के सुरु भयो र अझै पनि चलिरहेको छ?अंग्रेजी शब्दहरू
by DuoCards
*विगतको सहभागी*
विगतमा सुरु भएका र वर्तमानमा जारी रहेका कुराहरूको बारेमा कुरा गर्ने कोर्समा स्वागत छ! अभ्यासको रूपमा, हामी केही *अनियमित क्रियाहरू* हेर्नेछौं जुन तपाईंलाई पहिले नै थाहा हुन सक्छ। तिनीहरू सामान्यतया *तीन रूपहरूको सूचीमा देखाइन्छ: अनन्त, भूत सरल, र भूत कृदन्त।*
यी उदाहरणहरू हेरौं:
"to see"- "saw"- "seen"
"to meet"- "met"- "met"
"to say"- "said"- "said"।
to meet
भेट्नु
I have met him before.
I have met...
मैले भेटेको छु...
I have met this guy before.
We have met before.
हामी पहिले पनि भेटिसकेका छौँ।
I thought I recognized you; we have met before at the conference.
before
अघि
I always brush my teeth before going to bed.
They have not met before.
उनीहरूको पहिले भेट भएको छैन।
the influence
प्रभाव
Don't let him influence you!
Travel has influenced my life.
यात्राले मेरो जीवनलाई प्रभावित पारेको छ।
I have said...
मैले भनेको छु...
I have said a few words.
I have said this many times before.
मैले यो कुरा पहिले पनि धेरै पटक भनिसकेको छु।
I have seen
मैले देखेको छु
I have seen him before.
I have seen him before.
मैले उसलाई पहिले पनि देखेको छु।
She has not seen him before.
उसले उसलाई पहिले देखेकी छैन।
*के तपाईंले आज मेमो हेर्नुभयो?*
*क्रियापदको वर्तमान काल "HAVE"र* क्रियापदको भूतकालबाट पूर्ण वर्तमान काल बनेको हुन्छ *।
* हामी वर्तमान पूर्ण प्रयोग गर्छौं: *
१. विगतमा सुरु भएको र वर्तमानमा जारी रहेको कुराको लागि* *:
"She has lived in Liverpool all her life."
२. २यसबेला हामी हाम्रो हालसम्मको अनुभवको बारेमा कुरा गर्दैछौं* *:
"I have seen that movie before."
३. विगतमा भएको तर वर्तमानमा महत्त्वपूर्ण भएको कुराको लागि* *:
"I can't get in the house. I have lost my keys."
यस खण्डमा तपाईंले सिक्नुहुने अनियमित क्रियापदहरू:
"to know"- "knew"- "known"
"to lose"- "lost"- "lost"।
Have you seen him?
के तिमीले उसलाई देख्यौ?
he has seen
उसले देखेको छ
He has seen the movie.
He has seen many things.
उसले धेरै कुराहरू देखेको छ।
I have lived
म बसेको छु
I have lived in Paris my whole life.
I have lived here all my life.
म यहाँ मेरो सारा जीवन बसेको छु।
to lose
हार्नु
I've lost the game.
we have lost
हामीले गुमाएका छौँ
We have lost the keys.
the appetite
भोक
I have lost my appetite.
my whole life
मेरो पूरा जीवन
My whole life I've been trying to deal with it.
I've known him my whole life.
म उसलाई जन्मैदेखि चिन्छु।
*प्रश्नहरूको लागि वर्तमान उत्तम काल*
वर्तमान पूर्ण कालमा प्रश्न सोध्दा, *सहायक क्रिया पहिले आउँछ* , त्यसपछि विषय, र त्यसपछि मुख्य क्रियाको विगत पार्टिसिपल।
"Have you eaten dinner yet?"
"Has the party started?"
तपाईं वर्तमान सही संग खुला प्रश्नहरू पनि गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ:
"Where have you been?"
अनियमित क्रियाहरू तपाईंले यस खण्डमा सिक्नुहुनेछ:
"to hear"- "heard"- "heard"
"to do"- "did"- "done"
।
Has it started?
के यो सुरु भइसक्यो?
Has the movie started?
Have we met?
हाम्रो भेट भएको छ र?
Have we met before?
to hear
सुन्नु
Can you hear me well?
Have you heard of it?
के तपाईंले यसको बारेमा सुन्नुभएको छ?
Have you heard of it before?
to fail a class
कक्षामा अनुत्तीर्ण हुनु
How many times have you failed a class?
Have you visited France?
के तपाईं फ्रान्स जानुभएको छ?
foreign countries
विदेशी देशहरू
What foreign countries have you visited?
What have you done?
तपाईंले के गर्नुभयो?
What have you done to me?
