Kas sākās un joprojām turpinās?Angļu vārdi
by DuoCards
*Pagātnes divdabis*
Laipni lūdzam kursā, kurā runāsim par lietām, kas sākās pagātnē un turpinās tagadnē! Kā iesildīšanos izskatīsim dažus *nepareizos darbības vārdus*, kurus jūs varbūt jau zināt. Parasti tie tiek parādīti *trīs formu sarakstā: nenoteiksmā forma, pagātnes vienkāršā forma un pagātnes divdabis.*
Apskatīsim šos piemērus:"to see" - "saw" - "seen"
"to meet" - "met" - "met"
"to say" - "said" - "said"
to meet
tikties
I have met him before.

I have met...
Esmu saticis...
I have met this guy before.

We have met before.
Mēs jau esam tikušies.
I thought I recognized you; we have met before at the conference.
before
pirms
I always brush my teeth before going to bed.
They have not met before.
Viņi vēl nav tikušies.
the influence
ietekme
Don't let him influence you!

Travel has influenced my life.
Ceļošana ir ietekmējusi manu dzīvi.
I have said...
Esmu teicis
I have said a few words.
I have said this many times before.
Es to esmu teicis jau daudzas reizes iepriekš.
I have seen
Esmu redzējis
I have seen him before.
I have seen him before.
Esmu viņu jau iepriekš redzējis.
She has not seen him before.
Viņa viņu iepriekš nav redzējusi.
Vai šodien esi redzējis Memo?
Tagadne tiek veidota no darbības vārda tagadnes un darbības vārda pagātnes divdabja.
Mēs izmantojam tagadni:
1. Kaut kam, kas sākās pagātnē un turpinās tagadnē:
Viņa visu savu dzīvi ir dzīvojusi Liverpūlē.
2. Kad runājam par savu pieredzi līdz šim brīdim:
Es esmu redzējis šo filmu iepriekš.
3. Kaut kam, kas notika pagātnē, bet ir svarīgs tagadnē:
Es nevaru iekļūt mājā. Esmu pazaudējis savas atslēgas.
Neregulārie darbības vārdi, kurus jūs apgūsiet šajā sadaļā:
zināt - zināja - zināms
zaudēt - zaudēja - zaudējis
Have you seen him?
Vai tu viņu redzēji?
he has seen
viņš ir redzējis
He has seen the movie.
He has seen many things.
Viņš ir redzējis daudz ko.
I have lived
Esmu dzīvojis
I have lived in Paris my whole life.
I have lived here all my life.
Esmu šeit nodzīvojis visu savu mūžu.
to lose
zaudēt
I've lost the game.
we have lost
mēs esam zaudējuši
We have lost the keys.
the appetite
apetīte
I have lost my appetite.
my whole life
visa mana dzīve
My whole life I've been trying to deal with it.
I've known him my whole life.
Es viņu pazīstu visu savu mūžu.
*Tagadnes pabeigtā laika lietojums jautājumiem*
Uzdodot jautājumu tagadnes pilnā laikā, *vispirms ir palīgdarbības vārds*, pēc tam temats un tad galvenā darbības vārda pagātnes divdabis.
"Have you eaten dinner yet?"
"Has the party started?"
Ar tagadnes pilnā laika formu var veidot arī atvērtus jautājumus:
"Where have you been?"
Šajā sadaļā jūs apgūsiet neregulārus darbības vārdus:
"to hear" - "heard" - "heard"
"to do" - "did" - "done"
Has it started?
Vai tas jau ir sācies?
Has the movie started?
Have we met?
Vai mēs esam tikušies?
Have we met before?
to hear
dzirdēt
Can you hear me well?
Have you heard of it?
Vai esat par to dzirdējuši?
Have you heard of it before?
to fail a class
izkrist mācību priekšmetā
How many times have you failed a class?
Have you visited France?
Vai esat viesojušies Francijā?
foreign countries
ārvalstis
What foreign countries have you visited?
What have you done?
Ko tu esi izdarījis?
What have you done to me?
*Tagadnes pabeigtā laika lietojums nolieguma formā*
Lai lietotu tagadnes pabeigto laiku negatīvā, vienkārši pievienojiet negatīvo vārdu (piemēram, ne vai nekad) *aiz palīgdarbības vārda, bet pirms pagātnes divdabja*.
"I have not slept well since exams started."
Neregulārie darbības vārdi, kurus apgūsiet šajā sadaļā:
"to sleep" - "slept" - "slept"
"to speak" - "spoke" - "spoken"
to sleep well
labi izgulēties
I have not slept well since exams started.

I have not slept all night.
Es visu nakti negulēju.
He has never seen it.
Viņš to nekad nav redzējis.
My friend has never seen the ocean.

I haven't seen him today.
Es viņu šodien neesmu redzējis.
to speak
runāt
He hasn't spoken to me yet.
She has spoken to the teacher about the problem.
Viņa ir izrunājusies ar skolotāju par šo problēmu.

