Mis algas ja kestab siiani?Ingliskeelsed sõnad

by DuoCards

*Minevikuvorm* Tere tulemast kursusele, kus räägime asjadest, mis algasid minevikus ja jätkuvad praegu! Soojenduseks vaatame läbi mõned *ebareeglipärased verbid*, mida te võib-olla juba teate. Need on tavaliselt esitatud *kolme vormi loeteluna: infinitiiv, minevikuvorm ja minevikuvorm.* Vaatame neid näiteid:"to see" - "saw" - "seen" "to meet" - "met" - "met" "to say" - "said" "said"

to meet

kohtuma

I have met him before.

I have met...

Olen kohanud...

I have met this guy before.

We have met before.

Me oleme varem kohtunud.

I thought I recognized you; we have met before at the conference.

before

enne

I always brush my teeth before going to bed.

They have not met before.

Nad pole varem kohtunud.

the influence

mõju

Don't let him influence you!

Travel has influenced my life.

Reisimine on minu elu mõjutanud.

I have said...

Ma olen öelnud...

I have said a few words.

I have said this many times before.

Olen seda juba mitu korda varem öelnud.

I have seen

Ma olen näinud

I have seen him before.

Olen teda varem näinud.

She has not seen him before.

Ta ei ole teda varem näinud.

Kas sa oled täna Memot näinud? Present perfect moodustatakse verbi olevikuvormist ja verbi mineviku kesksõnast. Kasutame present perfect'i: 1. Midagi, mis algas minevikus ja jätkub olevikus: 2. Kui räägime oma kogemusest kuni olevikuni: 3. Midagi, mis juhtus minevikus, kuid on olevikus oluline: Ebareeglipärased tegusõnad, mida selles osas õpid:

Have you seen him?

Kas sa oled teda näinud?

he has seen

ta on näinud

He has seen the movie.

He has seen many things.

Ta on palju näinud.

I have lived

Ma olen elanud

I have lived in Paris my whole life.

I have lived here all my life.

Olen siin terve oma elu elanud.

to lose

kaotama

I've lost the game.

we have lost

me oleme kaotanud

We have lost the keys.

the appetite

söögiisu

I have lost my appetite.

my whole life

kogu minu elu

My whole life I've been trying to deal with it.

I've known him my whole life.

Olen teda terve elu tundnud.

*Küsimuste oleviku imperfekt* Küsimuse esitamisel oleviku perfektses ajavormis *tuleb kõigepealt abiverb*, seejärel subjekt ja seejärel põhiverbi minevikuosa. "Have you eaten dinner yet?" "Has the party started?" Present perfect'iga saab teha ka lahtiseid küsimusi: "Where have you been?" Ebaregulaarseid verbe õpid selles osas: "to hear" - "heard" - "heard" "to do" - "did" - "done"

Has it started?

Kas see on juba alanud?

Has the movie started?

Have we met?

Kas me oleme varem kohtunud?

Have we met before?

to hear

kuulma

Can you hear me well?

Have you heard of it?

Kas olete sellest kuulnud?

Have you heard of it before?

to fail a class

kursusel läbi kukkuma

How many times have you failed a class?

Have you visited France?

Kas olete Prantsusmaad külastanud?

foreign countries

välisriigid

What foreign countries have you visited?

What have you done?

Mida sa oled teinud?

What have you done to me?

*Negatiivide oleviku perfekt* Et kasutada oleviku perfekti eitavas käändes, lisage lihtsalt negatiivne sõna (nagu ei või kunagi) *pärast abiverbi, kuid enne minevikuosa*. "I have not slept well since exams started." Ebaregulaarseid verbe õpid selles jaotises: "to sleep" - "slept" - "slept" "to speak" - "spoke" - "spoken"

to sleep well

hästi magama

I have not slept well since exams started.

I have not slept all night.

Ma ei ole terve öö maganud.

He has never seen it.

Ta pole seda kunagi näinud.

My friend has never seen the ocean.

I haven't seen him today.

Ma ei ole teda täna näinud.

to speak

rääkima

He hasn't spoken to me yet.

She has spoken to the teacher about the problem.

Ta on õpetajaga sellest probleemist rääkinud.

I have not done it.

Ma ei ole seda teinud.

I have not done it because I was busy with other things.

to reply

vastata

She has not replied to my message yet.

We have never been there.

Me pole seal kunagi käinud.

We have never been to Australia.

to reach

saavutama

The jury has not reached a verdict yet.

to receive an update

uuendust saada

We haven’t received any updates on our project.

