Ni nini kilichoanza na bado kinaendelea?Maneno ya Kiingereza

by DuoCards

*Mshiriki Uliopita* Karibu kwenye kozi ambapo tutazungumza kuhusu mambo yaliyoanza zamani na yanayoendelea sasa! Kama uhamasishaji, tutapitia baadhi ya *vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida* ambavyo unaweza kuwa tayari unajua. Kwa kawaida huonyeshwa katika *orodha ya aina tatu: isiyo na kikomo, ya zamani sahili, na kishirikishi cha wakati uliopita.* Hebu tuangalie mifano hii: "to see""saw"-- "seen" "to meet""met"-- "met" "to say"-- "said""said"

to meet

kukutana

I have met him before.

I have met...

Nimekutana na...

I have met this guy before.

We have met before.

Tumewahi kukutana hapo awali.

I thought I recognized you; we have met before at the conference.

before

kabla ya

I always brush my teeth before going to bed.

They have not met before.

Hawajawahi kukutana hapo awali.

the influence

ushawishi

Don't let him influence you!

Travel has influenced my life.

Usafiri umeathiri maisha yangu.

I have said...

Nimesema...

I have said a few words.

I have said this many times before.

Nimeshasema hili mara nyingi hapo awali.

I have seen

Nimeona

I have seen him before.

Nishamwona hapo awali.

She has not seen him before.

Hajawahi kumwona hapo awali.

*Umeona Memo leo?* Ukamilifu wa sasa huundwa kutokana na *wakati uliopo wa kitenzi "HAVE"na* kitenzi kishirikishi cha wakati uliopita *. * Tunatumia sasa kamili: * 1. Kwa kitu* kilichoanza zamani na kinachoendelea sasa *: "She has lived in Liverpool all her life." 2. 2 tunazungumza juu ya* uzoefu wetu hadi sasa *: "I have seen that movie before." 3. Kwa jambo* lililotokea zamani lakini ni muhimu kwa sasa*: "I can't get in the house. I have lost my keys." Vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida utajifunza katika sehemu hii: "to know""knew"-- "known" "to lose"-- "lost""lost"

Have you seen him?

Je, umemuona?

he has seen

ameona

He has seen the movie.

He has seen many things.

Ameshaona mambo mengi.

I have lived

Nimeishi

I have lived in Paris my whole life.

I have lived here all my life.

Nimeishi hapa maisha yangu yote.

to lose

kupoteza

I've lost the game.

we have lost

tumepoteza

We have lost the keys.

the appetite

hamu ya kula

I have lost my appetite.

my whole life

maisha yangu yote

My whole life I've been trying to deal with it.

I've known him my whole life.

Nimemfahamu maisha yangu yote.

*Wakati uliopo kamili kwa maswali* Wakati wa kuuliza swali katika wakati uliopo timilifu, *kitenzi kisaidizi huja kwanza* , kikifuatwa na kiima, na kisha kishirikishi cha wakati uliopita cha kitenzi kikuu. "Have you eaten dinner yet?" "Has the party started?" Unaweza pia kuuliza maswali wazi na yaliyopo kamili: "Where have you been?" Vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida utajifunza katika sehemu hii: "to hear""heard"-- "heard" "to do"-- "did""done"

Has it started?

Je, kimeshaanza?

Has the movie started?

Have we met?

Je, tumewahi kukutana?

Have we met before?

to hear

kusikia

Can you hear me well?

Have you heard of it?

Je, umesikia kuhusu hilo?

Have you heard of it before?

to fail a class

kufeli somo

How many times have you failed a class?

Have you visited France?

Je, umewahi kutembelea Ufaransa?

foreign countries

nchi za kigeni

What foreign countries have you visited?

What have you done?

Umefanya nini?

What have you done to me?

*Wakati uliopo timilifu wa hali hasi* Ili kutumia wakati uliopo timilifu katika hali hasi, ongeza tu neno hasi (kama usipende au usiwahi) *baada ya kitenzi kisaidizi lakini kabla ya kitenzi kishirikishi kilichopita.* "I have not slept well since exams started." Vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida utajifunza katika sehemu hii: "to sleep""slept"-- "slept" "to speak"-- "spoke""spoken"

to sleep well

kulala vizuri

I have not slept well since exams started.

I have not slept all night.

Sijalala usiku kucha.

He has never seen it.

Hajawahi kuiona.

My friend has never seen the ocean.

I haven't seen him today.

Sijamwona leo.

to speak

kuzungumza

He hasn't spoken to me yet.

She has spoken to the teacher about the problem.

Amezungumza na mwalimu kuhusu tatizo hilo.

I have not done it.

Sijakifanya.

I have not done it because I was busy with other things.

to reply

jibu

She has not replied to my message yet.

We have never been there.

Hatujawahi kufika huko.

