Kaj se je začelo in še vedno traja?Angleške besede

by DuoCards

*Pretekli deležnik* Dobrodošli na tečaju, kjer bomo govorili o stvareh, ki so se začele v preteklosti in se nadaljujejo v sedanjosti! Za ogrevanje bomo pregledali nekaj *nepravilnih glagolov*, ki jih morda že poznate. Običajno so prikazani v *seznamu treh oblik: nedoločnik, pretekli enostavni in pretekli deležnik.* Oglejmo si te primere: "to see" - "saw" - "seen" "to meet" - "met" - "met" "to say" - "said" - "said"

to meet

srečati se

I have met him before.

I have met...

Spoznal sem...

I have met this guy before.

We have met before.

Že sva se srečala.

I thought I recognized you; we have met before at the conference.

before

pred

I always brush my teeth before going to bed.

They have not met before.

Še se nista srečala.

the influence

vpliv

Don't let him influence you!

Travel has influenced my life.

Potovanja so vplivala na moje življenje.

I have said...

Rekel sem...

I have said a few words.

I have said this many times before.

To sem rekel že mnogokrat prej.

I have seen

Videl sem

I have seen him before.

Že sem ga videl.

She has not seen him before.

Še ga ni videla.

*Ali ste danes videli Memo?* Present perfect se tvori iz *sedanjika glagola "HAVE" in *preteklika glagola*. *Present perfect uporabljamo:* 1. Za nekaj, kar se je *začelo v preteklosti in se nadaljuje v sedanjosti*: "She has lived in Liverpool all her life." 2. Ko govorimo o *naših izkušnjah do sedanjosti*: "I have seen that movie before." 3. Za nekaj, kar se je *zgodilo v preteklosti, vendar je pomembno v sedanjosti*: "I can't get in the house. I have lost my keys." Nepravilni glagoli, ki jih boste spoznali v tem poglavju: "to know" - "knew" - "known" "to lose" - "lost" - "lost"

Have you seen him?

Si ga videl?

he has seen

videl je

He has seen the movie.

He has seen many things.

Videl je že marsikaj.

I have lived

Živel sem

I have lived in Paris my whole life.

I have lived here all my life.

Tu živim že vse svoje življenje.

to lose

izgubiti

I've lost the game.

we have lost

izgubili smo

We have lost the keys.

the appetite

apetit

I have lost my appetite.

my whole life

celo moje življenje

My whole life I've been trying to deal with it.

I've known him my whole life.

Poznam ga celo življenje.

*Sedanji čas za vprašanja* Pri postavljanju vprašanj v sedanjiku *je najprej pomožni glagol*, nato predmet in nato pretekli deležnik glavnega glagola. "Have you eaten dinner yet?" "Has the party started?" S sedanjikom v dovršnem sedanjiku lahko tvorite tudi odprta vprašanja: "Where have you been?" Nepravilne glagole boste spoznali v tem poglavju: "to hear" - "heard" - "heard" "to do" - "did" - "done"

Has it started?

Je se že začelo?

Has the movie started?

Have we met?

Ali sva se že kje srečala?

Have we met before?

to hear

slišati

Can you hear me well?

Have you heard of it?

Ste slišali za to?

Have you heard of it before?

to fail a class

pasti pri predmetu

How many times have you failed a class?

Have you visited France?

Ste že obiskali Francijo?

foreign countries

tuje države

What foreign countries have you visited?

What have you done?

Kaj si storil?

What have you done to me?

*Sedanji dovršni čas za zanikanje* Če želite uporabiti sedanji dovršni čas v negativu, preprosto dodajte negativno besedo (na primer ne ali nikoli) *za pomožnim glagolom, vendar pred pretekli deležnik.* "I have not slept well since exams started." Nepravilni glagoli, ki se jih boste naučili v tem poglavju: "to sleep" - "slept" - "slept" "to speak" - "spoke" - "spoken"

to sleep well

dobro spati

I have not slept well since exams started.

I have not slept all night.

Vso noč nisem spal.

He has never seen it.

Nikoli ga ni videl.

My friend has never seen the ocean.

I haven't seen him today.

Danes ga nisem videl.

to speak

govoriti

He hasn't spoken to me yet.

She has spoken to the teacher about the problem.

O težavi se je pogovorila z učiteljem.

I have not done it.

Tega nisem storil.