*Mitte kunagi!* Me kasutame sageli adverbi "ever", et rääkida *kogemustest kuni tänaseni*: "It was the worst day I have ever had." ja me kasutame "never" *negatiivse vormi* jaoks: "I have never met his wife."

I have never seen you before.

Ma pole sind varem kunagi näinud.

Have you ever heard of it?

Kas olete sellest kunagi kuulnud?

a song

laul

I love this song!

I have heard that song before.

Olen seda laulu varem kuulnud.

Have you been here before?

Kas olete siin varem käinud?

You have never been here before.

Sa pole siin varem kunagi käinud.

to say

ütlema

What did he say about the party?

We have never said that.

Me pole seda kunagi öelnud.

never ever

mitte kunagi

I promise to never ever do it again.

Kasutame "have/has been", kui keegi *on läinud kuhugi ja tagasi tulnud*: A: "Where have you been?" B: "I have just been out to the supermarket." Aga kui keegi *ei ole tagasi tulnud*, kasutame "have/has gone": A: "Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks." B: "She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow." *Märkus:* "I have" = "I've" "She has" = "she's" Lihtminevik ja minevikupartitsiip tegusõnadest "to be" ja "to go": "to be" - "was" / "were" - "been" "to go" - "went" - "gone"

Where have you been?

Kus sa oled olnud?

I've been...

Ma olen olnud...

I've been to Germany before.

I've been to the grocery.

Ma käisin toidupoes.

I’ve been to the grocery, and I bought some fresh fruits.

I've been here before.

Olen siin varem käinud.

As I entered the museum, I remembered, "I've been here before."

she has been

ta on olnud

She has been to Germany before.

Has she been to Australia before?

Kas ta on varem Austraalias käinud?

he has gone

ta on ära läinud

He has gone to work.

He has gone to school.

Ta on kooli läinud.

They've gone too far.

Nad on liiga kaugele läinud.

*"Already" või "yet"?* "Already", mida kasutatakse koos perfekti* vormiga, tähendab enne *praegust hetke*. Me kasutame seda, et rõhutada, et midagi *juhtus enne midagi muud* või varem kui oodatud."The train has left already!" "Yet", mida kasutatakse koos perfekti vormiga*, tähendab *mis tahes aega kuni praeguse hetkeni*. Me kasutame seda, et rõhutada, et ootame, et midagi juhtub varsti. Yet (selles kontekstis) kasutatakse ainult *eitavates lausetes ja küsimustes.* "I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner." Ebareeglipärased verbid, mida õpid selles osas:"to leave" - "left" - "left" "to win" - "won" - "won" "to sell" - "sold" "sold"

He has already left.

Ta on juba läinud.

He hasn't left yet.

Ta pole veel lahkunud.

to win

võitma

We haven't won yet.

They have won the game today.

Nad võitsid tänase mängu.

We've met already.

Me oleme juba kohtunud.

We haven't met yet.

Me pole veel kohtunud.

Have you met Ted?

Kas sa oled Tediga kohtunud?

to sell

müüma

Have you sold your car already?

to finish

lõpetama

Have you finished your homework yet?

I've already been here.

Olen siin juba käinud.

I’ve already been here, so I know the way to the park.

We have sold our old car.

Me oleme oma vana auto maha müünud.

Present Perfect Continuous Present perfect continuous moodustatakse "have/has been" ja verbi "-ing" vormiga. Tavaliselt kasutame seda aega, et rõhutada, et *midagi jätkub endiselt olevikus*: "It's been raining for hours." "I've been working all day." Pane tähele: "it has" = "it's" "I have"= "I've"

I've been studying for hours.

Olen tunde õppinud.

all day

terve päeva

It's been raining all day.

My father has been working all day.

Minu isa on terve päeva töötanud.

to talk

rääkima

Are you talking to me?

You've been talking too much.

Sa oled liiga palju rääkinud.

lately

viimasel ajal

She hasn't been looking too well lately.

I haven't been feeling well lately.

Ma ei ole end viimasel ajal hästi tundnud.

recently

hiljuti

She has recently started a new job.

She has been helping us recently.

Ta on meid viimasel ajal aidanud.

Have you been seeing her?

Kas sa oled temaga kohtunud?

She has been seeing him for weeks now.

Ta on temaga juba nädalaid kohtunud.