We have never been to Australia.

to reach

kufikia

The jury has not reached a verdict yet.

to receive an update

kupata taarifa mpya

We haven’t received any updates on our project.

*Kamwe kamwe!* Mara nyingi sisi hutumia kielezi "ever"kuzungumza juu *ya uzoefu hadi sasa* : "It was the worst day I have ever had." na tunatumia "never"kwa *fomu hasi* : "I have never met his wife."

I have never seen you before.

Sijawahi kukuona hapo awali.

Have you ever heard of it?

Je, umewahi kusikia kuhusu hilo?

a song

wimbo

I love this song!

I have heard that song before.

Nimeshawahi kuisikia wimbo huo hapo awali.

Have you been here before?

Je, umewahi kufika hapa hapo awali?

You have never been here before.

Hujawahi kufika hapa hapo awali.

to say

kusema

What did he say about the party?

We have never said that.

Hatujawahi kusema hivyo.

never ever

sitaki tena kamwe

I promise to never ever do it again.

*"Have been and have gone"* Tunatumia "have/has been"wakati mtu *ameenda mahali na kurudi* : A: "Where have you been?" B: "I have just been out to the supermarket." Lakini wakati mtu *hajarudi* , tunatumia "have/has gone": A: "Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks." B: "She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow." *Notisi:* "I have"= "I've" "She has"= "she's" Zamani rahisi na vihusishi vya zamani vya vitenzi "to be"na "to go": "to be"- "was"/ "were"- "been" "to go"-- "went""gone"

Where have you been?

Ulikuwa wapi?

I've been...

Nimekuwa...

I've been to Germany before.

I've been to the grocery.

Nimekuwa dukani.

I’ve been to the grocery, and I bought some fresh fruits.

I've been here before.

Nimekuwa hapa kabla.

As I entered the museum, I remembered, "I've been here before."

she has been

amekuwa

She has been to Germany before.

Has she been to Australia before?

Je, amewahi kwenda Australia?

he has gone

ameondoka

He has gone to work.

He has gone to school.

Ameenda shuleni.

They've gone too far.

Wamevuka mipaka.

*"Already"au "yet"?* "Already"kutumika kwa *njia* kamili ya sasa kabla ya sasa *. Tunaitumia kusisitiza kwamba* kitu kilitokea kabla ya kitu kingine *au mapema kuliko ilivyotarajiwa. "The train has left already!" "Yet"inatumika kwa njia kamili ya sasa* *wakati wowote hadi sasa* . Tunaitumia kusisitiza kwamba tunatarajia kitu kutokea hivi karibuni. Bado (katika muktadha huu) inatumika tu katika *sentensi na maswali hasi.* "I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner." Vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida utajifunza katika sehemu hii: "to leave""left"-- "left" "to win""won"-- "won" "to sell"-- "sold""sold"

He has already left.

Ameshaondoka.

He hasn't left yet.

Bado hajaondoka.

to win

kushinda

We haven't won yet.

They have won the game today.

Wameshinda mechi ya leo.

We've met already.

Tumeshawahi kukutana.

We haven't met yet.

Bado hatujakutana.

Have you met Ted?

Je, umewahi kukutana na Ted?

to sell

kuuza

Have you sold your car already?

to finish

kumaliza

Have you finished your homework yet?

I've already been here.

Nishawahi kufika hapa.

I’ve already been here, so I know the way to the park.

We have sold our old car.

Tumeuza gari letu la zamani.

*Present Perfect Continuous* Mwendelezo timilifu uliopo huundwa na "have/has been"na "-ing"umbo la kitenzi. Kwa kawaida sisi hutumia wakati huu kusisitiza kuwa *kuna kitu bado kinaendelea kwa sasa* : "It's been raining for hours." "I've been working all day." Notisi: "it has"= "it's" "I have"= "I've"

I've been studying for hours.

Nimekuwa nikisoma kwa masaa mengi.

all day

kutwa nzima

It's been raining all day.

My father has been working all day.

Baba yangu amekuwa akifanya kazi kutwa nzima.

to talk

kuzungumza

Are you talking to me?

You've been talking too much.

Umekuwa ukiongea sana.

lately

siku za hivi karibuni

She hasn't been looking too well lately.

I haven't been feeling well lately.

Sijajisikia vizuri siku za hivi karibuni.

recently

hivi karibuni

She has recently started a new job.

She has been helping us recently.

Amekuwa akitusaidia hivi karibuni.

Have you been seeing her?

Je, umekuwa ukikutana naye?

She has been seeing him for weeks now.

Amekuwa akikutana naye kwa wiki kadhaa sasa.