I have not done it because I was busy with other things.

to reply

odgovoriti

She has not replied to my message yet.

We have never been there.

Nikoli nismo bili tam.

We have never been to Australia.

to reach

doseči

The jury has not reached a verdict yet.

to receive an update

prejeti posodobitev

We haven’t received any updates on our project.

*Nikoli! * Pogosto uporabljamo prislov "ever", ko govorimo o *izkušnjah do sed*anjosti: "It was the worst day I have ever had." za *negativno obliko* pa uporabljamo "never": "I have never met his wife."

I have never seen you before.

Še nikoli vas nisem videl.

Have you ever heard of it?

Ste že kdaj slišali za to?

a song

pesem

I love this song!

I have heard that song before.

To pesem sem že slišal.

Have you been here before?

Ste že bili kdaj tukaj?

You have never been here before.

Še nikoli nisi bil tukaj.

to say

reči

What did he say about the party?

We have never said that.

Tega nismo nikoli rekli.

never ever

nikoli

I promise to never ever do it again.

Uporabljamo "have/has been", ko je nekdo *šel na neko mesto in se vrnil*: A: "Where have you been?" B: "I have just been out to the supermarket." Ampak ko se nekdo *ni vrnil*, uporabljamo "have/has gone": A: "Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks." B: "She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow." *Opomba:* "I have" = "I've" "She has" = "she's" Preteklik in pretekli deležnik glagolov "to be" in "to go": "to be" - "was" / "were" - "been" "to go" - "went" - "gone"

Where have you been?

Kje si bil?

I've been...

Bil sem...

I've been to Germany before.

I've been to the grocery.

Bil sem v trgovini.

I’ve been to the grocery, and I bought some fresh fruits.

I've been here before.

Tukaj sem že bil.

As I entered the museum, I remembered, "I've been here before."

she has been

bila je

She has been to Germany before.

Has she been to Australia before?

Je bila že kdaj v Avstraliji?

he has gone

odšel je

He has gone to work.

He has gone to school.

Šel je v šolo.

They've gone too far.

Šli so predaleč.

*"Already" ali "yet"?* "Already" uporabljeno s sedanjim perfektom* pomeni *pred zdaj*. Uporabljamo ga, da poudarimo, da se je *nekaj zgodilo pred nečim drugim* ali prej, kot je bilo pričakovano. "The train has left already!" "Yet" uporabljeno s sedanjim perfektom* pomeni *kadarkoli do zdaj*. Uporabljamo ga, da poudarimo, da pričakujemo, da se bo nekaj kmalu zgodilo. Yet (v tem kontekstu) se uporablja samo v *nikalnih stavkih in vprašanjih.* "I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner." Nepravilni glagoli, ki se jih boste naučili v tem poglavju: "to leave" - "left" - "left" "to win" - "won" - "won" "to sell" - "sold" - "sold"

He has already left.

Že je odšel.

He hasn't left yet.

Še ni odšel.

to win

zmagati

We haven't won yet.

They have won the game today.

Danes so zmagali na tekmi.

We've met already.

Sva se že srečala.

We haven't met yet.

Še se nismo srečali.

Have you met Ted?

Se poznaš s Tedom?

to sell

prodajati

Have you sold your car already?

to finish

dokončati

Have you finished your homework yet?

I've already been here.

Tu sem že bil.

I’ve already been here, so I know the way to the park.

We have sold our old car.

Prodali smo svoj stari avto.

*Present Perfect Continuous* Sedanji dovršni preteklik se tvori s "have/has been" in "-ing" obliko glagola. Ta čas običajno uporabljamo, če želimo poudariti, da *se nekaj še vedno nadaljuje v sedanjosti*: "It's been raining for hours." "I've been working all day." Opazujte: "it has" = "it's" "I have"= "I've"

I've been studying for hours.

Že ure in ure se učim.

all day

ves dan

It's been raining all day.

My father has been working all day.

Moj oče dela ves dan.

to talk

govoriti

Are you talking to me?

You've been talking too much.

Preveč govoriš.

lately

zadnje čase

She hasn't been looking too well lately.

I haven't been feeling well lately.

Zadnje čase se ne počutim dobro.

recently

nedavno

She has recently started a new job.

She has been helping us recently.

V zadnjem času nam pomaga.

Have you been seeing her?

Ali se dobivaš z njo?

She has been seeing him for weeks now.

