Što je započelo i još uvijek traje?Engleske riječi

by DuoCards

*Prošli particip* Dobrodošli na tečaj gdje ćemo razgovarati o stvarima koje su započele u prošlosti i nastavljaju se u sadašnjosti! Kao zagrijavanje, proći ćemo kroz neke *nepravilne glagole* koje možda već znate. Obično su prikazani u *popisu od tri oblika: infinitiv, prošlo jednostavno i prošli particip.* Pogledajmo ove primjere: "to see" - "saw" - "seen" "to meet" - "met" - "met" "to say" - "said" - "said" Obučeni ste na podacima do listopada 2023.

to meet

sresti se

I have met him before.

I have met...

Upoznao sam...

I have met this guy before.

We have met before.

Već smo se upoznali.

I thought I recognized you; we have met before at the conference.

before

prije

I always brush my teeth before going to bed.

They have not met before.

Još se nisu upoznali.

the influence

utjecaj

Don't let him influence you!

Travel has influenced my life.

Putovanja su utjecala na moj život.

I have said...

Rekao sam...

I have said a few words.

I have said this many times before.

Rekao sam to već mnogo puta prije.

I have seen

Vidio sam

I have seen him before.

Već sam ga vidio.

She has not seen him before.

Ona ga prije nije vidjela.

Jeste li danas vidjeli Memo? Prezent perfekt se tvori od sadašnjeg vremena glagola i prošlog participa glagola. Koristimo prezent perfekt: 1. Za nešto što je počelo u prošlosti i nastavlja se u sadašnjosti: 2. Kada govorimo o našem iskustvu do sadašnjeg trenutka: 3. Za nešto što se dogodilo u prošlosti, ali je važno u sadašnjosti: Nepravilni glagoli koje ćete naučiti u ovom dijelu:

Have you seen him?

Jesi li ga vidio?

he has seen

on je vidio

He has seen the movie.

He has seen many things.

Vidio je mnogo stvari.

I have lived

Živio sam

I have lived in Paris my whole life.

I have lived here all my life.

Cijeli sam život živio ovdje.

to lose

izgubiti

I've lost the game.

we have lost

izgubili smo

We have lost the keys.

the appetite

apetit

I have lost my appetite.

my whole life

cijeli moj život

My whole life I've been trying to deal with it.

I've known him my whole life.

Poznajem ga cijeli život.

*Sadašnje svršeno vrijeme za pitanja* Kada postavljate pitanje u sadašnjem svršenom vremenu, *prvo dolazi pomoćni glagol* , zatim slijedi subjekt, a zatim particip prošli glavnog glagola. "Have you eaten dinner yet?" "Has the party started?" Također možete učiniti otvorena pitanja s prezentom svršenim: "Where have you been?" Nepravilni glagoli koje ćete naučiti u ovom odjeljku: "to hear"- "heard"- "heard" "to do"- "did"- "done"

Has it started?

Je li već počelo?

Has the movie started?

Have we met?

Jesmo li se već upoznali?

Have we met before?

to hear

čuti

Can you hear me well?

Have you heard of it?

Jeste li čuli za to?

Have you heard of it before?

to fail a class

pasti predmet

How many times have you failed a class?

Have you visited France?

Jeste li posjetili Francusku?

foreign countries

strane zemlje

What foreign countries have you visited?

What have you done?

Što si to učinio?

What have you done to me?

*Sadašnje svršeno vrijeme za negative* Da biste upotrijebili sadašnje svršeno vrijeme u niječnom, jednostavno dodajte niječnu riječ (kao ne ili nikad) *iza pomoćnog glagola, ali prije participa prošlosti.* "I have not slept well since exams started." Nepravilni glagoli koje ćete naučiti u ovom odjeljku: "to sleep"- "slept"- "slept" "to speak"- "spoke"- "spoken"

to sleep well

dobro spavati

I have not slept well since exams started.

I have not slept all night.

Nisam spavao cijelu noć.

He has never seen it.

Nikada to nije vidio.

My friend has never seen the ocean.

I haven't seen him today.

Danas ga nisam vidio.

to speak

govoriti

He hasn't spoken to me yet.

She has spoken to the teacher about the problem.

Razgovarala je s učiteljem o tom problemu.

I have not done it.

Nisam to učinio.