*नकारात्मकका लागि वर्तमान उत्तम काल*
वर्तमान पूर्ण काललाई नकारात्मकमा प्रयोग गर्नको लागि, *सहायक क्रिया पछि तर विगतको कृपा भन्दा पहिले नकारात्मक शब्द (जस्तै होइन वा कहिल्यै) थप्नुहोस्।*
"I have not slept well since exams started."
अनियमित क्रियाहरू तपाईंले यस खण्डमा सिक्नुहुनेछ:
"to sleep"- "slept"- "slept"
"to speak"- "spoke"- "spoken"।
to sleep well
राम्ररी सुत्नु
I have not slept well since exams started.
I have not slept all night.
म रातभर सुत्न सकेको छैन।
He has never seen it.
उसले यो कहिल्यै देखेको छैन।
My friend has never seen the ocean.
I haven't seen him today.
मैले आज उसलाई देखेको छैन।
to speak
बोल्नु
He hasn't spoken to me yet.
She has spoken to the teacher about the problem.
उसले शिक्षकसँग समस्याको बारेमा कुरा गरेकी छिन्।
I have not done it.
मैले यो गरेको छैन।
I have not done it because I was busy with other things.
to reply
जवाफ दिनु
She has not replied to my message yet.
We have never been there.
हामी त्यहाँ कहिल्यै गएका छैनौँ।
We have never been to Australia.
to reach
पुग्नु
The jury has not reached a verdict yet.
to receive an update
अद्यावधिक प्राप्त गर्न
We haven’t received any updates on our project.
*कहिल्यै पनि!*
हामी प्रायः "ever"*वर्तमान सम्मको अनुभवको* बारेमा कुरा गर्न क्रियाविशेषण प्रयोग गर्छौं:
"It was the worst day I have ever had."
र हामी "never"*नकारात्मक फारमको* लागि प्रयोग गर्छौं:
"I have never met his wife."।
I have never seen you before.
मैले तपाईंलाई पहिले कहिल्यै देखेको छैन।
Have you ever heard of it?
के तपाईंले यसको बारेमा कहिल्यै सुन्नुभएको छ?
a song
एउटा गीत
I love this song!
I have heard that song before.
मैले त्यो गीत पहिले पनि सुनेको छु।
Have you been here before?
के तपाईं यहाँ पहिले आउनुभएको छ?
You have never been here before.
तपाईं यहाँ पहिले कहिल्यै आउनुभएको छैन।
to say
भन्नु
What did he say about the party?
We have never said that.
हामीले कहिल्यै त्यस्तो भनेका छैनौं।
never ever
फेरि कहिल्यै पनि होइन
I promise to never ever do it again.
*"Have been and have gone"*
"have/has been"कोही *कुनै ठाउँमा गएर फर्किएको* बेला हामी प्रयोग गर्छौं:
क: "Where have you been?"
ख: "I have just been out to the supermarket."
तर जब कोही *फर्केको छैन* , हामी प्रयोग गर्छौं "have/has gone":
क: "Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks."
ख: "She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow."
*ध्यान दिनुहोस्:*
"I have"= "I've"
"She has"= "she's"
क्रियापदहरूको सरल भूतकाल र भूतकाल कृदन्त "to be"र "to go":
"to be"- "was"/ "were"- "been"
"to go"- "went"- "gone"।
Where have you been?
तपाईं कहाँ हुनुहुन्थ्यो?
I've been...
म... भएँ
I've been to Germany before.
I've been to the grocery.
म किराना पसल गएको थिएँ।
I’ve been to the grocery, and I bought some fresh fruits.
I've been here before.
म यहाँ पहिले पनि आइसकेको छु।
As I entered the museum, I remembered, "I've been here before."
she has been
उनी थिइन्
She has been to Germany before.
Has she been to Australia before?
के उनी यसअघि अस्ट्रेलिया गएकी छिन्?
he has gone
उनी गएका छन्
He has gone to work.
He has gone to school.
उनी विद्यालय गएका छन्।
They've gone too far.
उनीहरूले हद पार गरेका छन्।
*"Already" वा "yet" ?*
"Already" वर्तमान परिपूर्णसँग* को अर्थ हुन्छ *अहिलेसम्म*। हामी यसलाई जोड दिन प्रयोग गर्छौं कि *केही कुरा अरू केही भन्दा पहिले भयो* वा अपेक्षा भन्दा चाँडो भयो।
"The train has left already!"
"Yet" वर्तमान परिपूर्णसँग प्रयोग गरिन्छ* जसको अर्थ हुन्छ *अहिलेसम्म कुनै पनि समयमा*। हामी यसलाई जोड दिन प्रयोग गर्छौं कि हामी चाँडै केही हुने आशा गर्छौं। Yet (यस सन्दर्भमा) मात्र *नकारात्मक वाक्यहरू र प्रश्नहरूमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ।*
"I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner."