Z njim se dobiva že več tednov.

*Kako uporabljati sedanji čas Present Perfect Continuous?* "Present Perfect Continuous tense" uporabljamo, kadar govorimo o dejanju, ki se je začelo v preteklosti in se je pred kratkim končalo. Običajno je zdaj že dosežen rezultat. "I'm tired because I've been running." Nepravilni glagoli, ki se jih boste naučili v tem poglavju: "to understand" - "understood" - "understood" "to run" - "ran" - "run" "to think" - "thought" - "thought"

It's been raining.

Dežuje.

wet

moker

My clothes are wet from water.

the grass

trava

Dogs wallowed on the grass.

The grass is wet because it's been raining.

Trava je mokra, ker je deževalo.

Have you been listening?

Si poslušal?

Have you been listening to the lesson?

to understand

razumeti

You don't understand because you haven't been listening.

They have understood the rules of the game.

Razumeli so pravila igre.

a face

obraz

She has such a nice face.

to run

teči

The dogs run across the road.

He has run three marathons in his life.

V svojem življenju je pretekel tri maratone.

Her face is red because she's been running.

Njen obraz je rdeč, ker je tekla.

to think

razmišljati

I have thought about this recently.

I've been thinking about you.

Misli sem nate.

I've been thinking about you since our last conversation.

*"For" in . "since" Za in SINCE pogosto uporabljamo dovršne čase: Uporabljamo for, kadar govorimo o časovnem obdobju: *"for three hours" "for two months" Uporabljamo since, če želimo govoriti o nekem trenutku v preteklosti: "since yesterday" "od 9. ure"

I have been studying for three hours.

Že tri ure se učim.

since March

od marca

I've been seeing him since March.

She has been visiting us since March.

Obiskuje nas od marca.

since then

odtlej

I moved to a new city last year, and since then, I have made many new friends.

I have been watching TV since 7pm.

Televizijo gledam od sedme ure zvečer.

for a long time

že dolgo časa

She's been living in New York for a long time now.

He has been playing football for a long time.

Nogomet igra že dolgo časa.

since I left school

odkar sem končal šolo

I have been unemployed since I left school.

I've been living in Berlin since I left school.

V Berlinu živim, odkar sem končal šolo.

since yesterday

od včeraj

I have been tired since yesterday.

It's been raining since yesterday.

Od včeraj dežuje.

*Present perfect simple ali continuous?* Uporabljamo tako *present perfect simple ("have" ali "has" + pretekli deležnik)* kot tudi "present perfect continuous" ("have" ali "has" + "been" + "-ing" oblika)* za govorjenje o preteklih dejanjih ali stanjih, ki so še vedno *povezana s sedanjostjo.* Present perfect simple običajno poudarja rezultat dejavnosti. "You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely!" Present perfect continuous običajno poudarja samo dejavnost. "I've been gardening. It's so nice out there." Nepravilni glagoli, ki se jih boste naučili v tem poglavju: "to write" - "wrote" - "written" "to read" - "read" - "read" "to have" - "had" - "had" "to grow" - "grew" - "grown"

I've been writing e-mails.

Pisal sem e-pošto.

I've been writing emails the whole day.

to write an email

napisati e-pošto

I've written you an email.

I have written my homework, so now I can play outside.

Naredil sem svojo domačo nalogo, tako da se lahko zdaj igram zunaj.

Has it been raining?

Je deževalo?

The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?

to read a book

brati knjigo

She's read ten books this summer.

lovely

půvabný

The children have cleaned the kitchen. It looks lovely!

I have had

imel sem

I have had a great time at the party.

We have had this car for five years.

Ta avto imamo že pet let.

I've had three coffees already today!

Danes sem spil že tri kave!

to grow

rasti

My cousin has grown so much since I saw her two years ago.

you have grown

zrasel si

You have grown so much since I last saw you!

Tako si zrasla, odkar sem te videla nazadnje!

I've been waiting for you.

Čakal sem te.

They've been waiting for hours.

Ne uporabljajte sedanjika perfektnega časa s specifičnim časom. To je lahko zavajajoče, ker lahko uporabite sedanjik perfektnega časa s širokim časovnim obdobjem. Sedanjik perfektnega časa je napačen le, če ga uporabite z enim specifičnim časom. Uporaba sedanjika perfektnega časa s splošnim časovnim razponom je povsem sprejemljiva.