stadig er *forbundet med nutiden.* Præsens perfektum simpel fokuserer normalt på resultatet af aktiviteten. "You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely!" Præsens perfektum kontinuerlig fokuserer normalt på selve aktiviteten. "I've been gardening. It's so nice out there." Uregelmæssige verber, du vil lære i dette afsnit: "to write" - "wrote" - "written" "to read" - "read" - "read" "to have" - "had" - "had" "to grow" - "grew" - "grown"

I've been writing e-mails.

Jeg har skrevet e-mails.

I've been writing emails the whole day.

to write an email

at skrive en e-mail

I've written you an email.

I have written my homework, so now I can play outside.

Jeg har lavet mine lektier, så nu kan jeg lege udenfor.

Has it been raining?

Har det regnet?

The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?

to read a book

at læse en bog

She's read ten books this summer.

lovely

yndig

The children have cleaned the kitchen. It looks lovely!

I have had

Jeg har haft

I have had a great time at the party.

We have had this car for five years.

Vi har haft denne bil i fem år.

I've had three coffees already today!

Jeg har allerede drukket tre kopper kaffe i dag!

to grow

vokse

My cousin has grown so much since I saw her two years ago.

you have grown

du er vokset

You have grown so much since I last saw you!

Du er vokset så meget, siden jeg sidst så dig!

I've been waiting for you.

Jeg har ventet på dig.

They've been waiting for hours.

Brug ikke nutid perfektum med en specifik tid. Dette kan være forvirrende, fordi du kan bruge nutid perfektum med en bred tidsperiode. Nutid perfektum er kun forkert, hvis det bruges med en specifik tid. At bruge nutid perfektum med en generel tidsramme er helt acceptabelt.