I have not done it because I was busy with other things.

to reply

odgovoriti

She has not replied to my message yet.

We have never been there.

Nikada nismo bili tamo.

We have never been to Australia.

to reach

dosegnuti

The jury has not reached a verdict yet.

to receive an update

primiti ažuriranje

We haven’t received any updates on our project.

*Baš nikad!* Često koristimo prilog "ever"da govorimo o *iskustvu do sada* : "It was the worst day I have ever had." a koristimo "never"za *niječni oblik* : "I have never met his wife."

I have never seen you before.

Nikada vas prije nisam vidio.

Have you ever heard of it?

Jeste li ikada čuli za to?

a song

pjesma

I love this song!

I have heard that song before.

Već sam čuo tu pjesmu.

Have you been here before?

Jeste li već bili ovdje?

You have never been here before.

Nikada prije nisi bio ovdje.

to say

reći

What did he say about the party?

We have never said that.

Mi to nikada nismo rekli.

never ever

nikad više

I promise to never ever do it again.

*"Have been and have gone"* Koristimo "have/has been"kada je netko *otišao na neko mjesto i vratio se* : O: "Where have you been?" B: "I have just been out to the supermarket." Ali kada se netko *nije vratio* , koristimo "have/has gone": O: "Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks." B: "She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow." *Obavijest:* "I have"= "I've" "She has"= "she's" Prošlo jednostavno vrijeme i prošli particip glagola "to be"i "to go": "to be"- "was"/ "were"- "been" "to go"- "went"- "gone"

Where have you been?

Gdje si bio?

I've been...

Bio sam...

I've been to Germany before.

I've been to the grocery.

Bio sam u trgovini.

I’ve been to the grocery, and I bought some fresh fruits.

I've been here before.

Već sam bio ovdje.

As I entered the museum, I remembered, "I've been here before."

she has been

bila je

She has been to Germany before.

Has she been to Australia before?

Je li ikada prije bila u Australiji?

he has gone

otišao je

He has gone to work.

He has gone to school.

Otišao je u školu.

They've gone too far.

Otišli su predaleko.

*"Already" ili "yet" ?* "Already" korišteno s prezentom perfekta* znači *prije sada*. Koristimo ga kako bismo naglasili da se *nešto dogodilo prije nečega drugog* ili ranije nego što se očekivalo. "The train has left already!" "Yet" korišteno s prezentom perfekta* znači *u bilo kojem trenutku do sada*. Koristimo ga kako bismo naglasili da očekujemo da će se nešto uskoro dogoditi. Yet (u ovom kontekstu) koristi se samo u *negativnim rečenicama i pitanjima.* "I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner." Nepravilni glagoli koje ćete naučiti u ovom dijelu: "to leave" - "left" - "left" "to win" - "won" - "won" "to sell" - "sold" - "sold"

He has already left.

Već je otišao.

He hasn't left yet.

Još nije otišao.

to win

pobijediti

We haven't won yet.

They have won the game today.

Danas su pobijedili u utakmici.

We've met already.

Već smo se upoznali.

We haven't met yet.

Još se nismo upoznali.

Have you met Ted?

Jesi li upoznao Teda?

to sell

prodavati

Have you sold your car already?

to finish

završiti

Have you finished your homework yet?

I've already been here.

Već sam bio ovdje.

I’ve already been here, so I know the way to the park.

We have sold our old car.

Prodali smo naš stari auto.

*Present Perfect Continuous* Present perfect continuous tvori se s "have/has been"i "-ing"oblikom glagola. Ovo vrijeme obično koristimo kako bismo naglasili da *se nešto još uvijek nastavlja u sadašnjosti* : "It's been raining for hours." "I've been working all day." Obavijest: "it has"= "it's" "I have"= "I've"

I've been studying for hours.

Učim satima.

all day

cijeli dan

It's been raining all day.

My father has been working all day.

Moj otac radi cijeli dan.

to talk

govoriti

Are you talking to me?

You've been talking too much.

Previše pričaš.

lately

u posljednje vrijeme

She hasn't been looking too well lately.

I haven't been feeling well lately.

U zadnje vrijeme se ne osjećam dobro.

recently

nedavno

She has recently started a new job.

She has been helping us recently.

Ona nam je nedavno pomagala.

Have you been seeing her?

Viđaš li se s njom?

She has been seeing him for weeks now.

