¿Qué comenzó y todavía continúa?las palabras inglesas

by DuoCards

*El participio pasado* Bienvenido a este curso en el que hablaremos de cosas que empezaron en el pasado y continúan en el presente. Como calentamiento, repasaremos algunos *verbos irregulares* que quizá ya conozcas. Suelen aparecer en *una lista de tres formas: el infinitivo, el pretérito simple y el participio.* Veamos estos ejemplos: "to see" - "saw" - "seen" "to meet" - "met" - "met" "to say" - "said" - "said"

to meet

reunirse, encontrarse, conocer

I have met him before.

I have met...

Me he reunido con...

I have met this guy before.

We have met before.

Nos hemos visto antes.

I thought I recognized you; we have met before at the conference.

before

antes

I always brush my teeth before going to bed.

They have not met before.

No se han conocido antes.

the influence

influencia

Don't let him influence you!

Travel has influenced my life.

Viajar ha influido en mi vida.

I have said...

He dicho...

I have said a few words.

I have said this many times before.

He dicho esto muchas veces antes.

I have seen

He visto

I have seen him before.

Ya lo he visto antes.

She has not seen him before.

No lo ha visto antes.

*¿Has visto a Memo hoy?* El presente perfecto se forma a partir del *tiempo presente del verbo "HAVE" y el *participio pasado de un verbo*. *Usamos el presente perfecto:* 1. Para algo que *comenzó en el pasado y continúa en el presente*: "She has lived in Liverpool all her life." 2. Cuando hablamos de *nuestra experiencia hasta el presente*: "I have seen that movie before." 3. Para algo que *sucedió en el pasado pero es importante en el presente*: "I can't get in the house. I have lost my keys." Verbos irregulares que aprenderás en esta sección: "to know" - "knew" - "known" "to lose" - "lost" - "lost"

Have you seen him?

¿Lo has visto?

he has seen

él ha visto

He has seen the movie.

He has seen many things.

Él ha visto muchas cosas.

I have lived

He vivido

I have lived in Paris my whole life.

I have lived here all my life.

He vivido aquí toda mi vida.

to lose

perder

I've lost the game.

we have lost

hemos perdido

We have lost the keys.

the appetite

apetito

I have lost my appetite.

my whole life

toda mi vida

My whole life I've been trying to deal with it.

I've known him my whole life.

Lo conozco de toda la vida.

*El presente perfecto para las preguntas* Al formular una pregunta en presente perfecto, *el verbo auxiliar va primero*, seguido del sujeto y luego del participio pasado del verbo principal. "Have you eaten dinner yet?" "Has the party started?" También puedes hacer preguntas abiertas con el presente perfecto: "Where have you been?" Verbos irregulares que aprenderás en esta sección: "to hear" - "heard" - "heard" "to do" - "did" - "done"

Has it started?

¿Ya empezó?

Has the movie started?

Have we met?

¿Nos hemos conocido?

Have we met before?

to hear

oír

Can you hear me well?

Have you heard of it?

¿Has oído hablar de ello?

Have you heard of it before?

to fail a class

reprobar una clase

How many times have you failed a class?

Have you visited France?

¿Has visitado Francia?

foreign countries

países extranjeros

What foreign countries have you visited?

What have you done?

¿Qué has hecho?

What have you done to me?

*El presente perfecto negativo* Para utilizar el presente perfecto en negativo, basta con añadir la palabra negativa (como not o never) *después del verbo auxiliar pero antes del participio pasado.* "I have not slept well since exams started." Verbos irregulares que aprenderás en esta sección: "to sleep" - "slept" - "slept" "to speak" - "spoke" - "spoken"

to sleep well

dormir bien

I have not slept well since exams started.

I have not slept all night.

No he dormido en toda la noche.

He has never seen it.

Nunca lo ha visto.

My friend has never seen the ocean.

I haven't seen him today.

No lo he visto hoy.

to speak

hablar

He hasn't spoken to me yet.

She has spoken to the teacher about the problem.

Ella ha hablado con el profesor sobre el problema.

I have not done it.

No lo he hecho.

I have not done it because I was busy with other things.

to reply

responder, contestar

She has not replied to my message yet.

We have never been there.

Nunca hemos estado allí.