तपाईंले यस खण्डमा सिक्ने अनियमित क्रियापदहरू:
"to leave" - "left" - "left"
"to win" - "won" - "won"
"to sell" - "sold" - "sold"
He has already left.
उनी गइसकेका छन्।
He hasn't left yet.
उनी अझै गएका छैनन्।
to win
जित्नु
We haven't won yet.
They have won the game today.
उनीहरूले आजको खेल जितेका छन्।
We've met already.
हामी पहिले नै भेटिसकेका छौं।
We haven't met yet.
हाम्रो भेट अझै भएको छैन।
Have you met Ted?
तपाईंले टेडलाई भेट्नुभएको छ?
to sell
बेच्नु
Have you sold your car already?
to finish
पूरा गर्नु
Have you finished your homework yet?
I've already been here.
म यहाँ पहिले नै आइसकेको छु।
I’ve already been here, so I know the way to the park.
We have sold our old car.
हामीले हाम्रो पुरानो कार बेच्यौँ।
*वर्तमान पूर्ण निरन्तर*
वर्तमान पूर्ण निरन्तर "have/has been""-ing"क्रियाको रूप र रूपसँगै बनेको हुन्छ।
हामी सामान्यतया *वर्तमानमा केहि अझै पनि जारी छ* भनेर जोड दिन यो काल प्रयोग गर्छौं:
"It's been raining for hours."
"I've been working all day."
ध्यान दिनुहोस्:
"it has"= "it's"
"I have"= "I've"।
I've been studying for hours.
म घण्टौँदेखि पढिरहेको छु।
all day
दिनभरि
It's been raining all day.
My father has been working all day.
मेरा बुबा दिनभरि काम गरिरहनुभएको छ।
to talk
कुरा गर्नु
Are you talking to me?
You've been talking too much.
तपाईं धेरै बोल्दै हुनुहुन्छ।
lately
पछिल्लो समयमा
She hasn't been looking too well lately.
I haven't been feeling well lately.
मलाई आजकल सन्चो भइरहेको छैन।
recently
हालसालै
She has recently started a new job.
She has been helping us recently.
उसले हालै हामीलाई मद्दत गरिरहेकी छिन्।
Have you been seeing her?
के तिमी उसलाई भेटिरहेका छौ?
She has been seeing him for weeks now.
उनी केही हप्तादेखि उसलाई भेट्दै छिन्।
*Present Perfect Continuous tense कसरी प्रयोग गर्ने?*
हामी "Present Perfect Continuous tense"विगतमा सुरु भएको र हालसालै रोकिएको कार्यको बारेमा कुरा गर्न 'को' प्रयोग गर्छौं। सामान्यतया अहिले परिणाम हुन्छ।
"I'm tired because I've been running."
यस खण्डमा तपाईंले सिक्नुहुने अनियमित क्रियापदहरू:
"to understand"- "understood"- "understood"
"to run"- "ran"- "run"
"to think"- "thought"- "thought"।
It's been raining.
पानी परिरहेको छ।
wet
भिज्नु
My clothes are wet from water.
the grass
घाँस
Dogs wallowed on the grass.
The grass is wet because it's been raining.
पानी परेकाले घाँस भिजेको छ।
Have you been listening?
के तिमीले सुनिरहेको थियौ?
Have you been listening to the lesson?
to understand
बुझ्नु
You don't understand because you haven't been listening.
They have understood the rules of the game.
तिनीहरूले खेलको नियमहरू बुझेका छन्।
a face
एउटा अनुहार
She has such a nice face.
to run
दौडनु
The dogs run across the road.
He has run three marathons in his life.
उनले आफ्नो जीवनमा तीनवटा म्याराथन दौडिएका छन्।
Her face is red because she's been running.
उनी दौडेको हुनाले उनको अनुहार रातो भएको छ।
to think
सोच्नु
I have thought about this recently.
I've been thinking about you.
म तिम्रो बारेमा सोचिरहेको थिएँ।
I've been thinking about you since our last conversation.
*"For"र"since"*
हामी प्रायः पूर्ण कालहरूमा FOR र SINCE प्रयोग गर्छौं:
हामी समय अवधिको बारेमा कुरा गर्न for प्रयोग गर्छौं:
"for three hours"
"for two months"
हामी विगतको समयको कुनै बिन्दुको बारेमा कुरा गर्न since प्रयोग गर्छौं:
"since yesterday"
"since 9 o'clock"।
I have been studying for three hours.
म तीन घण्टादेखि पढिरहेको छु।
since March
मार्चदेखि
I've been seeing him since March.