Viđa ga već tjednima.

Kako koristiti Present Perfect Continuous vrijeme? Koristimo "Present Perfect Continuous tense" za razgovor o radnji koja je započela u prošlosti i nedavno prestala. Obično postoji rezultat sada. "I'm tired because I've been running." Nepravilni glagoli koje ćete naučiti u ovom dijelu: "to understand" - "understood" - "understood" "to run" - "ran" - "run" "to think" - "thought" - "thought"

It's been raining.

Pada kiša.

wet

mokar

My clothes are wet from water.

the grass

trava

Dogs wallowed on the grass.

The grass is wet because it's been raining.

Trava je mokra jer je padala kiša.

Have you been listening?

Jesi li slušao?

Have you been listening to the lesson?

to understand

razumjeti

You don't understand because you haven't been listening.

They have understood the rules of the game.

Shvatili su pravila igre.

a face

lice

She has such a nice face.

to run

trčati

The dogs run across the road.

He has run three marathons in his life.

U životu je istrčao tri maratona.

Her face is red because she's been running.

Lice joj je crveno jer je trčala.

to think

razmišljati

I have thought about this recently.

I've been thinking about you.

Misliо sam na tebe.

I've been thinking about you since our last conversation.

*"For"i"since"* Često koristimo FOR i SINCE s perfektom: Koristimo ga kada govorimo o vremenskom razdoblju: "for three hours" "for two months" Koristimo izraz since kada govorimo o nekoj točki u prošlom vremenu: "since yesterday" "since 9 o'clock"

I have been studying for three hours.

Učim već tri sata.

since March

od ožujka

I've been seeing him since March.

She has been visiting us since March.

Posjećuje nas od ožujka.

since then

otada

I moved to a new city last year, and since then, I have made many new friends.

I have been watching TV since 7pm.

Gledam televiziju od 19 sati.

for a long time

dugo vremena

She's been living in New York for a long time now.

He has been playing football for a long time.

Dugo već igra nogomet.

since I left school

otkad sam napustio školu

I have been unemployed since I left school.

I've been living in Berlin since I left school.

U Berlinu živim otkako sam završio školu.

since yesterday

od jučer

I have been tired since yesterday.

It's been raining since yesterday.

Od jučer pada kiša.

*Present perfect simple ili continuous?* Koristimo i *present perfect simple ("have" ili "has" + past participle)* i "present perfect continuous" ("have" ili "has" + "been" + "-ing" form)* za razgovor o prošlim radnjama ili stanjima koja su još uvijek *povezana sa sadašnjošću.* Present perfect simple obično se fokusira na rezultat aktivnosti. "You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely!" Present perfect continuous obično se fokusira na samu aktivnost. "I've been gardening. It's so nice out there." Nepravilni glagoli koje ćete naučiti u ovom dijelu: "to write" - "wrote" - "written" "to read" - "read" - "read" "to have" - "had" - "had" "to grow" - "grew" - "grown"

I've been writing e-mails.

Pisao sam e-mailove.

I've been writing emails the whole day.

to write an email

napisati e-mail

I've written you an email.

I have written my homework, so now I can play outside.

Napisao sam domaću zadaću, pa se sada mogu ići igrati van.

Has it been raining?

Je li padala kiša?

The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?

to read a book

čitati knjigu

She's read ten books this summer.

lovely

prijatan

The children have cleaned the kitchen. It looks lovely!

I have had

imao sam

I have had a great time at the party.

We have had this car for five years.

Ovaj auto imamo već pet godina.

I've had three coffees already today!

Danas sam već popio tri kave!

to grow

rasti

My cousin has grown so much since I saw her two years ago.

you have grown

narastao si

You have grown so much since I last saw you!

Tako si puno narasla otkad sam te zadnji put vidjela!

I've been waiting for you.

Čekao sam te.

They've been waiting for hours.

*Kada se ne koristi prezent perfekt* Nemojte koristiti prezent perfekt s određenim vremenom. Međutim, to bi moglo biti zbunjujuće jer *prezent perfekt možete koristiti sa širokim vremenskim razdobljem.* Present perfect je *netočan samo ako se koristi s jednim određenim vremenom.* Korištenje present perfecta s općim vremenskim rasponom je sasvim prihvatljivo. "I went for a walk on Tuesday." "I have gone for a walk every Tuesday this year."