We have never been to Australia.

to reach

alcanzar

The jury has not reached a verdict yet.

to receive an update

recibir una actualización

We haven’t received any updates on our project.

*¡Nunca jamás!* A menudo utilizamos el adverbio *ever* para hablar de *la experiencia* hasta el presente: "It was the worst day I have ever had." y utilizamos *never* para la *forma negativa*: "I have never met his wife"

I have never seen you before.

Nunca te he visto antes.

Have you ever heard of it?

¿Has oído hablar de eso alguna vez?

a song

canción

I love this song!

I have heard that song before.

Ya he escuchado esa canción antes.

Have you been here before?

¿Has estado aquí antes?

You have never been here before.

Nunca has estado aquí antes.

to say

decir, contar

What did he say about the party?

We have never said that.

Nunca hemos dicho eso.

never ever

nunca más

I promise to never ever do it again.

*"Have been and have gone"* Utilizamos "have/has been" cuando alguien *ha ido a un lugar y ha vuelto*: A: "Where have you been?" B: "I have just been out to the supermarket." Pero cuando alguien *no* ha vuelto, usamos "have/has gone": A: "Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks." B: "She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow." *Aviso*: "I have" = "I've" "She has" = "she's" El pasado simple y el participio pasado de los verbos "to be" y "to go": "to be" - "was" / "were" - "been" "to go" - "went" - "gone"

Where have you been?

¿Dónde has estado?

I've been...

He estado...

I've been to Germany before.

I've been to the grocery.

He ido al supermercado.

I’ve been to the grocery, and I bought some fresh fruits.

I've been here before.

Ya he estado aquí.

As I entered the museum, I remembered, "I've been here before."

she has been

ella ha sido

She has been to Germany before.

Has she been to Australia before?

¿Ha estado ella antes en Australia?

he has gone

se ha ido

He has gone to work.

He has gone to school.

Se ha ido a la escuela.

They've gone too far.

Han ido demasiado lejos.

*"Already" o "yet" ?* "Already" usado con el presente perfecto* significa *antes de ahora*. Lo usamos para enfatizar que *algo ocurrió antes que otra cosa* o antes de lo esperado. "The train has left already!" "Yet" usado con el presente perfecto* significa *en cualquier momento hasta ahora*. Lo usamos para enfatizar que esperamos que algo suceda pronto. Yet (en este contexto) solo se usa en *oraciones negativas y preguntas.* "I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner." Verbos irregulares que aprenderás en esta sección: "to leave" - "left" - "left" "to win" - "won" - "won" "to sell" - "sold" - "sold"

He has already left.

Ya se ha ido.

He hasn't left yet.

Todavía no se ha ido.

to win

ganar

We haven't won yet.

They have won the game today.

Ellos han ganado el partido hoy.

We've met already.

Ya nos hemos conocido.

We haven't met yet.

Todavía no nos hemos conocido.

Have you met Ted?

¿Conoces a Ted?

to sell

vender

Have you sold your car already?

to finish

terminar

Have you finished your homework yet?

I've already been here.

Ya he estado aquí.

I’ve already been here, so I know the way to the park.

We have sold our old car.

Hemos vendido nuestro coche viejo.

*Presente perfecto continuo* El presente perfecto continuo se forma con "have/has been" y la forma "-ing" del verbo. Normalmente usamos este tiempo para enfatizar que *algo continúa en el presente*: "It's been raining for hours." "I've been working all day." Fíjate: "it has" = "it's" "I have"= "I've"

I've been studying for hours.

He estado estudiando durante horas.

all day

todo el día

It's been raining all day.

My father has been working all day.

Mi padre ha estado trabajando todo el día.

to talk

hablar

Are you talking to me?

You've been talking too much.

Has estado hablando demasiado.

lately

últimamente

She hasn't been looking too well lately.

I haven't been feeling well lately.

No me he sentido bien últimamente.

recently

hace poco

She has recently started a new job.

She has been helping us recently.

Ella nos ha ayudado recientemente.

Have you been seeing her?

¿Te has estado viendo con ella?

She has been seeing him for weeks now.

Ella ha estado viéndolo durante semanas.