She has been visiting us since March.
उनी मार्च महिनादेखि हामीकहाँ आउँदै छिन्।
since then
त्यसपछि
I moved to a new city last year, and since then, I have made many new friends.
I have been watching TV since 7pm.
म बेलुका ७ बजेदेखि टिभी हेरिरहेको छु।
for a long time
लामो समयसम्म
She's been living in New York for a long time now.
He has been playing football for a long time.
उसले फुटबल खेल्न थालेको धेरै समय भइसक्यो।
since I left school
मैले स्कूल छोडेदेखि
I have been unemployed since I left school.
I've been living in Berlin since I left school.
म स्कुलबाट निस्किएदेखि नै बर्लिनमा बस्दै आएको छु।
since yesterday
हिजोदेखि
I have been tired since yesterday.
It's been raining since yesterday.
हिजोदेखि पानी परिरहेको छ।
*वर्तमान परिपूर्ण साधारण वा निरन्तर?*
हामी दुवै *वर्तमान परिपूर्ण साधारण ("have" वा "has" + भूतकालको कण)* र "वर्तमान परिपूर्ण निरन्तर" ("have" वा "has" + "been" + "-ing" रूप)* प्रयोग गर्छौं जुन विगतका क्रियाकलाप वा अवस्थाहरूको बारेमा कुरा गर्नका लागि हो जुन अझै *वर्तमानसँग जोडिएको छ।*
वर्तमान परिपूर्ण साधारणले सामान्यतया क्रियाकलापको परिणाममा ध्यान केन्द्रित गर्छ।
"तिमीले बाथरूम सफा गर्यौ! यो सुन्दर देखिन्छ!"
वर्तमान परिपूर्ण निरन्तरले सामान्यतया क्रियाकलापमा नै ध्यान केन्द्रित गर्छ।
"म बगैंचामा काम गर्दैछु। बाहिर धेरै राम्रो छ।"
यो खण्डमा तपाईंले सिक्ने अनियमित क्रियापदहरू:
"लेख्न" - "लेख्यो" - "लेखिएको"
"पढ्न" - "पढ्यो" - "पढिएको"
"हुनु" - "भयो" - "भएको"
"बढ्न" - "बढ्यो" - "बढेको"
I've been writing e-mails.
म इमेलहरू लेख्दै छु।
I've been writing emails the whole day.
to write an email
इमेल लेख्न
I've written you an email.
I have written my homework, so now I can play outside.
मैले मेरो गृहकार्य गरिसकेँ, त्यसैले अब म बाहिर खेल्न सक्छु।
Has it been raining?
के पानी परिरहेको छ?
The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?
to read a book
किताब पढ्नु
She's read ten books this summer.
lovely
मनमोहक
The children have cleaned the kitchen. It looks lovely!
I have had
मैले पाएको छु
I have had a great time at the party.
We have had this car for five years.
हामीसँग यो गाडी भएको पाँच वर्ष भयो।
I've had three coffees already today!
मैले आज त तीन कप कफी खाइसकेँ!
to grow
बढ्नु
My cousin has grown so much since I saw her two years ago.
you have grown
तिमी हुर्किएका छौ
You have grown so much since I last saw you!
You have grown so much since I last saw you!
मैले तिमीलाई अन्तिम पटक देखेदेखि तिमी कति ठूली भइसकेछौ!
I've been waiting for you.
म तिम्रो प्रतीक्षा गरिरहेको थिएँ।
They've been waiting for hours.
*कहिले पूर्ण वर्तमान काल प्रयोग गर्नु हुँदैन*
कुनै निश्चित समयको साथ पूर्ण वर्तमान काल प्रयोग नगर्नुहोस्। यद्यपि, यो भ्रमित हुन सक्छ किनभने *तपाईं विस्तृत समय अवधिको साथ पूर्ण वर्तमान काल प्रयोग गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ।*
वर्तमान पूर्ण काललाई *एउटा निश्चित समयसँग प्रयोग गरियो भने मात्र गलत हुन्छ।* सामान्य समय दायरामा वर्तमान पूर्ण काल प्रयोग गर्नु पूर्ण रूपमा स्वीकार्य छ।
"I went for a walk on Tuesday."
"I have gone for a walk every Tuesday this year."।
when I was a child
जब म बच्चा थिएँ
I visited my grandparents a lot when I was a child.
one year ago
एक वर्ष अघि
We met one year ago.
many times
धेरै पटक
I have seen the movie many times.
for hours
केही घण्टासम्म
They've been waiting for hours.
several times
धेरै पटक
We have been there several times.
when I lived in France
जब म फ्रान्समा बस्थें
I learned French when I lived in France.
at that moment
त्यही क्षणमा
At that moment I was sure about it.