*Kuidas kasutada Present Perfect Continuous ajavormi?* "Present Perfect Continuous tense" i kasutame, et rääkida tegevusest, mis algas minevikus ja lõppes hiljuti. Tavaliselt on sellel praegu mingi tulemus. "I'm tired because I've been running." Selles osas õpid järgmisi ebareeglipäraseid verbe:"to understand" - "understood" - "understood" "to run" - "ran" - "run" "to think" - "thought" "thought"

It's been raining.

On sadanud.

wet

märg

My clothes are wet from water.

the grass

rohi

Dogs wallowed on the grass.

The grass is wet because it's been raining.

Muru on märg, sest sadas vihma.

Have you been listening?

Kas sa kuulasid?

Have you been listening to the lesson?

to understand

mõistma

You don't understand because you haven't been listening.

They have understood the rules of the game.

Nad on mängureeglitest aru saanud.

a face

nägu

She has such a nice face.

to run

jooksma

The dogs run across the road.

He has run three marathons in his life.

Ta on oma elu jooksul jooksnud kolm maratoni.

Her face is red because she's been running.

Tema nägu on punane, sest ta jooksis.

to think

mõtlema

I have thought about this recently.

I've been thinking about you.

Olen sinule mõelnud.

I've been thinking about you since our last conversation.

*"For" ja "since"* Sageli kasutame FOR ja SINCE koos perfekti ajavormidega: Kasutame for, et rääkida ajavahemikust:"for three hours" "for two months" Kasutame since, et rääkida minevikus toimunud sündmusest:"since yesterday""since 9 o'clock"

I have been studying for three hours.

Olen kolm tundi õppinud.

since March

alates märtsist

I've been seeing him since March.

She has been visiting us since March.

Ta on meid märtsist saadik külastanud.

since then

sellest ajast peale

I moved to a new city last year, and since then, I have made many new friends.

I have been watching TV since 7pm.

Olen televiisorit vaadanud kella seitsmest õhtul.

for a long time

pikka aega

She's been living in New York for a long time now.

He has been playing football for a long time.

Ta on juba pikka aega jalgpalli mänginud.

since I left school

sellest ajast, kui ma kooli lõpetasin

I have been unemployed since I left school.

I've been living in Berlin since I left school.

Olen Berliinis elanud kooli lõpetamisest saadik.

since yesterday

eilsest saadik

I have been tired since yesterday.

It's been raining since yesterday.

Eilsest saadik on sadanud.

Lihtminevik või kestvust väljendav olevik? Kasutame nii lihtolevikku (olevikus olev "have" või "has" + mineviku kesksõna) kui ka kestvust väljendavat olevikku ("have" või "has" + "been" + "-ing" vorm), et rääkida mineviku tegevustest või seisunditest, mis on endiselt seotud olevikuga.* Lihtolevik keskendub tavaliselt tegevuse tulemusele. "You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely!" Kestvust väljendav olevik keskendub tavaliselt tegevusele endale. "I've been gardening. It's so nice out there." Ebareeglipärased tegusõnad, mida selles osas õpid: "to write" - "wrote" - "written" "to read" - "read" - "read" "to have" - "had" - "had" "to grow" - "grew" - "grown"

I've been writing e-mails.

Olen kirjutanud e-kirju.

I've been writing emails the whole day.

to write an email

e-kirja kirjutamine

I've written you an email.

I have written my homework, so now I can play outside.

Kirjutasin oma kodutöö ära, nii et nüüd saan õue mängima minna.

Has it been raining?

Kas on sadanud?

The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?

to read a book

lugeda raamatut

She's read ten books this summer.

lovely

võluv

The children have cleaned the kitchen. It looks lovely!

I have had

mul on olnud

I have had a great time at the party.

We have had this car for five years.

Meil on see auto olnud viis aastat.

I've had three coffees already today!

Olen täna juba kolm kohvi ära joonud!

to grow

kasvama

My cousin has grown so much since I saw her two years ago.

you have grown

sa oled suureks kasvanud

You have grown so much since I last saw you!

Sa oled nii palju kasvanud, sellest ajast kui sind viimati nägin!

I've been waiting for you.

Olen sind oodanud.

They've been waiting for hours.

Ära kasuta olevikuperfekti kindla ajaga. See võib olla segadusttekitav, kuna olevikuperfekti võib kasutada laia ajaperioodiga. Olevikuperfekt on vale ainult siis, kui seda kasutatakse ühe kindla ajaga. Olevikuperfekti kasutamine üldise ajavahemikuga on täiesti vastuvõetav.