*¿Cómo se utiliza el presente perfecto continuo?* Utilizamos "Present Perfect Continuous tense" para hablar de una acción que empezó en el pasado y terminó hace poco. Suele haber un resultado ahora. "I'm tired because I've been running." Verbos irregulares que aprenderás en esta sección: "to understand" - "understood" - "understood" "to run" - "ran" - "run" "to think" - "thought" - "thought"

It's been raining.

Ha estado lloviendo.

wet

mojado/mojada

My clothes are wet from water.

the grass

hierba

Dogs wallowed on the grass.

The grass is wet because it's been raining.

El césped está mojado porque ha estado lloviendo.

Have you been listening?

¿Has estado escuchando?

Have you been listening to the lesson?

to understand

comprender, entender

You don't understand because you haven't been listening.

They have understood the rules of the game.

Han entendido las reglas del juego.

a face

cara

She has such a nice face.

to run

correr

The dogs run across the road.

He has run three marathons in his life.

Ha corrido tres maratones en su vida.

Her face is red because she's been running.

Tiene la cara roja porque ha estado corriendo.

to think

pensar

I have thought about this recently.

I've been thinking about you.

He estado pensando en ti.

I've been thinking about you since our last conversation.

*"For" y "since" A menudo usamos FOR y SINCE con tiempos perfectos: Utilizamos for para hablar de un periodo de tiempo: *"for three hours" "for two months" Utilizamos since para hablar de un momento del pasado: "since yesterday" "desde las 9"

I have been studying for three hours.

He estado estudiando por tres horas.

since March

desde marzo

I've been seeing him since March.

She has been visiting us since March.

Nos ha estado visitando desde marzo.

since then

desde entonces

I moved to a new city last year, and since then, I have made many new friends.

I have been watching TV since 7pm.

Llevo viendo la televisión desde las 7 de la tarde.

for a long time

durante mucho tiempo

She's been living in New York for a long time now.

He has been playing football for a long time.

El ha estado jugando al fútbol por mucho tiempo.

since I left school

desde que dejé la escuela

I have been unemployed since I left school.

I've been living in Berlin since I left school.

Vivo en Berlín desde que terminé la escuela.

since yesterday

desde ayer

I have been tired since yesterday.

It's been raining since yesterday.

Ha estado lloviendo desde ayer.

*¿Presente perfecto simple o continuo?* Utilizamos tanto el *presente perfecto simple ("have" o "has" + participio pasado)* como el "present perfect continuous" ("have" o "has" + "been" + "-ing" )* para hablar de acciones o estados pasados que siguen *relacionados con el presente.* El presente perfecto simple suele centrarse en el resultado de la actividad. "¡Has limpiado el baño! It looks lovely!" El presente perfecto continuo suele centrarse en la actividad en sí. "He estado trabajando en el jardín. Se está tan bien ahí fuera." Verbos irregulares que aprenderás en esta sección: "to write" - "wrote" - "written" "to read" - "read" - "read" "to have" - "had" - "had" "to grow" - "grew" - "grown"

I've been writing e-mails.

He estado escribiendo correos electrónicos.

I've been writing emails the whole day.

to write an email

escribir un correo electrónico

I've written you an email.

I have written my homework, so now I can play outside.

He hecho mis deberes, así que ahora puedo jugar afuera.

Has it been raining?

¿Ha estado lloviendo?

The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?

to read a book

leer un libro

She's read ten books this summer.

lovely

precioso/preciosa

The children have cleaned the kitchen. It looks lovely!

I have had

He tenido

I have had a great time at the party.

We have had this car for five years.

Llevamos cinco años con este coche.

I've had three coffees already today!

¡Ya me he tomado tres cafés hoy!

to grow

crecer

My cousin has grown so much since I saw her two years ago.

you have grown

has crecido

You have grown so much since I last saw you!

¡Has crecido muchísimo desde la última vez que te vi!

I've been waiting for you.

Te he estado esperando.

They've been waiting for hours.

*Cuándo no utilizar el presente perfecto* No utilice el presente perfecto con un tiempo específico. Sin embargo, esto puede resultar confuso, ya que *puedes utilizar el presente perfecto con un periodo de tiempo amplio.* El presente perfecto sólo es *incorrecto si se utiliza con un tiempo específico.* Utilizar el presente perfecto con un intervalo de tiempo general es perfectamente aceptable. "I went for a walk on Tuesday." "I have gone for a walk every Tuesday this year."