I have not done it.
Es to neesmu izdarījis.
I have not done it because I was busy with other things.
to reply
atbildēt
She has not replied to my message yet.
We have never been there.
Mēs tur nekad neesam bijuši.
We have never been to Australia.
to reach
sasniegt
The jury has not reached a verdict yet.
to receive an update
saņemt atjauninājumu
We haven’t received any updates on our project.
*Nekad nekad!*
Mēs bieži lietojam apstākļa vārdu "ever", lai runātu par *pieredzi līdz pat* šim brīdim:
"It was the worst day I have ever had."
un mēs lietojam "never", lai izteiktu *negatīvo formu*:
"I have never met his wife."
I have never seen you before.
Es jūs nekad agrāk neesmu redzējis.
Have you ever heard of it?
Vai esat par to kādreiz dzirdējuši?
a song
dziesma
I love this song!
I have heard that song before.
Es jau esmu dzirdējis šo dziesmu.

Have you been here before?
Vai esat šeit bijis iepriekš?
You have never been here before.
Tu nekad agrāk šeit neesi bijis.
to say
teikt
What did he say about the party?
We have never said that.
Mēs to nekad neesam teikuši.
never ever
nekad vairs
I promise to never ever do it again.
*"Have been and have gone"*
Mēs lietojam "have/has been", kad kāds *ir devies uz kādu vietu un atgriezies*:
A: "Where have you been?"
B: "I have just been out to the supermarket."
Bet, ja kāds *nav atgriezies*, mēs lietojam "have/has gone":
A: "Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks."
B: "She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow."
*Piezīme:*
"I have" = "I've"
"She has" = "she's"
Vārdu "to be" un "to go" vienkāršā pagātne un pagātnes divdabis:
"to be" - "was" / "were" - "been"
"to go" - "went" - "gone"
Where have you been?
Kur tu biji?
I've been...
Esmu bijis...
I've been to Germany before.

I've been to the grocery.
Es biju veikalā.
I’ve been to the grocery, and I bought some fresh fruits.
I've been here before.
Es šeit jau esmu bijis.
As I entered the museum, I remembered, "I've been here before."
she has been
viņa ir bijusi
She has been to Germany before.
Has she been to Australia before?
Vai viņa jau ir bijusi Austrālijā?
he has gone
viņš ir aizgājis
He has gone to work.
He has gone to school.
Viņš ir aizgājis uz skolu.
They've gone too far.
Viņi ir gājuši par tālu.
*"Already" vai "yet" ?*
"Already" lietots ar tagadnes perfektu* nozīmē *pirms tagadnes*. Mēs to izmantojam, lai uzsvērtu, ka *kaut kas notika pirms kaut kā cita* vai agrāk nekā gaidīts.
"The train has left already!"
"Yet" lietots ar tagadnes perfektu* nozīmē *jebkurā laikā līdz šim*. Mēs to izmantojam, lai uzsvērtu, ka mēs sagaidām, ka kaut kas notiks drīz. Yet (šajā kontekstā) tiek lietots tikai *nolieguma teikumos un jautājumos.*
"I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner."
Neregulārie darbības vārdi, kurus jūs apgūsiet šajā sadaļā:
"to leave" - "left" - "left"
"to win" - "won" - "won"
"to sell" - "sold" - "sold"

He has already left.
Viņš jau ir aizgājis.
He hasn't left yet.
Viņš vēl nav aizgājis.
to win
uzvarēt
We haven't won yet.

They have won the game today.
Viņi šodien uzvarēja spēlē.
We've met already.
Mēs jau esam tikušies.
We haven't met yet.
Mēs vēl neesam tikušies.
Have you met Ted?
Vai tu pazīsti Tedu?
to sell
pārdot
Have you sold your car already?
to finish
pabeigt
Have you finished your homework yet?
I've already been here.
Es šeit jau esmu bijis.
I’ve already been here, so I know the way to the park.

We have sold our old car.
Mēs pārdevām savu veco automašīnu.
Tagadne pilnīgā nepārtrauktā forma
Tagadne pilnīgā nepārtrauktā forma tiek veidota ar "have/has been" un darbības vārda "-ing" formu.
Parasti šo laiku lietojam, lai uzsvērtu, ka *kaut kas joprojām turpinās tagadnē*:
"It's been raining for hours."
"I've been working all day."
Piezīme:
"it has" = "it's"
"I have"= "I've"
I've been studying for hours.
Es mācos jau vairākas stundas.
all day
visu dienu
It's been raining all day.
My father has been working all day.
Mans tēvs visu dienu strādā.
to talk
runāt
Are you talking to me?
You've been talking too much.
Tu esi par daudz runājis.
lately
pēdējā laikā
She hasn't been looking too well lately.
I haven't been feeling well lately.
Pēdējā laikā nejūtos labi.
recently
nesen
She has recently started a new job.
She has been helping us recently.
Viņa mums pēdējā laikā ir palīdzējusi.
Have you been seeing her?
Vai tu ar viņu tiecies?