*Jinsi ya kutumia Wakati wa Sasa Ukamilifu wa Kuendelea?* Tunatumia "Present Perfect Continuous tense"kuzungumzia hatua iliyoanza hapo awali na kusimamishwa hivi majuzi. Kawaida kuna matokeo sasa. "I'm tired because I've been running." Vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida utajifunza katika sehemu hii: "to understand""understood"-- "understood" "to run""ran"-- "run" "to think"-- "thought""thought"

It's been raining.

Imekuwa ikinyesha.

wet

bichi

My clothes are wet from water.

the grass

nyasi

Dogs wallowed on the grass.

The grass is wet because it's been raining.

Nyasi zimelowa kwa sababu mvua imekuwa ikinyesha.

Have you been listening?

Ulikuwa unasikiliza?

Have you been listening to the lesson?

to understand

kuelewa

You don't understand because you haven't been listening.

They have understood the rules of the game.

Wameelewa sheria za mchezo.

a face

uso

She has such a nice face.

to run

kukimbia

The dogs run across the road.

He has run three marathons in his life.

Amekimbia mbio ndefu tatu za marathoni katika maisha yake.

Her face is red because she's been running.

Uso wake ni mwekundu kwa sababu alikuwa akikimbia.

to think

kufikiri

I have thought about this recently.

I've been thinking about you.

Nimekuwa nikikufikiria.

I've been thinking about you since our last conversation.

*"For"na"since"* Mara nyingi tunatumia FOR na TANGU kwa nyakati kamili: Tunatumia kwa kuzungumza juu ya kipindi cha muda: "for three hours" "for two months" Tunatumia tangu kuongelea jambo katika wakati uliopita: "since yesterday" "since 9 o'clock"

I have been studying for three hours.

Nimekuwa nikisoma kwa saa tatu.

since March

tangu Machi

I've been seeing him since March.

She has been visiting us since March.

Amekuwa akitutembelea tangu Machi.

since then

tangu wakati huo

I moved to a new city last year, and since then, I have made many new friends.

I have been watching TV since 7pm.

Nimekuwa nikitazama runinga tangu saa moja jioni.

for a long time

kwa muda mrefu

She's been living in New York for a long time now.

He has been playing football for a long time.

Amekuwa akicheza mpira wa miguu kwa muda mrefu.

since I left school

tangu nilipoacha shule

I have been unemployed since I left school.

I've been living in Berlin since I left school.

Nimekuwa nikiishi Berlin tangu nilipomaliza shule.

since yesterday

tangu jana

I have been tired since yesterday.

It's been raining since yesterday.

Imekuwa ikinyesha tangu jana.

*Je, ungependa kuwasilisha kwa urahisi kabisa au endelevu?* Tunatumia *sahili kamili ya sasa ( "have"au "has"+ kishirikishi cha wakati uliopita)* na "present perfect continuous"( "have"au "has"++ "been""-ing"umbo) *kuzungumzia vitendo vya zamani au hali ambazo bado* zimeunganishwa na sasa.* Rahisi kamili ya sasa kawaida huzingatia matokeo ya shughuli. "You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely!" Mwendelezo kamili uliopo kwa kawaida huzingatia shughuli yenyewe. "I've been gardening. It's so nice out there." Vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida utajifunza katika sehemu hii: "to write""wrote"-- "written" "to read""read"-- "read" "to have""had"-- "had" "to grow"-- "grew""grown"

I've been writing e-mails.

Nimekuwa nikiandika barua pepe.

I've been writing emails the whole day.

to write an email

kuandika barua pepe

I've written you an email.

I have written my homework, so now I can play outside.

Nimefanya kazi yangu ya nyumbani, kwa hivyo sasa ninaweza kwenda kucheza nje.

Has it been raining?

Je, mvua imekuwa ikinyesha?

The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?

to read a book

kusoma kitabu

She's read ten books this summer.

lovely

kupendeza

The children have cleaned the kitchen. It looks lovely!

I have had

Nimekuwa na

I have had a great time at the party.

We have had this car for five years.

Tumekuwa na gari hili kwa miaka mitano.

I've had three coffees already today!

Tayari nimeshakunywa kahawa tatu leo!

to grow

kua

My cousin has grown so much since I saw her two years ago.

you have grown

umeshakuwa mkubwa

You have grown so much since I last saw you!

Umekua sana tangu mara ya mwisho nilipokuona!

I've been waiting for you.

Nimekuwa nikikusubiri.

They've been waiting for hours.

*Wakati usitumie wakati uliopo timilifu* Usitumie wakati uliopo timilifu na wakati maalum. Hii inaweza kuwa ya kutatanisha, hata hivyo, kwa sababu *unaweza kutumia wakati uliopo timilifu na muda mpana.* Wakati uliopo kamili sio *sahihi tu ikiwa unatumiwa na wakati mmoja maalum.* Kutumia wakati uliopo kamili na masafa ya jumla ya muda kunakubalika kikamilifu. "I went for a walk on Tuesday." "I have gone for a walk every Tuesday this year."