She has been seeing him for weeks now.
Viņa tiekas ar viņu jau vairākas nedēļas.
Mēs izmantojam "Present Perfect Continuous tense" lai runātu par darbību, kas sākās pagātnē un nesen beidzās. Parasti tagad ir rezultāts.
"I'm tired because I've been running."
Neregulārie darbības vārdi, kurus jūs apgūsiet šajā sadaļā:
It's been raining.
Līst.
wet
mitrs
My clothes are wet from water.
the grass
zāle
Dogs wallowed on the grass.
The grass is wet because it's been raining.
Zāle ir slapja, jo lija lietus.
Have you been listening?
Vai tu klausījies?
Have you been listening to the lesson?
to understand
saprast
You don't understand because you haven't been listening.

They have understood the rules of the game.
Viņi ir sapratuši spēles noteikumus.
a face
seja
She has such a nice face.
to run
skriet
The dogs run across the road.
He has run three marathons in his life.
Savas dzīves laikā viņš ir noskrējis trīs maratonus.
Her face is red because she's been running.
Viņas seja ir sarkana, jo viņa skrēja.
to think
domāt
I have thought about this recently.

I've been thinking about you.
Es par tevi domāju.
I've been thinking about you since our last conversation.
*"For" un "since"*
Mēs bieži lietojam FOR un SINCE ar perfekta laikiem:
Mēs lietojam for, lai runātu par laika periodu:"for three hours"
"for two months"
Mēs lietojam since, lai runātu par kādu punktu pagātnē:"since yesterday""since 9 o'clock"
I have been studying for three hours.
Es mācos jau trīs stundas.
since March
kopš marta
I've been seeing him since March.
She has been visiting us since March.
Viņa mūs apciemo kopš marta.
since then
kopš tā laika
I moved to a new city last year, and since then, I have made many new friends.
I have been watching TV since 7pm.
Es skatos televizoru kopš pulksten 19:00.
for a long time
ilgu laiku
She's been living in New York for a long time now.
He has been playing football for a long time.
Viņš jau ilgi spēlē futbolu.
since I left school
kopš es pametu skolu
I have been unemployed since I left school.
I've been living in Berlin since I left school.
Es dzīvoju Berlīnē kopš skolas beigšanas.
since yesterday
kopš vakardienas
I have been tired since yesterday.
It's been raining since yesterday.
Kopš vakardienas līst.
*Tagadne pilnajā vienkāršajā vai nepārtrauktajā?*
Mēs izmantojam gan *tagadni pilnajā vienkāršajā ("have" vai "has" + pagātnes divdabja forma)*, gan "tagadni pilnajā nepārtrauktajā" ("have" vai "has" + "been" + "-ing" forma)*, lai runātu par pagātnes darbībām vai stāvokļiem, kas joprojām ir *saistīti ar tagadni.*
Tagadne pilnajā vienkāršajā parasti koncentrējas uz darbības rezultātu.
"You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely!"
Tagadne pilnajā nepārtrauktajā parasti koncentrējas uz pašu darbību.
"I've been gardening. It's so nice out there."
Neregulārie darbības vārdi, kurus jūs apgūsiet šajā sadaļā:
"to write" - "wrote" - "written"
"to read" - "read" - "read"
"to have" - "had" - "had"
"to grow" - "grew" - "grown"
I've been writing e-mails.
Es rakstīju e-pastus.
I've been writing emails the whole day.
to write an email
uzrakstīt e-pastu
I've written you an email.
I have written my homework, so now I can play outside.
Esmu izpildījis mājasdarbu, tāpēc tagad varu iet rotaļāties ārā.
Has it been raining?
Vai ir lijis?
The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?
to read a book
lasīt grāmatu
She's read ten books this summer.
lovely
jauks
The children have cleaned the kitchen. It looks lovely!

I have had
Man ir bijis
I have had a great time at the party.

We have had this car for five years.
Šī automašīna mums ir jau piecus gadus.

I've had three coffees already today!
Es šodien jau esmu izdzēris trīs kafijas!
to grow
augt
My cousin has grown so much since I saw her two years ago.
you have grown
tu esi paaudzies
You have grown so much since I last saw you!

You have grown so much since I last saw you!
Tu esi tik ļoti paaugusies, kopš tevi pēdējoreiz redzēju!
I've been waiting for you.
Es tevi gaidīju.
They've been waiting for hours.
Nekad nelietojiet tagadnes perfektu laiku ar konkrētu laiku. Tas var būt mulsinoši, tomēr, jo *jūs varat izmantot tagadnes perfektu laiku ar plašu laika periodu.*
Tagadnes perfekts laiks ir *nepareizs, ja to lieto ar vienu konkrētu laiku.* Tagadnes perfekta laika lietošana ar vispārēju laika diapazonu ir pilnīgi pieņemama.
when I was a child
kad es biju bērns
I visited my grandparents a lot when I was a child.
one year ago
pirms gada
We met one year ago.
many times
daudzkārt
I have seen the movie many times.
for hours
vairākas stundas
They've been waiting for hours.
several times
vairākas reizes
We have been there several times.

when I lived in France
kad es dzīvoju Francijā
I learned French when I lived in France.
at that moment
tajā brīdī
At that moment I was sure about it.